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Michael I of Romania

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Michael
Michael of Romania in 2007
King of the Romanians
Reign20 July 1927 – 8 June 1930
6 September 1940 – 30 December 1947
Coronation6 September 1940
PredecessorFerdinand
Charles II
SuccessorCharles II
Monarchy abolished
Regent
See list
Born (1921-10-25) 25 October 1921 (age 103)
Sinaia, Kingdom of Romania
SpouseAnne of Bourbon-Parma
Issue
HouseHouse of Romania (formerly and agnatically still the House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen)
FatherCarol II of Romania
MotherHelen of Greece and Denmark
ReligionRomanian Orthodox
SignatureMichael's signature

Michael (Template:Lang-ro, "Michael King of the Romanians", name pronounced [miˈhaj]; born 25 October 1921) is the last King of Romania. He reigned from 20 July 1927 to 8 June 1930, and again from 6 September 1940 until 30 December 1947 when he was forced, by the Communist Party of Romania (backed up by orders of Joseph Stalin), to abdicate to the Soviet armies of occupation. In addition to being the current claimant to the disestablished throne of Romania, he was also a Prince of Hohenzollern until 10 May 2011, when he renounced this title.[1][2][3][4]

A great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria by both of his parents, and a third cousin of Queen Elizabeth II, he is the last surviving monarch from the Interbellum[5] and one of only two surviving heads of state from World War II,[6][7][8][9] the other being the former King Simeon II of Bulgaria.[10]

Early life

File:King Mihai I of Romania postcard.jpg
The young King Michael of Romania during his first reign.

Michael was born in the Foişor Castle or Peleş Castle, Sinaia, Romania, the son of Carol II of Romania (then Crown Prince of Romania) and Princess Elena of Greece. He was born as the grandson of the then-reigning King Ferdinand of Romania. When Carol II eloped with his mistress Elena "Magda" Lupescu and renounced 'temporarily' his rights to the throne in December 1925, Michael was declared the heir apparent. He succeeded to the throne upon Ferdinand's death in July 1927.

Rule

1930s and the Antonescu era

A regency, which included his uncle, Prince Nicolae, Patriarch Miron Cristea, and the country's Chief Justice (Gheorghe Buzdugan, from October 1929 on Constantin Sărăţeanu) functioned on behalf of the 6-year-old Michael when he succeeded Ferdinand in 1927.[5] In 1930, Carol II returned to the country at the invitation of politicians dissatisfied with the Regency, and was proclaimed king by the Parliament, designating Michael as Crown Prince with the title "Grand Voievod of Alba-Iulia". In November 1939, Michael joined the Romanian Senate, as the 1938 Constitution guaranteed him a seat there upon reaching the age of eighteen.[11] In September 1940, the pro-German anti-Bolshevik régime of Prime Minister Marshal Ion Antonescu staged a coup d'état against Carol II, whom the Marshal claimed to be 'anti-German'. Antonescu suspended the Constitution, dissolved the Parliament, and re-installed the 18-year-old Michael as King by popular acclaim. (Although the Constitution was restored in 1944 and the Romanian Parliament in 1946, Michael did not either subsequently take a formal oath or have his reign approved retroactively by Parliament.) Michael was crowned[12] with the Steel Crown and anointed King of Romania by the Orthodox Patriarch of Romania, Nicodim Munteanu, in the Patriarchal Cathedral of Bucharest, on the day of his accession, 6 September 1940.[13] Although King Michael was formally the Supreme Head of the Army and entitled to appoint the Prime Minister with full powers named 'Leader of the people' ("Conducător"), in reality he was forced to remain only a figurehead until August 1944.[14] Michael had lunch with Adolf Hitler twice, once with his father in Bavaria in 1937, and with his mother in Berlin in 1941.[15] He also met Benito Mussolini in 1941, in Italy.[16]

Turning against Nazi Germany

See also: King Michael's Coup
Romanian stamp from 1942, commemorating the one year anniversary of the liberation of Bessarabia from Soviet occupation, featuring Michael and Antonescu below the text Un an de la desrobire ("A year since liberation") and the fortress of Bender in the background.

