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Freddie Mercury

Freddie Mercury (born Farrokh Bulsara; 5 September, 1946 – 24 November, 1991) was a British musician, best known as the lead singer of the rock band Queen (inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001). He is noted for his vocal abilities and for his live performances. As a songwriter, he composed many international hits, including "Bohemian Rhapsody", "Killer Queen", "Somebody to Love", "We Are the Champions" and "Crazy Little Thing Called Love". In addition to his work with Queen, he also produced several hits as a solo artist. Mercury, who was of Indian Parsi descent and who grew up in India, has been referred to as "Britain's first Asian rock star."[1] He died of bronchopneumonia induced by HIV (AIDS) on 24 November 1991, having only gone public with an announcement of his illness the previous day.

Although Queen were not always popular with rock music critics,[2][3][4] estimates of the band's worldwide record sales to date have been placed as high as 300 million.[5] The band have also spent more collective weeks on the UK Album Charts than any other musical act, including The Beatles.[6] In 2006, Time Asia named Mercury as one of the most influential Asian heroes of the past 60 years.[7] On the other hand, he has been criticised for having kept his ethnicity, as well as his HIV status, a secret from the public.[8][9]

Biography

Early years

Freddie Mercury was born in Stone Town on the island of Zanzibar off the coast of East Africa. His parents, Bomi and Jer Bulsara,[a] were Parsis from the province of Gujarat in India.[10][b] The family surname is derived from the town of Bulsar (also known as Valsad) in southern Gujarat. As Parsis, the family practiced the Zoroastrian religion. The family had moved to Zanzibar in order for his father to continue his job as a middle-ranking cashier at the British Colonial Office. He had one younger sister, Kashmira.[11]

Mercury was sent back to India at the age of 8 to attend St. Peter's School, a boarding school for boys at Panchgani near Bombay (now Mumbai). At St. Peter's, he was a bright student who excelled at cricket and field hockey. Being naturally left handed, he was especially adept at boxing, with a strong 'left hook'.

At school, he formed a popular school band, called The Hectics, for which he played the piano. A friend from the time recalls that he "had an uncanny ability to listen to the radio and replay what he heard on piano."[12] It was also at St. Peter's where he began to call himself "Freddie". Mercury remained in India for most of his childhood, living with his grandmother and aunt. He completed his education in India at St. Mary's (ISC) High School in Mazagon before returning to Zanzibar.

File:Fred after pub.jpg
Mercury (right) in 1965 with his Isleworth Polytechnic student friends, after a lunchtime session at the pub.

At the age of 17, Mercury and his family were forced to flee from Zanzibar, due to the 1964 Zanzibar Revolution.[1] The family moved into a small house in Feltham, London. He enrolled at Isleworth Polytechnic (now West Thames College) in West London where he studied art. He ultimately earned a Diploma in Art and Graphic Design at Ealing Art College, later using these skills in order to design the Queen crest. Mercury remained a British citizen for the rest of his life.

Following graduation, Mercury joined a series of bands and sold second-hand clothes in the Kensington Market in London. He also held a job at Heathrow airport. Friends from the time remember him as a quiet and shy young man who showed a great deal of interest in music.[13]In 1969 he formed the band Ibex, which was later renamed to Wreckage. When this band failed to take off, he joined a second band called Sour Milk Sea. However, by early 1970, this group broke up as well.[14]

In April of 1970, Mercury joined with guitarist Brian May and drummer Roger Taylor, who had previously been in a band called Smile. Despite reservations from the other members, Mercury chose the name "Queen" for the new band. He later said about the band's name, "I was certainly aware of the gay connotations, but that was just one facet of it."[15] At around this time, he also legally changed his name, because he was quoted saying he wanted to be the fictional 'Mother Mercury's son from the song "My Fairy King".

