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Wolfenstein 3D

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"W3D" redirects here. For the Worms video game, see Worms 3D.
Wolfenstein 3D
Wolfenstein 3D
DOS version cover art
Developer(s)
Publisher(s)
Designer(s)
Programmer(s)John Carmack
Composer(s)Bobby Prince
EngineWolfenstein 3D engine
Platform(s)MS-DOS, Mac, Amiga 1200, Apple IIGS, Acorn Archimedes, NEC PC-9801, SNES, Jaguar, GBA, 3DO, Windows Mobile, iOS, PlayStation Network, Xbox Live Arcade
Release
  • MS-DOSJuly 21, 1993
  • 1994 1995 (Source)
  • 1998
  • 2002
  • 2007 (Steam)
  • March 25, 2009 (App Store)
  • June 4, 2009 (PSN)
  • June 5, 2009 (XBLA)
  • May 9, 2012 (free browser version)
Genre(s)First-person shooter
Mode(s)Single player

Wolfenstein 3D is a seminal first-person shooter developed by id Software and published by Apogee Software. Originally released on May 5, 1992 for DOS, the game was inspired by the 1980s Muse Software video games Castle Wolfenstein and Beyond Castle Wolfenstein. In Wolfenstein 3D, the player assumes the role of a WWII American soldier of Polish descent, William "B.J." Blazkowicz, attempting to escape from the Nazi stronghold of Castle Wolfenstein. After the initial escape episode, the player carries out five other episodes fighting against the Nazis.

Wolfenstein 3D was released as shareware, which allowed it to be copied widely. The shareware release contains one episode, consisting of 10 missions (levels). The commercial release consists of three episodes, which includes the shareware episode and its two subsequent episodes. Later releases included a three episode mission pack called "The Nocturnal Missions". Like the shareware episode, each commercial episode contains 10 levels, bringing the game to a total of 60 missions. The game was originally released on the PC and subsequently ported to a wide range of computer systems and consoles. The source code of the game was published by id Software on July 21, 1995,[1] while the artwork data, music and software tools of the game remain under copyright.

The game is widely regarded by critics and game journalists as having helped popularize the genre on the PC, and having established the basic run-and-gun archetype for subsequent FPS games.[2][3][4][5][6]

Plot

File:Wolfenstein 3D title screen.png
The title screen showing the protagonist B.J. Blazkowicz waiting in ambush

The first three episodes of the game focus on William "B.J." Blazkowicz's attempts to destroy the Nazi regime.

In the first episode, Escape from Castle Wolfenstein, B.J., an Allied spy, has been captured while trying to find the plans for Operation Eisenfaust (or 'Iron Fist'), and was imprisoned in Castle Wolfenstein. Initially armed only with a knife and a Walther P38 (obtained by overpowering the guard in his cell), B.J. tries to escape the castle prison. Taking on the SS guards, he eventually finds himself face to face with prison guard head Hans Grosse.

In the second episode, Operation: Eisenfaust, B.J. finds out that the operation is real, and that Nazis are creating an army of undead mutants in Castle Hollehammer. B.J. enters the castle and confronts the mad scientist Dr. Schabbs, creator of the mutants. His defeat signals the end of this biological war.

Die, Führer, Die! is, chronologically, the final episode. Fighting through Nazi soldiers, and attacking the bunker under the Reichstag, he finds himself up against Adolf Hitler, who is equipped with a robotic suit and four chainguns.

"The Nocturnal Missions" form a prequel storyline, focusing on the Germans' plans for chemical warfare (Giftkrieg). A Dark Secret deals with the initial pursuit of the scientist responsible for developing the weaponry; B.J.'s task is to enter the weapons research facility and hunt down another mad scientist, Dr. Otto Giftmacher (Poisonmaker).

Trail of the Madman takes place in Castle Erlangen. B.J.'s goal is to find the maps and plans of the chemical war, guarded by Gretel Grosse, Hans' sister.

The story comes to a close in Confrontation, set in Castle Offenbach. The final battle is fought between B.J. and the leader of the chemical war initiative, General Fettgesicht (Fatface).

Gameplay

The following section describes aspects of the original MS-DOS versions. The various ports often implemented changes.