In 1944, World War II was going badly for the Axis powers, but the military dictator Prime Minister Marshal Ion Antonescu was still in control of Romania. As of August 1944, the Soviet conquest of Romania had become inevitable, being expected in a few months.[17] On 23 August 1944, Michael joined the pro-Allied politicians, a number of army officers, and armed communist-led civilians[18] in staging a coup against Antonescu, whereas it was recognized in the late 1970s that King Michael ordered his arrest by the Royal Palace Guard. On the same night, the new Prime Minister, Lt. General Constantin Sănătescu—who was appointed by King Michael—gave custody of Antonescu to the communists (in spite of alleged instructions to the contrary by the King), who delivered him to the Soviets on 1 September.[19][20] In a radio broadcast to the Romanian nation and army, Michael issued a cease-fire just as the Red Army was penetrating the Moldavian front,[18] proclaimed Romania's loyalty to the Allies, announced the acceptance of the armistice offered by the United Kingdom, the United States, and the USSR, and declared war on Germany.[21] However, this did not avert a rapid Soviet occupation and capture of about 130,000 Romanian soldiers, who were transported to the Soviet Union where many perished in prison camps.[18] Although the country's alliance with the Nazis was ended, the coup sped the Red Army's advance into Romania.[18] The armistice was signed three weeks later on 12 September 1944, on terms the Soviets virtually dictated.[18] Under the terms of the armistice, Romania recognized its defeat by the USSR and was placed under occupation of the Allied forces with the Soviets, as their representative, in control of media, communication, post, and civil administration behind the front. The coup effectively amounted to a "capitulation",[22] an "unconditional"[23] "surrender".[17][18] It has been suggested that the coup may have shortened World War II by six months, thus saving hundreds of thousands of lives.[24]

At the end of the war, King Michael was awarded the highest degree (Chief Commander) of the Legion of Merit by U.S. President Harry S. Truman.[25] He was also decorated with the Soviet Order of Victory by Joseph Stalin "for the courageous act of the radical change in Romania's politics towards a break-up from Hitler's Germany and an alliance with the United Nations, at the moment when there was no clear sign yet of Germany's defeat," according to the official description of the decoration. With the death of Michał Rola-Żymierski in 1989, Michael became the sole surviving recipient of the Order of Victory.[26]

Reign under communism

Michael in 1947.

In March 1945, political pressures forced King Michael to appoint a pro-Soviet government headed by Petru Groza. For the next two-plus years Michael functioned again as little more than a figurehead. Between August 1945 and January 1946, during what was later known as the "royal strike," King Michael tried unsuccessfully to oppose the Groza government by refusing to sign its decrees. In response to Soviet, British, and American pressures,[27] King Michael eventually gave up his opposition to the communist government and stopped demanding its resignation.

He did not pardon former Marshal Antonescu, who was sentenced to death "for betrayal of the Romanian people for the benefit of Nazi Germany, for the economic and political subjugation of Romania to Germany, for cooperation with the Iron Guard, for murdering his political opponents, for the mass murder of civilians and crimes against peace". Nor did King Michael manage to save such leaders of the opposition as Iuliu Maniu and the Bratianus,[28] victims of communist political trials, as the Constitution prevented him from doing so without the counter-signature of communist Justice Minister Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu (who was, himself, later eliminated by Gheorghiu-Dej's opposing communist faction). The memoirs of King Michael's aunt Princess Ileana[29] quote Emil Bodnăraş—her alleged lover,[30] Romania's communist minister of defense, and a Soviet spy[31]—as saying: "Well, if the King decides not to sign the death warrant, I promise that we will uphold his point of view." Princess Ileana was skeptical: "You know quite well (...) that the King will never of his free will sign such an unconstitutional document. If he does, it will be laid at your door, and before the whole nation your government will bear the blame. Surely you do not wish this additional handicap at this moment!"

