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Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)
[大众快速交通 (地铁)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language code: gb (help)
Sistem Pengangkutan Gerak Cepat
சிங்கை துரிதக் கடவு ரயில்
File:NS logo.svg
Overview
OwnerLand Transport Authority
LocaleSingapore
Transit typeRapid transit
Number of lines3
Number of stations64
Daily ridership1.564 million (FY07/08)
Operation
Began operation7 November 1987
Operator(s)SMRT Corporation
SBS Transit
Technical
System lengthTemplate:Km to mi
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
A diagram of the physical spread of the MRT network across the island (includes lines under construction).

The Mass Rapid Transit or MRT (Chinese: 大众快速交通 or more commonly known as 地铁; Template:Lang-ms; Template:Lang-ta) is a rapid transit system that forms the backbone of the railway system in Singapore, spanning the entire city-state. The initial section of the MRT, between Yio Chu Kang and Toa Payoh, opened in 1987 establishing itself as the second-oldest metro system in Southeast Asia, after Manila's LRT System. The network has since grown rapidly as a result of Singapore's aim of developing a comprehensive rail network as the main backbone of the public transport system in Singapore with an average daily ridership of 1.564 million in FY07/08, about half of the bus network's 2.969 million in the same period.[1]

The MRT has 64 operating stations with 109.4 kilometres of lines and operates on standard gauge. The rail lines have been constructed by the Land Transport Authority, a department of the government of Singapore, which allocates operating concessions to the profit-based corporations SMRT Corporation and SBS Transit. These operators also run bus and taxi services, thus ensuring that there is a full integration of public transport services. The MRT is complemented by the regional Light Rail Transit (LRT) systems that link MRT stations with HDB public housing estates.[2] Services operate from about 5:30 am and usually end before 1 a.m. daily with frequencies of approximately three to eight minutes, and services extended during festive periods.[3]

So far, all built stations are in operation except Woodleigh MRT Station. Since 1987, the system has been expanding in order to connect every neighbourhood/region in Singapore. Built, operational lines are the North-South MRT Line, East-West MRT Line and the North-East MRT Line. Upcoming lines are the Circle MRT Line, Downtown MRT Line, the proposed Thomson MRT Line and the Eastern Region MRT Line.

History

File:OpeningMRT.jpg
Opening of initial section of the MRT at Toa Payoh MRT Station.
Main article: History of the Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

The origins of the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) are derived from a forecast by city planners in 1967 which stated the need for a rail-based urban transport system by 1992.[4][5] Following a debate on whether a bus-only system would be more cost-effective, the Parliament came to the conclusion that an all-bus system would be inadequate, since it would have to compete for road space in a land-scarce country.[6][7] The initial S$5 billion construction of the Mass Rapid Transit network was Singapore's largest public works project at the time, starting on 22 October 1983 at Shan Road.[8] The network was built in stages, with the North South Line given priority because it passed through the Central Area that has a high demand for public transport. The Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MRTC), later renamed as SMRT Corporation — was established on 14 October 1983; it took over the roles and responsibilities of the former provisional Mass Rapid Transit Authority.[6] On 7 November 1987, the first section of the North South Line started operations, consisting of five stations over six kilometres.[8] Fifteen more stations were opened later, and the MRT system was officially launched on 12 March 1988 by Lee Kuan Yew, then Prime Minister of Singapore. Another 21 stations were subsequently added to the system; the opening of Boon Lay station on the East West Line on 6 July 1990 marked the completion of the system two years ahead of schedule.[9][10]

The MRT has subsequently been expanded. This includes a S$1.2 billion expansion of the North South Line into Woodlands, completing a continuous loop.[11][12] The concept of having rail lines that bring people almost directly to their homes led to the introduction of the Light Rail Transit (LRT) lines connecting with the MRT network.[12][13] On 6 November 1999, the first LRT trains on the Bukit Panjang LRT Line went into operation.[14] In 2002, the Changi Airport and Expo stations were added to the MRT network.[15] The North East Line (NEL), the first line operated by SBS Transit, opened on 20 June 2003, one of the first fully automated heavy rail lines in the world. On 15 January 2006, after intense lobbying by the public, Buangkok station was opened.[16][17]