Each episode features nine levels (or "maps") which have to be finished sequentially. Levels are completed by reaching an elevator which leads to the next level. The player must combat numerous guards and other enemies while maintaining ammunition and health supplies. If the player's health is reduced to zero, one of the player's lives as well as all guns and ammo (except a pistol with 8 rounds) are lost. The player begins each episode with three lives, and more lives can be acquired by finding extra-life tokens or earning 40,000 points. The game allows saves at any point. In addition to completing levels, the players can collect various treasures scattered in the levels to boost their score; the player can also search for secret push walls which lead to caches of treasure or ammunition. Percentages for treasures collected, enemies eliminated, and secrets discovered are displayed at the end of every level. Earning a 100% kill, secret, or treasure ratio, or completing the level in below-par time results in additional bonus points.

There is also one "secret" level per episode that can only be accessed by the player uncovering a hidden elevator. The secret level of the third episode recreated one of the original Pac-Man levels, complete with ghosts, seen by the player from Pac-Man's perspective.[7]

Each episode has a different boss who has to be killed in the final mission to complete the episode. Unlike normal enemies, boss enemies are drawn from one angle instead of eight, so the player cannot sneak up on them or take them by surprise; when first encountered they are always facing the player. Bosses also won't notice the player or become active until they see the player. When most bosses are killed, a replay (called a "deathcam") of the boss's death is shown; the episode then ends. In other levels, behind the boss is an exit from the stronghold; entering it causes the camera to rotate around to face Blazkowicz and show him running out and jumping in elation (complete with a freeze frame of him in mid-air).

Despite the historical setting, and the presence of Hitler as an episode boss, the game bears no resemblance to any actual Nazi plans or structures. Indeed, many of the level designs are highly fanciful; at least three levels heavily feature swastika-shaped room layouts and maps, going as far as having one level (episode 6, map 3) built entirely of a tessellation of them (see Controversy).

Development

In-game screenshot of the PC version

John Carmack's technical achievements with the Catacomb 3-D engine were a strong starting point for the game concept. Game development began in late 1991 after id decided on a vastly reworked Castle Wolfenstein. The team was able to use the Wolfenstein title as Muse Software had let the trademark name lapse.[8] id pitched this concept to Scott Miller, founder of Apogee Software, who promised the id team $100,000 in funding to deliver a shareware title. Carmack also bought a NeXT machine to aid development.[9]

The early concept of the game included some innovative stealth concepts—dragging dead bodies, swapping uniforms with fallen guards, silent attacks, etc., like in the earlier Wolfenstein games, which focused more on stealth than action. These ideas were dropped however, since they drastically slowed the game down and made the controls complicated.[10] Secret walls, which were sections of the wall a player could push to reveal a hidden area, were similarly debated in development. Designers Tom Hall and John Romero pushed repeatedly for this feature on the grounds that secrets were integral to a good game. Carmack initially resisted the idea, but succeeded in implementing push walls to his satisfaction late in development.[11]

Visually, Wolfenstein 3D was originally designed to the same 16-color EGA graphics palette as prior 3D titles such as Hovertank 3D and Catacomb 3-D. At the suggestion of Scott Miller however, the team moved to the 256-color VGA graphics palette.[10] Adrian Carmack drew each sprite frame on computer by hand.[12]

Id Software planned to release one shareware episode and allow gamers to buy the full trilogy, following the shareware model profitably executed with the Commander Keen, Invasion of the Vorticons games. Scott Miller, after learning the time it took to make one level (a single day), successfully argued the id team to produce another trilogy. This led to producing "The Nocturnal Missions".[13]

Wolfenstein 3D supports the following sound technologies: for sound effects, PC speaker, AdLib, Disney Sound Source, and Sound Blaster; and for music, Adlib and Sound Blaster. The game marks id's first use of digital sound, composed by Bobby Prince.[10]

Engine technology

Main article: Wolfenstein 3D engine

To render the walls in pseudo-3D, the game uses ray casting. This method emits one ray for each column of pixels, checks if it intersects a wall, and draws textures on the screen accordingly, creating a one dimensional depth buffer against which to clip the scaled sprites that represent enemies, powerups, and props.