Forced abdication

Abdication act, 1947.

In November 1947 King Michael travelled to London for the wedding of his cousins, The Princess Elizabeth (the future Queen Elizabeth II) and Philip Mountbatten, an occasion during which he met Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma (his second cousin once removed), who was to become his wife. According to unconfirmed claims by so-called Romanian 'royalists', King Michael did not want to return home, but certain Americans and Britons present at the wedding encouraged him to do so;[32] Winston Churchill is said to have counselled Michael to return because "above all things, a King must be courageous." According to his own account,[33] King Michael rejected any offers of asylum and decided to return to Romania, contrary to the confidential, strong advice of the British Ambassador to Romania.

On 30 December 1947 the royal palace was surrounded by the Tudor Vladimirescu army units loyal to the Communists. Michael was forced at gunpoint (by either Groza or Communist Party boss Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, depending on the source) to abdicate.[34][35][36] Later the same day, the Communist-dominated government announced the 'permanent' abolition of the monarchy and its replacement by a People's Republic, broadcasting the King's pre-recorded radio proclamation[37] of his own abdication. On 3 January 1948, Michael was forced to leave the country, followed[38] over a week later by Princesses Elisabeth and Ileana, who collaborated so closely with the Soviets they became known as the King's "Red Aunts."[39] He was the last monarch behind the Iron Curtain to lose his throne.

According to Michael's own account, Groza had threatened him at gun point[40][41][42][43] and warned that the government would shoot 1,000 arrested students if the king didn't abdicate.[44] In an interview with The New York Times from 2007, Michael recalls the events: “It was blackmail. They said, ‘If you don’t sign this immediately we are obliged’ — why obliged I don’t know — 'to kill more than 1,000 students' that they had in prison.”[9] According to Time Magazine,[1] the communist government threatened Michael that it would arrest thousands and steep the country in blood if he did not abdicate.

However, according to the autobiography of the former head of the Soviet intelligence agency NKVD, Major General Pavel Sudoplatov, the Deputy Soviet Foreign Commissar Andrey Vyshinsky personally conducted negotiations with King Michael for his abdication, guaranteeing part of a pension to be paid to Michael in Mexico.[45] According to a few articles in Jurnalul Naţional,[46][47] Michael's abdication was negotiated with the Communist government, which allowed him to leave the country with the goods he requested and by some of the royal retinue.[47]

According to Albanian Communist leader Enver Hoxha's account of his conversations with the Romanian Communist leaders on the monarch's abdication, it was Gheorgiu-Dej, not Groza, who forced Michael's abdication at gunpoint. He was allowed to leave the country accompanied by some of his entourage and, as confirmed also by the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev recounting Dej's confessions,[48] with whatever properties he desired, including gold and rubies.[49] Hoxha also wrote that pro-Communist troops surrounded the palace to counter army units who were still loyal to the king.

In March 1948, Michael denounced his abdication as illegal, and contended he was still the rightful king of Romania. According to Time magazine,[50] he would have done so sooner, but for much of early 1948 he had been negotiating with the Communists over properties he'd left in Romania.

There are reports[51][52][53][54][55] that Romanian communist authorities, obedient to Stalin, allowed King Michael to part with 42 valuable Crown-owned paintings in November 1947, so that he would leave Romania faster.[53] Some of these paintings[56] were reportedly sold through the famed art dealer Daniel Wildenstein. One of the paintings belonging to the Romanian Crown which was supposedly taken out of the country by King Michael in November 1947, returned to Romania in 2004 as a donation[51][57][58] made by John Kreuger, the former husband of King Michael's daughter Princess Irina.