Infrastructure

Current network

Network map
Network map
 Line
(Operator) 		Operational Stations Length
(km) 		Terminals Depot
Template:SMRT lines
(SMRT Trains)		 7 November 1987 25 44 Jurong East Marina Bay Bishan
Template:SMRT lines
(SMRT Trains)		 12 December 1987 27 45.4 Pasir Ris Boon Lay Ulu Pandan
Changi
10 January 2001 3 Tanah Merah Changi Airport
Template:SMRT lines
(SBS Transit)		 20 June 2003 16 (1 not in operation) 20 HarbourFront Punggol Sengkang

Facilities and services

Concourse level of Queenstown MRT Station, showing a plasma display screen, passenger service centre and faregates.
Chinese calligraphy is integrated into the flooring of the Chinatown Station.
Expo MRT Station, sited adjacent to the 100,000 square metre Singapore Expo exhibition facility, sports a futuristic design by Foster and Partners.
Main article: Facilities on the Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

All MRT stations are either above-ground or underground. Most underground stations are deep and hardened enough to withstand conventional aerial bomb attacks and to serve as bomb shelters.[18][19][20] Mobile phone service is available in and between all stations on the entire MRT network.[21] Underground stations and the trains are air-conditioned.

Every station has at least four General Ticketing Machines (GTMs), a Passenger Service Centre, LED and plasma displays that show train service information and announcements. All stations are equipped with restrooms and payphones, although some restrooms are located at street level.[22] Some stations, especially the major ones, have additional amenities and services, such as retail shops and kiosks, supermarkets, convenience stores such as 7-Eleven or Cheers, automatic teller machines, and self-service automated kiosks for a variety of services.[23] Heavy-duty Otis escalators shuttle passengers up or down stations at a rate of 0.75 m/s, 50% faster than conventional escalators.[24][25]

The older stations on the North South and East West Lines were not originally constructed with any accessible facilities, such as lifts, ramps, tactile guidance systems (Braille tactiles on the floor surface), wider fare gates and toilets for passengers with disabilities;[26] authorities in the past actively discouraged use of their system by the disabled.[27] However, these facilities are progressively installed as part of a program to make all stations accessible to the elderly and to those with disabilities.[26][28][29] As of 27 February 2007, all MRT stations except Buona Vista Station are barrier free.

Depots

SMRT Corporation has four train depots: The Bishan Depot is the central maintenance depot with train overhaul facilities,[30] while the Changi and Ulu Pandan depots inspect and house trains overnight.[31] The underground Kim Chuan Depot houses trains for the Circle Line.[32] Ang Mo Kio, Jurong East and Tanah Merah stations were built with a third middle track for off-service trains to stop at before they return to their depots, but the last two are now used as terminal for the North South Line and the Changi shuttle respectively.

The Sengkang Depot houses trains for the North East Line, the Sengkang LRT and the Punggol LRT, all operated by SBS Transit. It is the first depot to have structural provisions for an industrial development located above the depot, to minimize the wastage of land in land-scarce Singapore.[32]

Architecture and art

Early stages of the MRT's construction paid relatively scant attention to station design, with an emphasis on functionality over aesthetics. This is particularly evident in the first few stages of the North South Line and the East West Line that opened between 1987 and 1988 from Yio Chu Kang to Clementi. An exception to this was Orchard MRT Station, chosen by its designers to be a "showpiece" of the system and was built initially with a domed roof.[33] Architectural themes became a more important issue only in subsequent stages, and resulted in such designs as the cylindrical station shapes on most stations between Kallang and Pasir Ris, and the perched roofs on stations to the west of Jurong East.[34]

Art pieces, where present, are seldom highlighted; they primarily consist of a few paintings or sculptures representing the recent past of Singapore, mounted in major stations. The opening of the Woodlands Extension introduced bolder pieces of artwork, such as a 4,000 kg sculpture in Woodlands Station.[35] With the opening of the North East Line, a series of artworks created under a programme called "The Art In Transit" were commissioned by the Land Transport Authority. Created by 19 local artists and integrated into the stations' interior architecture, these artworks aim to promote the appreciation of public art in high-traffic environments. The artwork for each station is designed to suit the station's identity. Only stations on the North East Line come under this programme.[36] An art contest was held by the authorities in preparation of a similar scheme to be implemented for the upcoming Circle Line.[37]

On the extension to the East West line to Changi Airport, Expo Station is adjacent to the 100,000 square metre Singapore Expo exhibition facility. Designed by Foster and Partners and completed in January 2001, the station features a large pillarless titanium clad roof in an elliptical shape that sheathes the length of the station platform. This complements a smaller 40 metre reflective stainless steel disc overlapping the titanium ellipse and visually floats over a glass elevator shaft and the main entrance.[38][39]

Expansion

File:SMRT v2008 4.jpg
A map of what the MRT Transit system may look like in future. The line location for the future lines (in lightgray) are speculative and are subject to study by the Land Transport Authority.
An editor has nominated the above file for discussion of its purpose and/or potential deletion. You are welcome to participate in the discussion and help reach a consensus.