Influences

As a child, Mercury listened to a considerable amount of Indian music, and one of his early influences was the Bollywood playback singer Lata Mangeshkar, whom he had the opportunity to see live in India.[16] After moving to England, Mercury became a fan of Led Zeppelin, Jimi Hendrix, John Lennon and The Beatles.[17] He said of Hendrix: "Jimi Hendrix is very important. He's my idol. He sort of epitomises, from his presentation on stage, the whole works of a rock star. There's no way you can compare him. You either have the magic or you don't. There's no way you can work up to it. There's nobody who can take his place."[18] Another one of Mercury's favourite performers was singer and actress Liza Minnelli. He once explained: "One of my early inspirations came from Cabaret. I absolutely adore Liza Minnelli, she's a total wow. The way she delivers her songs—the sheer energy."[19]

Career

Singer

Regarded as one of the greatest singers in popular music,[7][20][21] Freddie Mercury possessed a very distinctive voice, including a recorded range of nearly four octaves.[22][23] Although his speaking voice naturally fell in the baritone range, he delivered most songs in the tenor range. Biographer David Bret described his voice as "escalating within a few bars from a deep, throaty rock-growl to tender, vibrant tenor, then on to a high-pitched, almost perfect coloratura, pure and crystalline in the upper reaches."[24] On the other hand, he would often lower the highest notes during live performances. Mercury also claimed never to have had any formal training and suffered from vocal fold nodules.[25] Catalan soprano Montserrat Caballé, with whom Mercury recorded an album, expressed her opinion that "the difference between Freddie and almost all the other rock stars was that he was selling the voice."[9]

Songwriter

Mercury wrote ten out of the seventeen songs on Queen's Greatest Hits album: "Seven Seas of Rhye", "Killer Queen", "Bohemian Rhapsody", "Somebody to Love", "Good Old-Fashioned Lover Boy", "We Are the Champions", "Bicycle Race", "Don't Stop Me Now", "Crazy Little Thing Called Love", and "Play the Game".

The most notable aspect of his songwriting involved the wide range of different genres that he used, which included, among other styles, rockabilly, heavy metal and disco. As he explained in a 1986 interview, "I hate doing the same thing again and again. I like to see what's happening now in music, film and theatre and incorporate all of those things."[26] Compared to many popular songwriters, Mercury also tended to write musically complex material. For example, "Bohemian Rhapsody" is acyclic in structure and comprises dozens of chords.[27][28] "Crazy Little Thing Called Love", on the other hand, contains only a few chords. Despite the fact that Mercury often wrote very intricate harmonies, he also claimed that he could barely read music.[29] He wrote most of his songs on the piano and used a wide variety of different key signatures.[27]

Live performer

Freddie Mercury with a Brazilian flag during the Rock in Rio concert, 1985.

Mercury is noted for his live performances, which were often delivered to stadium audiences around the world. He displayed a highly theatrical style that often invoked a great deal of participation from the crowd. A writer for The Spectator described him as "a performer out to tease, shock and ultimately charm his audience with various extravagant versions of himself."[30] David Bowie, who performed at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert and recorded the song "Under Pressure" with Queen said of Mercury, "Of all the more theatrical rock performers, Freddie took it further than the rest." ... "He took it over the edge. And of course, I always admired a man who wears tights. I only saw him in concert once, and as they say, he was definitely a man who could hold an audience in the palm of his hand. He could always turn a cliché to his advantage."[31]

One of Mercury's most notable performances with Queen took place at Live Aid in 1985, during which the entire stadium audience of 72,000 people clapped, sang, and swayed in unison. Queen's performance at the event has since been voted by a group of music executives as the greatest live performance in the history of rock music. The results were aired on a television program called "The World's Greatest Gigs".[32][33] In reviewing Live Aid in 2005, one critic wrote, "Those who compile lists of Great Rock Frontmen and award the top spots to Mick Jagger, Robert Plant et al. are guilty of a terrible oversight. Freddie, as evidenced by his Dionysian Live Aid performance, was easily the most godlike of them all."[34]

Over the course of his career, Mercury performed an estimated 700 concerts in countries around the world with Queen. A notable aspect of Queen concerts was the large scale involved.[26] He once explained, "We're the Cecil B. DeMille of rock and roll, always wanting to do things bigger and better."[26] The band were the first ever to play South American stadiums, breaking worldwide records for concert attendance in the Morumbi Stadium in Sao Paulo in 1981.[35] In 1986, Queen were also the first to play behind the Iron Curtain, when they performed to a crowd of 80,000 in Budapest.[36] Mercury's final live performance with Queen took place on August 9th, 1986 at Knebworth Park in England and drew an attendance estimated as high as 300,000.[37]

Instrumentalist

Freddie Mercury playing guitar during a live concert with Queen in Frankfurt, 1984.