Before Wolfenstein 3D, the technology had already been used by id Software in 1991 to create Hovertank 3D and Catacomb 3-D for Softdisk. Other games using the Wolfenstein 3D game engine or derivatives of it were also produced, including Blake Stone, Corridor 7: Alien Invasion, Operation Body Count, Super 3D Noah's Ark, Rise of the Triad, and Hellraiser, an unreleased Color Dreams game planned for the PC and the Nintendo Entertainment System.

According to id Software programmer John Carmack, the game's engine was inspired by a technology demo of Looking Glass Studios' and Origin Systems's first-person role-playing video game, Ultima Underworld: The Stygian Abyss from 1991. Carmack claimed he could make a faster renderer.[14] In this he was successful. The Wolfenstein engine lacks many features present in the Underworld engine, such as ceiling or floor height changes, sloped floors and lighting, but it ran well on relatively weak hardware.

The secret behind engine's performance is vertical scanline scaling algorithm. Unlike later engines and hardware rasterizers, the texture coordinate for the pixel is not calculated at runtime. Instead, a fixed set of several hundred rendering functions is generated during game startup (or viewport size change) where all memory offsets are fixed. To keep the number of these procedures small, height is quantized, which can be easily seen when player is close to the wall, but not looking at it at a right angle.

Ports

File:Wolf3d 3do.png
Redrawn and expanded character sprites as seen in the 3DO version

Wolfenstein 3D has been commercially ported and sold on over a dozen platforms, ranging from early releases on platforms such as the Super NES to newer releases on mobile platforms such as the iPad. These ports include the Super NES (1994),[15] Atari Jaguar (1994),[15] Mac OS (1994), Acorn Archimedes (1994),[15][16][17] 3DO (1995), Apple IIGS (1998),[15] and the PC-98 (1998). Later releases include the Game Boy Advance (2002), Steam,[18] Xbox Live Arcade and PSN (2009), the iPhone[15] and iPod Touch (2009), the iPad (2010), and Android (2011).[19]

These ports can vary from the original in their audio, graphics and levels, but the core gameplay and aesthetic is retained. The source code to the Acorn Archimedes version was released by author Eddie Edwards in 1999.[20][21]

Outside of commercial sale, enthusiasts of the game have created ports or reworked versions for other platforms, such as Symbian, the TI-83 series, Maemo, the PSP, Wii, Dreamcast, the Dingoo A320, Atari STE, Amiga and the Falcon030. The fan community has also developed numerous add-ons and enhancements for the game.[22]

Reception

Reviews and awards

Wolfenstein 3D has been generally well received by reviewers over the years. The game twice received 5 out of 5 stars in Dragon.[23][24] All Game Guide gave the game 4½ out of 5 stars,[3] and HonestGamers gave the game 7 out of 10.[4] Both of these modern reviews praised the game's moody soundtrack, evocative sound design, and tense gameplay, while also remarking on the similarity of the game's numerous levels, which can lead to tedium after extended play.

Wolfenstein 3D won the 1993 Best Arcade/Action Game Software and Information Industry Association CODiE award,[25] and the 1993 Best Action/Arcade Game award for the Shareware Industry Awards.[26] It was placed in Computer Gaming World's list of the 150 Best Games of All Time in 1996.[27]

Hitler was proclaimed the 15th greatest video game boss in videogame history by The Phoenix in 2006,[28] and was recognized by 1UP.com in 2009 as an exceptional boss fight in videogames.[29] Wolfenstein 3D was also the first game to use the ExMx map/level naming convention. In 2011, PlayStation Universe featuring killing Hitler in this game as first in its retrospective series Unforgettable Gaming Moments.[30]

Controversy

File:Wolf3d episode6 level3.png
A Wolfenstein 3D level viewed in a level editor shows the level is composed almost entirely of swastikas

Due to its use of Nazi symbols such as the Swastika and the anthem of the Nazi Party, "Horst-Wessel-Lied", as theme music, the PC version of the game was withdrawn from circulation in Germany in 1994, following a verdict by the Amtsgericht München on January 25, 1994 (Az. 2 Gs 167/94). Despite the fact that Nazis are portrayed as the enemy in Wolfenstein, the use of those symbols is a federal offense in Germany unless certain circumstances apply (see Strafgesetzbuch section 86a). Similarly, the Atari Jaguar version was confiscated following a verdict by the Amtsgericht Berlin Tiergarten on December 7, 1994 (Az. 351 Gs 5509/94).[31]