The MRT system had relied on its two main lines, namely the North South and East West Lines, for more than a decade until the opening of the North East Line in 2003. While plans for these lines, as well as those currently under construction, were formulated long before, the Land Transport Authority's (LTA) publication of a white paper entitled "A World Class Land Transport System" in 1996 galvanised the government's intentions to greatly expand on the existing system.[40][41] The plans allow for the long-term replacement of the bus network by rail-based transportation as the primary mode of public transportation. It called for the expansion of the 67 kilometres of track in 1995 to over 160 in 10 to 15 years, and envisaged further expansion in the longer term.[40] By 2030, the government envisages a rail network of 540 kilometres — more extensive than London's 408-kilometre Tube system.[42]

On 25 January 2008, the government announced plans to accelerate the MRT's expansion plans.[43] This included bringing forward the building of the new Thomson Line and Eastern Region Line, extension of the North South Line by a kilometre further into the New Downtown and the extension of the East West Line by 14-kilometres into Tuas. The Circle Line will be opened earlier, with the Stage Three segment between Bishan and Serangoon opened by the middle of 2009. The Thomson and West Coast stations, initially to be opened at a later date, will open together with their neighbouring stations. The Circle Line will also be extended south to connect to the Marina Bay Station. Finally, the Downtown Line's Stage Three will have its completion date moved forward from 2018 to 2016. It was anticipated that by 2020, the rail network would have grown to 278 kilometres from the current 138 kilometres, with ridership expected to rise from the current 1.4 million to 4.6 million daily.[43] The network density will also rise from the current 31 to 51 kilometres per million population, putting it on par with the networks in London and New York, while exceeding those in Hong Kong and Tokyo.[43]

Circle Line

Main article: Circle MRT Line
Construction is currently underway for the Bishan MRT Station, to be linked to the Circle Line.

Currently under construction in five stages, the 29 station 33.3-kilometre Circle Line (CCL) will be the next major rail line to open after the North East Line began operating in June 2003. When completed, the line will connect all existing MRT lines, and will allow commuters to bypass the downtown area, reducing congestion especially at the City Hall and Raffles Place interchange stations. As currently planned, the Circle Line will not be a completely closed circle. The Circle Line will feature 3-car trainsets, unlike earlier MRT lines, all of which feature 6-car trainsets.

On 27 April 2007, a new branch line was announced to link the Promenade and Bayfront Stations, to be completed by 2012. On 25 January 2008, it was announced that the branch line will be further extended to the Marina Bay Station, with both stations to be completed in 2012.[44] The announcement also confirmed that Stage 3 of the Circle Line from the Bartley to Marymount stations will have their opening brought forward to mid-2009 and the other four stages by 2010.[43][45]

Downtown Line

Main article: Downtown MRT Line
File:Future MRT Downtown Map.jpg
An impression of the future Downtown Map, with Stage 1 of the Downtown Line highlighted in brown.

Currently in early stages of construction, the 40-kilometre Downtown Line (DTL) will have 33 stations, connecting the northwestern and eastern regions of Singapore to the new downtown at Marina Bay in the south and the Central Business District.[46] The line will feature seven interchange stations, namely Botanic Gardens and MacPherson to the Circle Line, Newton to the North South Line, Little India to the North East Line and the Bugis, Tampines and Expo Stations to the East West Line. Like the Circle Line, the line is expected to be run in three-car trainsets with capacity for 500,000 commuters daily. It will be completed in three stages, opening by 2013, 2015 and 2016.[43][44][47][48]

Eastern Region and Thomson Line

Main article: Eastern Region MRT Line
Main article: Thomson MRT Line

On 27 April 2007, plans for the Eastern Region Line (ERL) were revived,[43] this time consisting only of the southern half of what was to have been a continuous loop involving Stage 3 of the Downtown Line. The new 21-kilometre route will have 12 stations, commencing from Marina South and onwards to Marina East, Tanjong Rhu, Siglap, Marine Parade and Bedok South, terminating further north at Changi.[43][49] The underground line is expected to be completed by 2020.