Mercury played the piano in many of Queen's most popular songs. Examples of piano-based Queen songs include "Killer Queen", "Bohemian Rhapsody", "Good Old Fashioned Lover Boy", "We Are the Champions", and "Don't Stop Me Now". He used concert grand pianos and, in the studio, various keyboard instruments such as organs, harpsichords and an upright piano. From 1979 onwards also he made extensive use of synthesizers in the studio. Queen guitarist Brian May claims that Mercury was unimpressed with his abilities at the piano and used the instrument less over time.[38] Although he wrote many guitar lines, Mercury possessed only rudimentary skills on the instrument. Nevertheless, he wrote the song "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" on the guitar and often played it during live performances of the song.

Solo career

In addition to his work with Queen, Mercury put out two solo albums and several singles. Although his solo work was not as commercially successful as most Queen albums, the two albums and several of the solo songs debuted in the top 10 of the UK Album Charts. His first solo effort involved the contribution of a song called Love Kills to a 1984 album dedicated to the 1926 Fritz Lang film Metropolis. The song, which was produced by Giorgio Moroder, debuted at the #10 position in the UK charts.[39]

Mercury produced two solo albums, Mr. Bad Guy and Barcelona, released in 1985 and 1988, respectively. The former was a pop-oriented album that emphasised disco and dance music. "Barcelona" was recorded with the opera singer Montserrat Caballé, whom he had long admired. Although it debuted in the top ten of the UK Album Charts,[39] Mr. Bad Guy was not considered to have been a commercial success relative to most Queen albums. However, in 1993, a remix of "Living on My Own", a single from the album, reached the #1 position on the UK Singles Charts.[40] The song also garnered Mercury a posthumous Ivor Novello Award. All Music critic Ed Rivadavia describes Mr. Bad Guy as "outstanding from start to finish" and expressed his view that Mercury "did a commendable job of stretching into uncharted territory."[41] In particular, the album was heavily synthesizer-driven in a way that was not characteristic of previous Queen albums.

Barcelona, recorded with Spanish soprano Montserrat Caballé, combined elements of popular music and opera. Many critics were uncertain what to make of the album, with one critic referring to it as "the most bizarre CD of the year."[42] Caballé, on the other hand, considered the album to have been one of the great successes of her career. The title song from the album debuted at the #8 position in the UK charts and was a hit in Spain.[43]

In addition to the two solo albums, Mercury released several additional singles, including his own version of the hit The Great Pretender by The Platters, which debuted at the #5 spot in the UK in 1987.[39] In September of 2006, a compilation album featuring Mercury's solo work was released in the UK in honour of what would have been his sixtieth birthday. The album debuted in the top 10 of the UK Album Charts.[44]

Personal

In the early 1970s Mercury had a long-term relationship with a girlfriend named Mary Austin, with whom he lived for many years. However, by the mid-1970s, the singer began an affair with a male record executive at Elektra Records, which ultimately resulted in the end of his relationship with Austin.[45] Mercury and Austin nevertheless remained close friends through the years, with Mercury often referring to her as his only true friend. In a 1985 interview, Mercury said of Austin, "All my lovers asked me why they couldn't replace Mary (Austin), but it's simply impossible. The only friend I've got is Mary, and I don't want anybody else. To me, she was my common-law wife. To me, it was a marriage. We believe in each other, that's enough for me."[46] He also wrote several songs about Austin, the most notable of which is "Love of My Life". Mercury was also the godfather of Mary's eldest son, Richard. [38]