In 2005 Romanian Prime Minister Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu[59] denied these accusations about King Michael, stating that the Romanian government has no proof of any such action by King Michael and that, prior to 1949, the government had no official records of any artwork taken over from the former royal residences. However, according to some historians, such records existed as early as April 1948, having been, in fact, officially published in June 1948.[60]

According to Ivor Porter's authorized biography,[61] Michael of Romania: The King and The Country (2005), which quotes Queen-Mother Helen's daily diary, the Romanian royals took out paintings belonging to the Romanian Royal Crown on their November 1947 trip to London to the wedding of the future Queen Elizabeth II; two of these paintings, signed by El Greco, were sold in 1976.

According to recently declassified Foreign Office documents, when he left Romania, the exiled king Michael's only assets amounted to 500,000 Swiss francs.[62] Recently declassified Soviet transcripts of talks between Joseph Stalin and the Romanian Prime-Minister Petru Groza[63][64] show that shortly before his abdication, King Michael received from the communist government assets amounting to 500,000 Swiss francs. King Michael, however, repeatedly denied[65] [66][67] that the communist government had allowed him to take into exile any financial assets or valuable goods besides four personal automobiles loaded on two train cars.

Life in exile

The Standard of the King.
Styles of
King Michael of the Romanians
Reference styleHis Majesty
Spoken styleYour Majesty
Alternative styleSir

In January 1948,[1] Michael began using one of his family's ancestral titles, "Prince of Hohenzollern,"[2][68] instead of using the title of "King of Romania." After denouncing his abdication as forced and illegal in March 1948, Michael resumed use of the kingly title.

On 10 June 1948 in Athens, Greece, he married Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma (born Paris, 18 September 1923), his second cousin once removed. They lived first in England[69] and later settled in Switzerland. The Communist Romanian authorities illegally stripped him of his Romanian citizenship in 1948. He became a commercial pilot and worked for an aircraft equipment company. He and his wife have five daughters.

Return and rehabilitation

On December 25, 1990, Michael I, accompanied by several members of the royal family, landed at Otopeni airport and entered the country using a Danish diplomatic passport, obtaining a 24-hours visa. He intended to reach Curtea de Argeş Cathedral, pray at the tombs of his royal ancestors and attend the Christmas religious service. However, on their way to Curtea de Argeș, the King and his companions were stopped by a police filter, taken to the airport and forced to leave the country.[70]

In 1992, three years after the revolution which overthrew the Communist dictatorship, the Romanian government allowed Michael to return to his country for Easter celebrations, where he drew large crowds. In Bucharest over a million people turned out to see him.[71] Michael's popularity alarmed the government of President Ion Iliescu, so Michael was forbidden to visit Romania again for five years.

In 1997, after Iliescu's defeat by Emil Constantinescu, the Romanian Government restored Michael's citizenship and again allowed him to visit the country. He now lives partly in Switzerland at Aubonne and partly in Romania, either at Săvârşin Castle in Arad county or in an official residence in Bucharest—the Elisabeta Palace—voted by the Romanian Parliament by a law concerning arrangements for former heads of state.

Later years

Michael cannot be said to have encouraged monarchist agitation in Romania and royalist parties have made little impact in post-communist Romanian politics. He takes the view that the restoration of the monarchy in Romania can only result from a decision by the Romanian people. "If the people want me to come back, of course, I will come back," he said in 1990. "Romanians have had enough suffering imposed on them to have the right to be consulted on their future." King Michael's belief is that there is still a role for, and value in, the monarchy today: "We are trying to make people understand what the Romanian monarchy was, and what it can still do" (for them).[72] According to a 2007 opinion poll conducted at the request of the Romanian Royal House, only 14% of Romanians were in favour of the restoration of the monarchy.[73] Another 2008 poll found that only 16% of Romanians are monarchists.[74]

Michael has undertaken some quasi-diplomatic roles on behalf of post-communist Romania. In 1997 and 2002 he toured Western Europe, lobbying for Romania's admission into NATO and the European Union, and was received by heads of state and government officials.