Also announced was the new Thomson Line (TSL), which will extend from the western end of the Eastern Region Line and link it to the northern part of Singapore. En-route, the 27-kilometre line will connect from Marina South through the Central Business District and up through Ang Mo Kio all the way to Woodlands connecting estates such as Sin Ming, Kebun Baru, Thomson and Kim Seng which do not now have a direct MRT link.[43][49] Completion of the 18-station line, also fully underground, is expected in 2018.[43]

Extensions to existing lines

Boon Lay Extension : Pioneer and Joo Koon stations will open by 2009.

The plan for the Boon Lay MRT Extension to the existing East West Line was announced by the Land Transport Authority on 29 December 2004. The 3.81-kilometre, two-station extension will extend westward from Boon Lay Station, with one station along Jurong West Street 63 (Pioneer Station), between Jurong West Street 61 and Pioneer Road North, and the second station at Joo Koon Circle (Joo Koon Station), near the junction of Benoi Road and International Road.[50] This fully elevated extension costing about S$436 million will commence passenger service on 28 February 2009.[51] Construction works commenced on 11 March 2006.[52]

On 25 January 2008, the government announced a further fully elevated 14-kilometre extension beyond Joo Koon Station into Tuas, involving the building of another five stations.[43] Plans were also announced for the North South Line to be extended underground by a kilometre southwards beyond Marina Bay Station to serve the Marina Bay area, such as the new International Cruise Terminal which is currently under construction.[43] Both extensions are slated for completion by 2015.

Rolling stock

Trains parked at the bay of the Bishan MRT Depot
Main articles: Kawasaki C151, Siemens C651, Kawasaki/Nippon Sharyo C751B, Alstom Metropolis C830, Alstom Metropolis C751A and Bombardier MOVIA C951

Three types of rolling stock are used on the North South Line and the East West Line. They are powered by 750-volt DC third rail, operate in sets of six cars,[53][54][55] and use an automatic train operation system (ATO) that is similar to London Underground's Victoria Line.[55]

The majority of the fleet comprises 66 six car C151 trains;[56] these were the oldest trains in operation.[53] They were built between 1986 and 1989 by Kawasaki Heavy Industries in consortium with Nippon Sharyo, Tokyu Car Corporation and Kinki Sharyo for S$581.5 million.[53] A S$142.7 million refurbishment of these trains' interior were completed in 2008.[57][58] 19 more six car C651 trains, manufactured by Siemens in Vienna, were purchased in 1994 when the Woodlands extension opened.[59][60]

A C751B train at Eunos MRT Station.
The French-manufactured Alstom Metropolis C751A are the newest rolling stock currently on the MRT network.

A further 21 six car C751B trains have been running on the East West Line and the North South Line since 2000.[61] Kawasaki Heavy Industries manufactured 66 cars and Nippon Sharyo manufactured 60 cars.[56] The cars have a sleeker design and come with an improved passenger information system, more grab poles, wider seats, more space near the doors and spaces for wheelchairs. As these trains were originally intended to operate on a direct service from Boon Lay to Changi Airport, luggage racks were installed for air travellers.[62] However, in April 2002, faulty gearboxes forced all 21 train-sets to be off-service, and the service was temporarily suspended.[63] The direct service was scrapped in July 2003, and the luggage racks were removed.[64]

25 six car fully automatic and driverless C751A "Metropolis" trains have been running on the North East Line since 2003. These trains are running on 1500 volts direct current supplied via overhead lines and are the first MRT trains in Singapore to incorporate CCTV.[65] Alstom Transportation of France was contracted by the Land Transport Authority in 1997 and 1998 to supply these cars.[66] A further 40 three car fully automatic and driverless C830 "Metropolis" trains will run on the Circle Line in 2009. These trains will run on 750-volt DC supplied via third rail.[67]

73 three car fully automatic and driverless C951 "Movia" trains will run on the Downtown Line in 2013, with initial deliveries scheduled for the last quarter of 2012 and the final deliveries for 2016.[68] These trains will run on 750-volt DC supplied by third rail. A further 26 six car C151A rolling stock are on public tender, to bolster the capacity for the North South Line and East West Line.