Due to concerns from Nintendo of America, the Super NES version was heavily edited as well. All swastikas and Nazi references were removed. Adolf Hitler, a boss character in the game, had his moustache removed and was renamed "Staatmeister." Blood was replaced with sweat to make the game seem less violent (for SNES copies distributed in Germany, the enemy blood was turned green). Attack dogs were also replaced by giant mutant rats. Employees of id Software are quoted in The Official DOOM Player Guide about the reaction to Wolfenstein, claiming it to be ironic that it was morally acceptable to shoot people and rats, but not dogs.[citation needed] The opening music was changed as well.

Aborted contest attempts

Level E2M8 features a giant hidden "pushwall" maze consisting of 181 nearly identical rooms. Depending on the path taken, the player can find treasure, an extra life, a surprise encounter with the Hans Grosse boss, or a sign reading "Call Apogee Say Aardwolf." This was to have been part of a contest, where the first person to find the sign and carry out its instructions would have won a prize.[32] While no prize was ever decided, preliminary discussion suggested the prize may be registered copies of all Apogee games for life.[33]

However, because level editors and cheat programs for the game were released within days of the full version of Wolfenstein 3D, many players were able to find the sign with minimal effort. Additionally, a cheat code was soon discovered and published that allowed the player to view all of the in-game sprites, including the "Aardwolf" sign. As a result, the planned contest was abandoned before it was ever officially announced, or the prize even settled upon.[32] The maze and the sign were left in the game as Easter eggs; a text file included with the registered version explained the story behind the "Aardwolf" sign and asked gamers not to call in and say it (many did anyway). A 1997 commercial re-release by Activision removed the sign and replaced it with graphics depicting a pile of bones.

After completing an episode, the player is given a three-letter code in addition to a total score and time. This was part of a high-score contest that was abandoned for similar reasons to the "Aardwolf" one; the code would have been used to verify that a player got that score legitimately, without use of cheat codes.[32]

Legacy

Wolfenstein 3D has been termed the "grandfather of 3D shooters",[5] specifically first-person shooters, as it established the fast-paced action and technical prowess commonly expected in the genre, while also bolstering the popularity of the genre itself.[6] It has also been acknowledged as solidifying shareware distribution as a serious and profitable business strategy.[5][34] By the end of 1993, sales of Wolfenstein 3D had reached over 100,000 units, vastly exceeding the shareware game sales record set by the developer's earlier Commander Keen series and providing id with a significantly higher profit margin than sales of the retail counterpart, Spear of Destiny.[34] The release of id Software's hugely popular game Doom the year after Wolfenstein 3D served as an additional impetus for a wave of imitators. Most of these games were distributed via the same shareware strategy as Wolfenstein 3D.

Wolfenstein 3D introduced a fresh formula to the personal computer game market that blended together disparate elements from both computer and arcade game genres. Wolfenstein 3D successfully combined the fast pace and quick reflexes of arcade action games (such as Space Invaders, Pac-Man and Altered Beast) that pit the player against multiple enemies that come in increasing waves of speed and complexity, with the first-person perspective of traditional role-playing video games (such as Wizardry) that attempted to provide players with an immersive experience.[35][36] While prior computer shooter games were most often scrolling shooters, Wolfenstein 3D helped move the computer market away from scrolling shooters toward first-person shooters.[37]

Bethesda Softworks, which bought id software in 2009, celebrated the 20th birthday of Wolfenstein 3D's release by making available a free-to-play, browser-based version of the game on its website on May 5, 2012.[38]

Sequels and spinoffs

Wolfenstein 3D has been followed by several games based on its protagonist and settings. Spear of Destiny, a prequel to Wolfenstein 3D, was released shortly after the original game and used the same engine. A mission pack called "Wolfenstein 3D Super Upgrades" was released in 1993 using the Wolfenstein 3D engine.[39] The pack contains 815 new maps, along with a random map generator, a level editor/creator, and replacement game files for the original game. However, the pack will not work with the Steam version of the game or on DOSBox unless numerous modifications are made.[40]