In December 2003, allegedly to the "stupefaction of the public opinion in Romania",[75][76] Michael awarded the "Man of The Year 2003"[77] prize to the then Prime Minister Adrian Năstase, leader of the Social Democratic Party (PSD), on behalf of the tabloid[78] VIP. The daily Evenimentul Zilei subsequently complained that 'such an activity was unsuited to a king and that Michael was wasting away his prestige', with the majority of the political analysts 'considering his gesture as a fresh abdication'.[75]

On 10 May 2007, King Michael received the Prague Society for International Cooperation and Global Panel Foundation's 6th Annual Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award, previously awarded to Vladimir Ashkenazy, Madeleine Albright, Václav Havel, Lord Robertson, and Miloš Forman.[79] On 8 April 2008, King Michael and Patriarch Daniel were elected as Honorary Members of the Romanian Academy.[80][81]

Michael participated in the Victory parade in Moscow in 2010 as the only living Supreme Commander-in-Chief of a European State in the Second World War. The name of Michael I is listed on the memorial in the Grand Kremlin Palace as a recipient of the Order of Victory.

In old age, Michael has enjoyed a strong revival in popularity. On 25 October 2011, on the occasion of his 90th birthday, he delivered a speech before the assembled chambers of the Romanian Parliament. An opinion poll in January 2012 placed him as the most trusted public figure in Romania, far ahead of the political leaders.[82] Later, in October 2012, celebrating Michael's 91st birthday, a square in Bucharest was renamed after him.[83]

Changes in House rules

According to the succession provisions of the Romanian kingdom's last democratically approved monarchical constitution of 1923, upon the death of King Michael without sons, the claim to the Crown devolves once again upon the Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen family (see "Line of succession to the former Romanian throne").

However, on 30 December 2007, on the 60th anniversary of his abdication, King Michael signed the Fundamental Rules of the Royal Family of Romania,[12][84] by which he designated Princess Margarita as heiress to the throne with the titles of "Crown Princess of Romania" and "Custodian of the Romanian Crown."

This act is according to some commentators, during the republican form of government and in the absence of approval by the Parliament, considered to be null and void.[85][86] On the same occasion, Michael also asked the Romanian Parliament that, should it consider restoring the monarchy, it should also abolish the salic law of succession.

On 10 May 2011, on a background of lawsuits in Germany brought against his family by his German relatives regarding the former name Hohenzollern-Veringen of his son in law, Radu, and of fears[87] expressed by some that the German Hohenzollerns may claim succession to the headship of the Romanian royal house, Michael severed all of the dynastic and historical ties with the princely house of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, changed the name of his family to "of Romania", and gave up all princely titles conferred to him and to his family by the German Hohenzollerns.[4][88]

Personality and personal interests

Michael has had a reputation for staying silent. He once said to his grandmother, "I have learned not to say what I feel, and to smile at those I most hate."[citation needed]

At age 16, Michael, at that time crown prince, hit a bicyclist while driving a car according to the official Censorship Records, confirmed by the memoirs of the former prime minister Constantin Argetoianu, an accident that apparently resulted in the death of the bicyclist, censored in the press.[89][90]

Before getting to know his future wife, Anne of Bourbon-Parma, Michael had a romantic relationship with, among others, a Greek woman, Dodo Chrisolegos, a protégée of the former Romanian Communist Party leader Ana Pauker.[91] Some claim that political influences had been exerted upon King Michael through this liaison.[91][92]

Michael was head of the Romanian Boy Scouts in the 1930s.[93] He is passionate about cars,[94] especially military jeeps.[95][96] He is also interested in aircraft,[97] having worked as a commercial flight pilot[98] during his exile.