By 1980, Mercury began to frequent gay bathhouses and clubs, where he met many short-term partners.[47] Inspired by Glenn Hughes of the Village People, Mercury also began to grow a moustache around this time.[47] By 1985 he began another long-term relationship with a hairdresser named Jim Hutton. Hutton lived with Mercury for the last six years of his life, nursed him during his illness and was present at his bedside when he died. Hutton also claims that Mercury died wearing a wedding band that Hutton had given him.[48]

Although he cultivated a very flamboyant stage personality, several sources refer to Mercury as having been very shy in person.[9][11][49] He also granted very few interviews. Mercury once said of himself: "When I'm performing I'm an extrovert, yet inside I'm a completely different man."[4]

Death

According to his partner Jim Hutton, Mercury was diagnosed with HIV in the spring of 1987.[50] Around that time, Mercury also claimed in an interview to have tested negative for the virus.[9] Despite the denials, British press pursued the rampant rumours over the next few years, fueled by Mercury's gaunt appearance, Queen's lack of touring and by reports from former lovers to various tabloid journals.[51] Toward the end of his life, he was routinely stalked by photographers, while the daily tabloid newspaper The Sun featured a series of articles claiming that he was seriously ill.

Mercury continued to visit the studio until the month before he died in November of 1991. During the final year of his life, Queen were at the height of their commercial success, as the album Innuendo entered the British charts at the number one position and sold 250,000 copies in the first week alone.[52]

On November 22, 1991, Mercury called Queen's manager Jim Beach over to his Kensington home, to discuss a public statement. The next day, November 23, the following announcement was made to the press on behalf of Mercury:[53]

Following the enormous conjecture in the press over the last two weeks, I wish to confirm that I have been tested HIV positive and have AIDS. I felt it correct to keep this information private to date to protect the privacy of those around me. However, the time has come now for my friends and fans around the world to know the truth and I hope that everyone will join with my doctors and all those worldwide in the fight against this terrible disease. My privacy has always been very special to me and I am famous for my lack of interviews. Please understand this policy will continue.

A little over 2 hours after issuing the statement, Mercury died on November 24, 1991 at the age of 45. The official cause of death was bronchialpneumonia resulting from AIDS.[54] Although he had not attended religious services in years, Mercury's funeral was conducted by a Zoroastrian priest. Singer Elton John, David Bowie, and the remaining members of Queen attended the funeral. He was cremated at Kensal Green Cemetery and his ashes were scattered on the shore of Lake Geneva, Switzerland.

In his will Mercury left the vast majority of his wealth, including his home and recording royalties, to Mary Austin, and the remainder to his parents and sister. He further left £500,000 to his chef Joe Fanelli, £500,000 to his personal assistant Peter Freestone, £100,000 to his driver Terry Giddings, and £500,000 to his partner, Jim Hutton.[55] Mary Austin continues to live at Mercury's home, Logan Place, Kensington, with her family.[55]

Criticism and controversy

Heritage

Mercury has been criticised for having kept his Indian ethnicity a secret from the public. As a journalist from The Times observed, "Freddie himself always played down his Indian origins. In the few interviews he gave, he remained deliberately unclear about them."[1] A close friend of Mercury's further related to biographer David Bret: "[Farrokh] Bulsara was a name he had buried. He never wanted to talk about any period in his life before he became Freddie Mercury, and everything about Freddie Mercury was a self-constructed thing."[56] A journalist from Times Online compared him to Michael Jackson: "He wanted to pass as a white European rock’n’roll star. Curiously, people are horrified that Michael Jackson should be in such denial of his ethnic origins and yet don’t mind Mercury doing the same thing."[8]

It has been suggested that commercial considerations may have been a major reason behind Mercury's elusiveness. Bandmate Roger Taylor suggested that he downplayed his heritage because he worried that it was not "something that people would equate with rock 'n' roll".[9] In his book Brimful of Asia: Negotiating Ethnicity on the UK Music Scene, author Rehan Hyder explores the obstacles that Asian musicians may have in attaining commercial success in popular music. Hyder writes of Mercury: "His public persona made little or no reference to his ethnic origins. This public denial of his background (along with a similar rebuttal of his homosexuality) reflects a man who certainly valued his privacy but can be viewed as part of a calculated and necessary career plan."[57]