The first person shooter Rise of the Triad was originally planned as an expansion pack to Wolfenstein 3D which would use the original game's engine with added features. However the idea was postponed and the game took off in a different direction.[41]

Return to Castle Wolfenstein, a first-person shooter reboot to Wolfenstein 3D, was released in 2001. The gameplay and the setting are similar to the original, but the graphics and audio elements receive an update due to the Quake III Arena rendering engine. Like the original, Return to Castle Wolfenstein begins as an escape mission from Castle Wolfenstein, but from there the two games' stories diverge. Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory is a spinoff to Return to Castle Wolfenstein, released in 2003. It is a free full-version multiplayer-only game.

Wolfenstein, created for Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3, was released in 2009. It was developed by Raven Software, developer of Quake 4, and uses the id Tech 4 engine.

Wolfenstein RPG, an RPG continuation of the Wolfenstein franchise, previewed at QuakeCon 2008. It is a full version game released for mobile phones in November 2008 and again for the iPhone and iPod Touch in 2009.[42][43]

Unofficial Film Adaptation

Nazis at the Center of the Earth is a direct-to-video sci-fi action film produced by The Asylum. It was released on 24 April 2012 on Blu-ray and DVD.

Unlike other Asylum's films, this film is an unofficial adaptation of the video game Wolfenstein 3D, which shares the same story and characters of undead zombies set to take over the world. The film goes as far to have Robot Hitler, the same enemy that may be found at the end of Wolfenstein 3D. The story also shares similarities to the film Iron Sky and was once believed to be the source of its inspiration.

See also

  • 3D Monster Maze (1981) – credited as the original first person perspective game released for a home/personal computer.
  • Catacomb 3-D (1991) – id's second first person shooter, and the game that Wolfenstein 3D engine is based on.
  • Doom (1993) – a first person shooter game by id Software for MS-DOS.
  • Hovertank 3D (1991) – id Software's first 3D game.
  • Ken's Labyrinth (1993) – a game written during the same time, independently, to mimic the Wolfenstein 3D engine graphics before the source was released.
  • Maze War (1973) – the first FPS style game, written for the Xerox Alto.
  • Super 3D Noah's Ark (1994) – a clone of Wolfenstein 3D for the SNES, only altered weapons, enemies, and characters.
  • Spasim (1974) – a first-person shooter computer game, played on the PLATO network.