Fares and tickets

Main article: Fares and ticketing on the Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
General Ticketing Machines (GTM) at Expo station, where passengers can purchase a Standard Ticket, or add value to their EZ-Link card.

Because the rail operators are government-assisted, profit-based corporations, fares on the MRT system are pitched to at least break-even level.[18][69] The operators collect these fares by selling electronic data-storing tickets, the prices of which are calculated based on the distance between the start and destination stations.[70] These prices increase in fixed stages for standard non-discounted travel. Fares are calculated in increments based on approximate distances between stations, in contrast to the use of fare zones in other subway systems, such as the London Underground. As the fare system has been integrated by TransitLink, commuters need to pay only one fare and pass through two fare gates during the entire journey, even when transferring between lines operated by different companies.[70] Commuters can choose to extend a trip mid-journey, and pay the difference as they exit their destination station.

Stations are divided into two areas, paid and unpaid, which allow the rail operators to collect fares by restricting entry only through the fare gates, also known as access control gates.[71] These gates, connected to a computer network, are capable of reading and updating electronic tickets capable of storing data, and can store information such as the initial and destination stations and the duration for each trip.[70] General Ticketing Machines sell tickets for single trips or allow the customer to purchase additional value for stored-value tickets. Tickets for single trips, coloured in green, are valid only on the day of purchase, and have a time allowance of 30 minutes beyond the estimated travelling time. Tickets that can be used repeatedly until their expiry date require a minimum amount of stored credit.

Although operated by private companies, the system's fare structure is regulated by the Public Transport Council (PTC), to which the operators submit requests for changes in fares.[69][72] Fares are kept affordable by pegging them approximately to distance-related bus fares, thus encouraging commuters to use the network and reduce its heavy reliance on the bus system. Fare increases over the past few years have caused public concern,[73] the latest one taken effect from 1 October 2008.[74] There were similar expressions of disapproval over the slightly higher fares charged on SBS Transit's North East Line, a disparity that SBS Transit justified by citing higher costs of operation and maintenance on a completely underground line, as well as lower patronage.[75]

1987–2002

File:SMRT official opening ticket.jpg
A special farecard, released for the official launch of the Mass Rapid Transit network on 12 March 1988.

When the MRT opened in 1987, fares ranged from S$0.50 to S$1.10 in S$0.10 increments for all adult tickets, regardless of whether they were single-trip or stored-value tickets.[8] Several discounted fares were available: senior citizens and permanent residents above the age of 60 could travel on a flat fare of S$0.50 during off-peak hours; children below the height of 1.2 metres and full-time students in primary, secondary, pre-university and vocational training (VITB) institutions paid a flat fare of S$0.30 at all times.[76]

Magnetic strip plastic tickets were used, in various forms. Stored-value tickets were called farecards and came in three types: the blue farecard was issued to adults, the magenta farecard to senior citizens, and the red farecard to children.[76] Single-trip forms of these tickets were retained at the faregates on exiting the paid area of a destination station.[71] Monthly discounted tickets were available in four values: beige, pink, and purple tickets for primary and tertiary students, and full-time national servicemen came with a value of S$13, S$30 and S$36, respectively;[77] the peach ticket was for secondary, pre-university and VITB students, costing S$17 each. These discounted tickets were valid for a month from the date of purchase, allowed up to four trips a day, and were non-transferable.[77]

2002–Present

Main article: EZ-Link
File:EZ-Link.jpg
A standard adult EZ-Link card.

The EZ-Link card is a contactless smartcard based on Sony's FeliCa smartcard technology.[78] These cards are used for making payments for some goods and services in Singapore, mainly transportation services. Established in 2002, the technology was promoted as a mean for speedy and convenient transactions,[70] and an efficient method of reducing fare evasion, although there have been some cases of overcharging users.[79] As a benchmark, fares range from S$0.70 to S$3.20 for adults, S$0.70 to S$1.35 for senior citizens, and S$0.40 to S$0.50 for student EZ-Link cards. Patrons using an EZ-Link card receive a discount for their journey, including a discount if they use a connecting bus after their MRT ride.[74]