HIV status

Mercury has also been criticised for the fact that he hid his HIV status from the public for many years, waiting for the day before he died to admit that he had AIDS. It has been suggested that he could have raised a great deal of money and awareness by speaking truthfully and honestly about his situation and his fight against the disease.[31][58]

Sexual orientation

While some critics have suggested that Mercury hid his sexual orientation from the public,[1][9][8] other sources refer to the singer as having been "openly gay".[7][59] In fact, Mercury referred to himself as "gay" in a 1974 interview with NME magazine.[2] On the other hand, he would often distance himself from partner Jim Hutton during public events in the 1980s.[48] A writer for a gay online newspaper felt that audiences may have been overly naïve about the matter: "While in many respects he was overtly queer his whole career ('I am as gay as a daffodil, my dear' being one of his most famous quotes), his sexual orientation seemed to pass over the heads of scrutinising audiences and pundits (both gay and straight) for decades."[60] John Marshall of Gay Times expressed the following opinion in 1992: "He [Mercury] was a 'scene-queen', not afraid to publicly express his gayness but unwilling to analyse or justify his lifestyle....It was as if Freddie Mercury was saying to the world, 'I am what I am. So what?' And that in itself was a statement."[60]

"I remember back in an interview where I said, 'I play on the bisexual thing.' Of course I play on it. It's simply a matter of wherever my mood takes me. If people ask me if I'm gay, I tell them it's up to them to find out."

-Freddie Mercury, 1976 (from the book "Classic Queen" by Mick Rock)

Controversies

Mercury and Queen were widely criticised in the 1980s for the fact that they broke a United Nations cultural boycott by performing a series of shows at Sun City, an entertainment complex in Bophuthatswana, a homeland of (then) apartheid South Africa. As a result of these shows, Queen were placed on a United Nations list of blacklisted artists and was widely criticised in magazines such as the NME.[34]

A further controversy ensued in August 2006, when an organisation calling itself the Islamic Mobilization and Propagation petitioned the Zanzibar government's culture ministry, demanding that a large-scale celebration of what would have been Mercury's sixtieth birthday be cancelled. The organization issued several complaints about the planned celebrations, including that Mercury was not a true Zanzibari and that he was gay, which is not in accordance with the laws of Islam, the dominant religion of the island. The organization claimed that "associating Mercury with Zanzibar degrades our island as a place of Islam."[59] The planned celebration was canceled.

Legacy

Appearances in lists of influential individuals

Several popularity polls conducted over the past decade indicate that Mercury's reputation may in fact have been enhanced since his death. For instance, in 2002 he appeared in the 58th spot in a list of the "100 Greatest Britons", sponsored by the BBC and voted for by the public.[61] He was further listed at the 52nd spot in a 2007 Japanese national survey of the 100 most "influential heroes".[62] Despite the fact that he had been criticised by gay activists for hiding his HIV status, author Paul Russell included Mercury in his book "The Gay 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Gay Men and Lesbians, Past and Present."[63] Other entertainers on Russell's list included Liberace and Rock Hudson. In 2006, Time Asia magazine named him as one of the most influential Asians heroes of the past 60 years: The article credited Mercury with having "duplicated in popular music what other Indians — such as Salman Rushdie and Vikram Seth — have done in literature: taking the colonizer's art form and representing it in a manner richer and more dazzling than many Anglophones thought possible."[7]