Family

Romanian royal family
Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Romania (1881-1947)
Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Romania (1881-1947)

*Titled according to private family rules

‡Status disputed

Michael and Anne have five daughters:

Honours

Dynastic orders

Romanian honours

Foreign honours and decorations

Other awards

See also

Ancestors

Family of Michael I of Romania
32. Charles, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
16. Charles Anthony, Prince of Hohenzollern
33. Marie Antoinette Murat
8. Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern
34. Karl, Grand Duke of Baden
17. Princess Josephine of Baden
35. Stéphanie de Beauharnais
4. Ferdinand I of Romania
36. Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
18. Ferdinand II of Portugal
37. Princess Maria Antonia Koháry de Csábrág
9. Infanta Antónia of Portugal
38. Pedro IV of Portugal
19. Maria II of Portugal
39. Maria Leopoldina of Austria
2. Carol II of Romania
40. Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
20. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
41. Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
10. Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
42. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
21. Victoria of the United Kingdom
43. Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
5. Princess Marie of Edinburgh
44. Nicholas I of Russia
22. Alexander II of Russia
45. Charlotte of Prussia
11. Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia
46. Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse
23. Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine
47. Wilhelmine of Baden
1. Michael of Romania
48. Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
24. Christian IX of Denmark
49. Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel
12. George I of Greece
50. Prince William of Hesse
25. Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel
51. Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark
6. Constantine I of Greece
52. Nicholas I of Russia (= 44)
26. Grand Duke Constantine Nikolayevich of Russia
53. Charlotte of Prussia (= 45)
13. Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia
54. Joseph Georg Friedrich Ernst Karl, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg
27. Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg
55. Amelia of Württemberg
3. Princess Helen of Greece and Denmark
56. Frederick William III of Prussia
28. William I, German Emperor
57. Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
14. Frederick III, German Emperor
58. Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
29. Princess Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
59. Maria Pavlovna of Russia
7. Princess Sophia of Prussia
60. Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (= 40)
30. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (= 20)
61. Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (= 41)
15. Victoria, Princess Royal
62. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (= 42)
31. Victoria of the United Kingdom (= 21)
63. Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (= 43)