The General Ticketing Machines (GTMs) at each station, replacing older ticket machines, allow commuters to purchase additional credit to add to their EZ-Link cards or to purchase tickets for single trips. Fares for these single-trip forms of these cards range are between one or two times the expense of non single-trip tickets. In addition, a S$1.00 refundable ticket deposit is charged for each Standard Ticket. This refund can be collected from any General Ticketing Machine when the card is returned to the machine within 30 days of purchase.[80] The card can also be left in a charity collection box, thereby donating the S$1.00 deposit. The smartcard technology contained in each Standard Ticket makes each one costly enough to necessitate recycling of Standard Tickets. Since November 2007, external readers were installed on GTMs at stations operated by SMRT Corporation to address problems of card jamming in insert slots. The slots, however, remain in use for the purpose of refunding Standard Ticket deposits.[81]

Concession fares are available for children, students, senior citizens and national servicemen. Students are given free personalised cards, complete with their photos, names and national identification numbers. Regardless of its type, each card is assigned a unique card ID that can be used to recover the card if lost. Transport operators have organised lotteries that are based on these card IDs. The Singapore Tourist Pass offers unlimited travel for tourists on Singapore's public transport system. For S$8 a day, tourists can take any number of rides on buses and trains operated by SBS Transit, SMRT Buses and SMRT Trains.[82]

Future

Main articles: CEPAS and Symphony for e-Payments (SeP)

On 26 August 2008, Land Transport Authority announced a two month trial of the new generation Contactless ePurse Application (CEPAS) card that was developed in-house.[83] It is intended to standardize the technology of cashless payment, allowing for use on public transport, Electronic Road Pricing (ERP), everyday shopping and meals. The card is expected to replace the current generation of EZ-Link cards by 2009, and aims to encourage competition by allowing up to four CEPAS card issuers.[84]

Safety

Main article: Safety on the Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
Platform screen doors at Dhoby Ghaut Station on the North South Line.

Assurance has been given by both operators and authorities, that numerous measures have been taken in an effort to ensure the safety of passengers, with SBS Transit having to make greater efforts in actively publicising its safety considerations on the driver-less North East Line before and after its opening.[65][85] Safety campaign posters are highly visible in trains and stations, and the operators frequently broadcast safety announcements to passengers and to commuters waiting for trains. Fire safety standards are consistent with the strict guidelines of the US National Fire Protection Association.[20][86] Platform screen doors are installed at all underground stations.[20] These doors prevent suicides, enable climate control in stations and prevent unauthorised access to restricted areas. Above-ground stations have open platforms, with a wide yellow line drawn 70 cm from each platform edge requiring passengers to stand at a safe distance from arriving trains (or face a fine).[24] Bylaws deter uncivil, disruptive and dangerous acts, such as smoking, the consumption of food and drink, the frivolous use of safety features, and trespassing on the railway tracks. Penalties ranging from fines to imprisonment are imposed for these offences.[87]

Safety concerns were raised among the public after several accidents on the system during the 1980s and 1990s, but most problems have been rectified. On 5 August 1993, two trains collided at Clementi station because of an oil spillage on the track, which resulted in 132 injuries.[88] There were calls for platform screen doors to be installed at above-ground stations after several incidents in which passengers were killed by oncoming trains when they fell onto the railway tracks at above-ground stations. The authorities initially rejected the proposal by casting doubts over functionality and concerns about the high installation costs,[89] but made an about-turn when the government announced plans to install half-height automatic platform gates in a speech on 25 January 2008,[43] citing lower costs due to it becoming a more common feature worldwide. The gates will be installed first at the Jurong East, Pasir Ris and Yishun stations in 2009, before they are introduced at all other stations by 2012.[90]

Security

Main article: Security on the Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
Closed-circuit television cameras monitor activities at City Hall MRT Station. Real-time video feed is broadcasted and shown at the station concourse.

Security concerns related to crime and terrorism were not high on the agenda of the system's planners at its original inception.[91] However, in the wake of heightened security concerns after the Madrid train bombings in 2004 and the foiled plot to bomb the Yishun MRT Station,[92] the operators deployed private, unarmed guards to patrol station platforms and check the belongings of commuters.[93]

Recorded announcements are frequently made to remind passengers to report suspicious activity and not to leave their belongings unattended. Digital closed-circuit cameras (CCTVs) have been upgraded with recording-capability at all stations and trains operated by SMRT Corporation.[94][95] Trash bins and mail boxes have been removed from station platforms and concourse levels to station entrances. This is to eliminate the risk that bombs will be placed in them.[96] Photography without prior permission was also banned in all MRT stations since.[97]