Continued popularity

In the UK, Queen have now spent more collective weeks on the UK Album Charts than any other musical act (including The Beatles),[6] and Queen's Greatest Hits is the highest selling album of all time in the UK.[64] Estimates of the band's total worldwide record sales to date have been set as high as 300 million.[5] Two of Mercury's songs, "We Are the Champions" and "Bohemian Rhapsody", have each been voted as the greatest song of all time in major polls by Sony Ericsson[65] and Guinness World Records,[66] respectively. The former poll was an attempt to determine the world's favourite song, while the Guinness poll took place in the UK. In October of 2007, the video for "Bohemian Rhapsody" was voted as the greatest of all time by readers of Q magazine.[67] Mercury was also voted second to Mariah Carey in MTV's 22 Greatest Voices in Music.[7]

The extent to which Mercury's death may have enhanced Queen's popularity is not clear. In the United States, where Queen's popularity had lagged in the 1980s, sales of Queen albums went up dramatically in 1992, the year following his death.[68] In 1992 one American critic noted, "what cynics call the 'dead star' factor had come into play — Queen is in the middle of a major resurgence."[69] The movie Wayne's World, which featured "Bohemian Rhapsody," also came out in 1992.

Tributes

The statue of Freddie Mercury in Montreux, Switzerland.

A statue in Montreux, Switzerland (by sculptor Irena Sedlecka) has been erected as a tribute to Mercury. Beginning in 2003, fans from around the world gather in Switzerland on a yearly basis to pay tribute to the singer as part of the "Freddie Mercury Montreux Memorial Day" on the first weekend of September.[70] A Royal Mail stamp was issued in honour of Mercury as part of the Millennium Stamp series. A plaque was also erected at the site of the family home in Feltham where Mercury and his family moved upon arriving in England in 1964.[71]

Importance in AIDS history

Freddie Mercury's death represented an important event in the history of AIDS.[72] In the spring of 1992, the remaining members of Queen founded The Mercury Phoenix Trust and organised The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert for AIDS Awareness.[73] The Mercury Phoenix Trust has since raised millions of pounds for various AIDS charities. The tribute concert, which took place at Wembley Stadium for an audience of 72,000, featured a wide variety of guests including Robert Plant, Extreme, Elton John, Metallica, David Bowie, Annie Lennox, Tony Iommi, Guns N' Roses, Elizabeth Taylor, George Michael, Def Leppard and Liza Minnelli. The concert was broadcast live to 76 countries and had an estimated viewing audience of 1 billion.[74]

Discography

Main article: Freddie Mercury discography
See also: Queen discography

Instruments used by Mercury

Grand pianos:

  • Baldwin SD10 Concert Grand
  • Bechstein D Concert Grand
  • Bechstein S Baby Grand
  • Bösendorfer Imperial Concert Grand
  • Kawai RX7 Concert Grand
  • Steinway D Concert Grand
  • Steinway S Baby Grand
  • White Baby Grand (unknown brand)
  • Yamaha C1 Baby Grand
  • Yamaha C7 Concert Grand
  • Yamaha CFIIIS Concert Grand
  • Yamaha SF Concert Baby Grand (Zissou Edition)

Upright pianos:

   

Electronic pianos:

Synthesizers and samplers:

Other keyboard:

   

Guitars:

Notes

a) ^ On Freddie's birth certificate,[10] his parents defined themselves with "Nationality: British Indian" and "Race: Parsi." The Parsis are an ethnic group of the Indian subcontinent who follow Zoroastrianism.
b) ^ The Bulsara family gets its name from Bulsar, a city and district that is now in the Indian state of Gujarat and is today officially known as Valsad. In the 17th century, Bulsar was one of the five centres of the Zoroastrian religion (the other four were also in what is today Gujarat) and consequently "Bulsara" is a relatively common name amongst Zoroastrians.