References

  1. ^ a b c "Compression", Time, 12 January 1948
  2. ^ a b "Milestones", Time, 21 June 1948
  3. ^ Genealogy of the Royal Family of Romania, retrieved 2 October 2006
  4. ^ a b Template:Ro icon King Michael I announces the severance of all historical and dynastic ties to the House of Hohenzollern, Adevarul, 11 May 2011
  5. ^ a b "Rulers of Romania". Rulers. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  6. ^ World War II—"60 Years After: Former Romanian Monarch Remembers Decision To Switch Sides", RFE/RL, 6 May 2005
  7. ^ Oliver North, “Looking for Leadership”, Human Events, 14 April 2006
  8. ^ Peter Kurth, "Michael of Romania"
  9. ^ a b Craig S. Smith, "Romania’s King Without a Throne Outlives Foes and Setbacks", The New York Times, 27 January 2007
  10. ^ Simeon Saxecoburggotski, Encyclopædia Britannica
  11. ^ "Ce citeau românii acum 68 de ani?", Ziua, 29 November 2007.
  12. ^ a b Fundamental Rules of the Royal Family of Romania, The Romanian Royal Family website as retrieved on 8 January 2008
  13. ^ Template:Ro icon "The Joys of Suffering," Volume 2, "Dialogue with a few intellectuals", by Rev. Fr. Dimitrie Bejan – "Orthodox Advices" website as of 9 June 2007
  14. ^ Template:Ro icon Ioan Scurtu, Theodora Stănescu-Stanciu, Georgiana Margareta Scurtu, The History of the Romanians between 1918–1940 ("Istoria românilor între anii 1918–1940"), page 280.
  15. ^ Thorpe, Nick (25 October 2011). "Romania's ex-King Michael I defends his wartime record". BBC. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  16. ^ Template:Es icon "Comí con Hitler, era estirado y frío. Mussolini parecía más humano"
  17. ^ a b "Bulgaria – Bulgarian resistance to the Axis alliance," Encyclopædia Britannica
  18. ^ a b c d e f Country Studies: Romania, Chap. 23, Library of Congress
  19. ^ "Marshal Ion Antonescu",WorldWar2.ro, Romanian Armed Forces in the Second World War
  20. ^ “23 august – radiografia unei lovituri de Palat”, paragraph ”Predaţi comuniştilor”, Dosare Ultrasecrete, Ziua, 19 August 2006
  21. ^ Template:Ro icon "The Dictatorship Has Ended and along with It All Oppression" – From The Proclamation to The Nation of King Michael I on The Night of 23 August 1944, Curierul Naţional, 7 August 2004
  22. ^ "Hitler Resorts To 'Puppets' In Romania", Washington Post, 25 August 1944
  23. ^ "King Proclaims Nation's Surrender and Wish to Help Allies", The New York Times, 24 August 1944
  24. ^ Template:Ro icon Constantiniu, Florin, O istorie sinceră a poporului român ("An Honest History of the Romanian People"), Ed. Univers Enciclopedic, Bucureşti, 1997, ISBN 973-9243-07-X
  25. ^ Template:Ro icon "Cuvintele lui Harry S. Truman", Romanian, Prince Radu's blog, includes scan of citation, 23 June 2011
  26. ^ Template:Ro iconTemplate:En icon Armata Română în Al Doilea Război Mondial. Romanian Army in World War II. Bucharest: "Meridiane" publishing house, 1995, page 196
  27. ^ Template:Ro icon "What was done in Romania between 1945 and 1947 it has also been done since 1989", Ziua, 24 August 2000
  28. ^ Template:Ro icon Brief history of Sighet prison, BBC, 18 April 2007
  29. ^ ""I Live Again" by Ileana, Princess of Romania, Chapter 21". Tkinter.smig.net. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  30. ^ Template:Ro icon"History as a Soap Opera – The Gossips of a Secret Report (III)", Jurnalul Naţional, 18 June 2006
  31. ^ ""Development of the Romanian Armed Forces after World War II", Library of Congress Country Studies". Lcweb2.loc.gov. 20 August 1968. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  32. ^ "Churchill Advised Mihai to Return", The Washington Post, 31 December 1947
  33. ^ Speech By His Majesty Michael I, King of Romania to the Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, London, 26 March 1997
  34. ^ Template:Ro icon "King Michael between the ascension to the throne and abdication – VII", Ziarul financiar, 24 June 2001
  35. ^ Template:Ro icon "The Republic was installed by way of the gun", undated interview with H.M. King Michael in Ziua, as of 15 October 2008
  36. ^ Template:Ro icon Mircea Ionnitiu : "30 December 1947", site dedicated to HM King Mihai I of Romania and to the Romanian Monarchy as of 15 October 2008
  37. ^ Friends & Enemies, Presidents & Kings by Tammy Lee McClure, Accendo Publishing, page 99. Another account comes from the Romanian anti-communist dissident Paul Goma's Template:Ro icon "Skipped Diary" ("Jurnal pe sarite"), page 57.