On 14 April 2005, the Singapore Police Force announced plans to step up rail security by establishing a specialised Police MRT Unit.[98] These armed officers began overt patrols on the MRT and LRT systems on 15 August 2005, conducting random patrols in pairs in and around rail stations and within trains.[99] They are trained and authorised to use their firearms at their discretion, including deadly force if deemed necessary.[100] On 8 January 2006, a major civil exercise involving over 2,000 personnel from 22 government agencies, codenamed Exercise Northstar V, simulating bombing and chemical attacks at Dhoby Ghaut, Toa Payoh, Raffles Place and Marina Bay MRT stations was conducted. Thirteen stations were closed and about 3,400 commuters were affected during the three-hour duration of the exercise.[101]

Notes

  1. ^ "Singapore Land Transport: Average Daily Public Transport Ridership" (PDF). Land Transport Authority. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
  2. ^ Land Transport Authority, Singapore 1996, pg. 8
  3. ^ "Train, bus runs". The Straits Times. 24 December 2007.
  4. ^ Sharp 2005, pg. 66
  5. ^ Fwa Tien Fang (4 September 2004). "Sustainable Urban Transportation Planning and Development — Issues and Challenges for Singapore" (PDF). Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore. Retrieved 2008-12-18. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ a b "1982 - The Year Work Began". Land Transport Authority. Retrieved 2005-12-07.
  7. ^ Lee Siew Hoon & Chandra Mohan. "In Memoriam - Ong Teng Cheong : A Profile". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  8. ^ a b c Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore 1988, pg. 8-9
  9. ^ Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore 1988, pg. 10
  10. ^ Sharp 2005, pg. 109
  11. ^ Sharp 2005, pg. 110
  12. ^ a b Leong Chan Teik (11 February 1996). "Bukit Panjang to get S'pore's first light rail train". The Straits Times. p. 1.
  13. ^ Sharp 2005, pg. 122
  14. ^ Karamjit Kaur (26 July 1999). "Bukit Panjang LRT to begin operating on Nov 6". The Straits Times. p. 3.
  15. ^ Karamjit Kaur (9 February 2002). "Next stop: Changi Airport; New MRT station at airport opens. With wider fare gates and a futuristic design, it promises to be a hit with commuters". The Straits Times.
  16. ^ Hasnita A Majid (28 August 2005). "Residents bring up 'white elephant' Buangkok MRT during minister's visit". Channel NewsAsia.
  17. ^ Yvonne Cheong (12 November 2005). "Grassroots leaders plan celebration for Buangkok MRT station opening". Channel NewsAsia.
  18. ^ a b Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore 1988, pg. 14
  19. ^ "Civil Defence Shelter Programme". Singapore Civil Defence Force. Retrieved 2007-01-01.
  20. ^ a b c Kwan Cheng Fai (1987). "Architecture of Singapore MRT Underground Stations Concept Layout and Planning". MRTC & IES 1987, pg. 29-33. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  21. ^ Eoin Licken (1 July 1999). "New Frontier for Mobile-Phone Operators Lies Underground". International Herald Tribune.
  22. ^ Pang Kia Seng, Michael T W Grant, Tom Curley & Scott Danielson (1987). "Architectural Aspects of Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit Elevated Stations". MRTC & IES 1987, pg. 13-27. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Geraldine Yeo (8 February 1996). "MRT shops: What works and why". The Straits Times. p. 43.
  24. ^ a b Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore, Trackline Volume 4 No. 5 (October 1987), "A safe railway for all", pg. 4-5.
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References

Academic publications

  • Sock, Y.P. and Walder, Jay H. (1999), Singapore’s Public Transport.

Corporate and governmental sources

  • Sharp, Ilsa (2005). The Journey - Singapore's Land Transport Story. SNP:Editions. ISBN 981-248-101-X.
  • Land Transport Authority, Singapore (2 January 1996). A World Class Land Transport System - White Paper presented to Parliament. ISBN 9971-88-488-7.
  • Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore (1993) Stored Value - A Decade of the MRTC. ISBN 981-00-5034-8
  • Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore (1988). The MRT Story. ISBN 981-00-0251-3.
  • Singapore MRT Limited (1987). MRT Guide Book. ISBN 981-00-0150-9.
  • Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MRTC) and Institution of Engineers Singapore (IES) (1987). Mass Rapid Transit System : Proceedings of the Singapore Mass Rapid Transit Conference, Singapore 6-9 April, 1987. ISBN 9971-84-636-5.

See also

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