References

  1. ^ a b c d Januszczak 1996.
  2. ^ a b Webb 1974.
  3. ^ Barnes 1974.
  4. ^ a b Myers 1991.
  5. ^ a b Cota 2006.
  6. ^ a b BBC News 2005a. Cite error: The named reference "BBC_2005a" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  7. ^ a b c d e Fitzpatrick 2006.
  8. ^ a b c Landesman 2006.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Cain 2006.
  10. ^ a b "Linda B" 2000.
  11. ^ a b Das 2000. Cite error: The named reference "Das_2000" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  12. ^ O'Donnell 2005.
  13. ^ Davis 1996, p. 1,10
  14. ^ Skala 2006.
  15. ^ Highleyman 2005.
  16. ^ Bret 1996, p. 7.
  17. ^ Davis 1996, p. 2.
  18. ^ Cohen 1975.
  19. ^ Rush 1977a
  20. ^ Prato & <not dated>.
  21. ^ BBC News 2001.
  22. ^ D'Esti Miller 2007.
  23. ^ Guazzelli 2007.
  24. ^ Bret 1996, p. 26.
  25. ^ Rush 1977b
  26. ^ a b c Wenner 2001.
  27. ^ a b Queen 1992.
  28. ^ Aledort 2003.
  29. ^ Coleman 1981.
  30. ^ Blaikie 1996.
  31. ^ a b Ressner 1992.
  32. ^ Minchin 2005.
  33. ^ BBC News 2005b.
  34. ^ a b Harris 2005.
  35. ^ Bret 1996, p. 91.
  36. ^ Pye 1986.
  37. ^ Jones 1999
  38. ^ a b Longfellow 2006.
  39. ^ a b c Rees & Crampton 1999, p. 809.
  40. ^ Rees & Crampton 1999, p. 811.
  41. ^ Rivadavia & <not dated>.
  42. ^ Bradley 1992.
  43. ^ Rees & Crampton 1999, p. 810.
  44. ^ ukmusic.com 2006
  45. ^ Teckman 2004, part 2.
  46. ^ Hauptfuhrer 1977.
  47. ^ a b Teckman 2004, part 3.
  48. ^ a b Hutton 1994.
  49. ^ O'Donnell 2005.
  50. ^ Teeman 2006.
  51. ^ Bret 1996, p. 138.
  52. ^ Bret 1996, p. 172.
  53. ^ Bret 1996, p. 179.
  54. ^ Biography Channel 2007.
  55. ^ a b Wigg 2000.
  56. ^ Bret 1996, p. 20.
  57. ^ Hyder 2004, p. 75.
  58. ^ Sky 1992, p. 163.
  59. ^ a b BBC News 2006.
  60. ^ a b Urban & <not dated>. Cite error: The named reference "Urban_notdated" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  61. ^ BBC News 2002.
  62. ^ "James" 2007.
  63. ^ Russell 2002.
  64. ^ Brown 2006.
  65. ^ Haines 2005.
  66. ^ CNN 2002.
  67. ^ BBC News 2007
  68. ^ RIAA 2007.
  69. ^ Brown 1992.
  70. ^ Bishton 2004.
  71. ^ WENN 2005.
  72. ^ National AIDS Trust 2006.
  73. ^ Stothard 1992.
  74. ^ ABC Television 2007.

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  • Pye, Ian, ed. (1986), "Hungarian Rhapsody", New Music Express, London: IPC Media (published August 9, 1986)
  • Rees, Dafydd; Crampton, Luke (1999), Summers, David (ed.), The Rock Stars Encyclopedia, London: Dorling Kindersley
  • Russell, Paul (2002), The Gay 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Gay Men and Lesbians, Past and Present, Seacaucus: Kensington/Citadel, ISBN 0758201001
  • Sky, Rick (1992), The Show Must Go On, London: Fontana, ISBN 0006378433
  • Stothard, Peter, ed. (1992), "Freddie Tribute", The Times, London: Times Newspapers (published April 26, 1992)
  • Taraporevala, Sooni (2004), Parsis: The Zoroastrians of India: A Photographic Journey (2nd ed.), Woodstock/New York: Overlook Press, ISBN 1-58567-593-8
  • Teckman, Kate, dir. (2004), Freddie's Loves, London: North One Television{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) *part 2* *part 3*
  • Webb, Julie (1974), "Queen", NME, London: IPC Media (published April 4, 1974)
  • Wenner, Jann; et al. (2001), "Queen", Hall of Fame Inductees, Cleveland: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame {{citation}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help)

Further reading

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