References

  1. ^ "wolfsrc.txt". Wolfenstein 3D source code, Limited Use Software License Agreement. id Software. 1995-06-21. Retrieved 2011-03-07. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  2. ^ Shachtman, Noah. "May 5, 1992: Wolfenstein 3-D Shoots the First-Person Shooter Into Stardom", Wired, May 8, 2008, accessed May 8, 2011.
  3. ^ a b Williamson, Colin. "Wolfenstein 3D DOS Review", All Game Guide, accessed May 9, 2011.
  4. ^ a b Golding, Marc. "Wolfenstein 3D Staff Review", HonestGamers, December 10, 2003, accessed May 9, 2011.
  5. ^ a b c Computer Gaming World, "Hall of Fame: Wolfenstein 3D". Hosted on 1Up.com, retrieved 2011-03-02.
  6. ^ a b IGN, "IGN's Top 100 Games (2003)". Retrieved 2011-03-09.
  7. ^ Book of Games: The Ultimate Reference on PC & Video Games, Book of Games, 2006, p. 24, ISBN 82-997378-0-X, retrieved 2011-05-06
  8. ^ Kushner, David. Masters of Doom: How Two Guys Created an Empire and Transformed Pop Culture. New York: Random House, 2004: 94. ISBN 0-8129-7215-5.
  9. ^ Kushner, Masters of Doom, 94.
  10. ^ a b c Kushner, Masters of Doom, 97.
  11. ^ Kushner, Masters of Doom, 108-109, 111.
  12. ^ Kushner, Masters of Doom, 134.
  13. ^ Kushner, Masters of Doom, 106.
  14. ^ Mallinson, Paul. (2002). [Interview with Paul Neureth and Doug Church, developers of Ultima Underworld]. Games that changed the world: Ultima Underworld, Computer and Video Games site.
  15. ^ a b c d e Gibson, Rob (March 25, 2009). "Wolfenstein 3D Hits the iPhone". PC Magazine. Retrieved February 27, 2012. The game [...] has already been ported to a seemingly endless list of consoles, including Super NES, Game Boy Advance, Acorn Archimedes, Atari Jaguar, and the Apple IIGS. Now it's come to the emerging platform in the world of portable gaming, the iPhone.
  16. ^ Gibson, Rob. "Review - Wolfenstein 3D". Illusions. Acorn Arcade. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
  17. ^ Fountain, Tim (November 06, 2000). "Interviews: Eddie Edwards". Acorn Arcade. Retrieved January 17, 2012. Wolf 3D was a pure-assembly program which involved hand-compiling all the game code which was written in C. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ Legendary id Software games now on Steam. Steam Product Release, August 3, 2007.
  19. ^ Android Market: Wolfenstein 3D
  20. ^ Fountain, Tim (July 07, 1999). "Eddie Edwards releases Wolf3D source (2/7/99)". Acorn Arcade. Retrieved January 17, 2012. Eddie Edwards has announced the release of the source code and shareware data files for Wolfenstein3D, the original walkabout shoot'em up. The files are available on his recently updated Powerslave website [...] {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  21. ^ Edwards, Eddie. "Wolfenstein 3D Source Code". Powerslave. Archived from the original on September 01, 1999. Retrieved January 17, 2012. I asked Id Software last night and John Carmack told me I could release the source code and the shareware data files. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
  22. ^ Lowe, Brian. "The Wolfenstein 3-D Dome". Retrieved 29 May 2011.
  23. ^ Lesser, Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk (April 1993). "The Role of Computers". Dragon (192): 57–63.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Petersen, Sandy (September 1993). "Eye of the Monitor". Dragon (197): 57–62.
  25. ^ "Past CODiE Award Winners", CODiE Awards, accessed May 9, 2011.
  26. ^ "2000-1992 Shareware Industry Awards winners", Shareware Industry Awards, accessed May 18, 2011.
  27. ^ "150 Best Games of All Time". Computer Gaming World (148). Ziff Davis: 63–80. 1996. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
  28. ^ "The 20 greatest bosses in video game history". The Phoenix. October 13, 2006.
  29. ^ "25 of the Most Badass Boss Fights of All Time". 1UP.com. March 3, 2009.
  30. ^ Retrospective: Unforgettable Gaming Moments - #1: Killing Hitler -- PlayStation Universe
  31. ^ Indizierungen - Beschlagnahmen und Einziehung (German) - Translate into English
  32. ^ a b c Siegler, Joe. "Apogee FAQ, Section 2.8.6.1. Call Apogee and say Aardwolf". Retrieved 2011-03-04.
  33. ^ Siegler, Joe (2009-05-04). "3D Realms Forum, Call Apogee and say Aardwolf thread". Retrieved 2011-03-04.
  34. ^ a b Antoniades, Alexander (January 15, 2009). "The Game Developer Archives: 'Monsters From the Id: The Making of Doom'". Gamasutra. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
  35. ^ Ronald Strickland (2002), Growing up postmodern: neoliberalism and the war on the young, Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 112–3, ISBN 0-7425-1651-2, retrieved 2011-04-10
  36. ^ James Paul Gee (2004), What video games have to teach us about learning and literacy, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 47, ISBN 1-4039-6538-2, retrieved 2011-04-10
  37. ^ Andy Slaven (2002), Video Game Bible, 1985-2002, Trafford Publishing, p. 53, ISBN 1-55369-731-6, retrieved 2011-05-06
  38. ^ Hachman, Mark (May 9, 2012). "Free, Browser-Based 'Wolfenstein 3D' Released by Bethesda". PC Magazine. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
  39. ^ 3D Realms Wolfenstein 3D website
  40. ^ "Wolf3D Super Upgrades with Activision Release v1.4". Retrieved 18 November 2011.
  41. ^ "ROTT Original Design Spec". 3D Realms. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
  42. ^ Wired (2008-07-11). "Id Reveals Wolfenstein RPG for Mobiles".
  43. ^ Electronic Arts (2009-08-14). "EA Mobile and id Software Launch Wolfenstein RPG on the App Store".

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