  38. ^ "2 Princesses Exiled By Romanian Regime", The New York Times, 13 January 1948
  39. ^ W. H. Lawrence,"Aunts of Michael May Be Exiled Too", The New York Times, 7 January 1948
  40. ^ "The Rescue of the Bulgarian Jews", as retrieved on 21 January 2008
  41. ^ Template:Ro icon"The Republic was installed with a pistol", Ziua, May 1996
  42. ^ Template:Ro icon Timeline, semi-official site dedicated to HM King Michael I, as retrieved on 21 January 2008
  43. ^ Template:Ro icon"Princess Margareta, designated dynastic successor", Antena 3, 30 December 2007
  44. ^ "A king and his coup", The Daily Telegraph, 12 June 2005
  45. ^ Pavel Sudoplatov, Anatoli Sudoplatov, Jerrold L. Schecter, Leona P. Schecter, Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness—A Soviet Spymaster. Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1994, page 232. ISBN 0-316-77352-2 : "Vyshinsky personally conducted negotiations with King Michael of Romania for his abdication, guaranteeing part of his pension in Mexico."
  46. ^ Template:Ro icon"The return from London and the abdication," Jurnalul Naţional, 17 November 2005
  47. ^ a b Template:Ro icon "Communism – King Michael I's Abdication", Jurnalul Naţional, 11 December 2006
  48. ^ Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, Sergeĭ Khrushchev.Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Statesman, 1953–1964, Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007, page 701, ISBN 0-271-02935-8 : "As Dej reminisced, 'We told him he could take everything with him that he considered necessary, but he had to leave his kingdom.'"
  49. ^ Enver Hoxha.The Titoites. The "Naim Frasheri" publishing house, Tirana, 1982, pages 519–522, 572
  50. ^ "Anne & I", Time, 15 March 1948
  51. ^ a b Miscellaneous, Evenimentul Zilei, 24 March 2005
  52. ^ Miscellaneous, Evenimentul Zilei, 14 March 2005
  53. ^ a b The Lia Roberts hope, Evenimentul Zilei, 19 January 2004
  54. ^ Template:Ro icon Monarchy, the only bastion against the communists, Adevărul, 29 December 2007
  55. ^ Template:Ro icon Mihai Pelin has died, Romania libera, 17 December 2007
  56. ^ Michel van Rijn, "Hot Art, Cold Cash", pages 177, 184, Little Brown & Co., October 1994. For more on the credentials of the UK police expert in art smuggling Michel van Rijn, see 1 and 2.
  57. ^ Template:Ro icon "Raibolini's Madonna at the National Museum of Art of Romania", Ziua, 20 November 2004
  58. ^ Template:Ro icon "A Prestigious Donation: Madonna with the Infant by Francesco Raibolini, named "Il Francia"", Online Gallery site as of 8 December 2006
  59. ^ Template:Ro icon "There Are No Proofs That King Michael Took Paintings out of Romania", Adevărul, 19 April 2005
  60. ^ Template:Ro icon "Testimonials of contemporary history – Peles, January–April 1948. The inventorying of the former royal art works (III)," by Radu Bogdan, Ph.D. in history, Magazin istoric, October 1998
  61. ^ Template:Ro icon Andrei Pippidi, "The King and The Country", "Revista 22", 8 March 2006
  62. ^ "Exiled king 'should become pilot'", BBC News, 2 January 2005
  63. ^ Template:Ro icon "King Michael in exile – from poultry grower to test pilot and broker", ROMPRES, 13 April 2005
  64. ^ Template:Ro icon "King Michael in exile – from poultry grower to test pilot and broker", Jurnalul de Botosani si Dorohoi, 13 April 2005
  65. ^ Template:Ro icon "Romania under King Michael I", the Royal Family website, as of 12 April 2008
  66. ^ "Translation of King Michael's interview to Ziua daily, undated". Web.archive.org. 27 October 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  67. ^ Template:Ro icon ""NATO was more important militarily, but Europe is politically more than we realize now", states H.M. King Michael", Adevărul, 3 May 2005
  68. ^ Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, Sergeĭ Khrushchev. Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Statesman, 1953–1964, Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007, page 947, ISBN 0-271-02935-8
  69. ^ "EX-KING MICHAEL OF RUMANIA BECOMES MARKET GARDENER, 1953", British Pathe, as retrieved on 17 October 2009
  70. ^ "Expelling Former King, Romanians Cite 'Stunt', ''New York Times'', 27 decembrie 1990". Nytimes.com. 27 December 1990. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  71. ^ Kings Without Crowns Michael of Romania, Danish Norsk Television
  72. ^ "King Mihai I Turns 85", Ziua, 25 October 2006
  73. ^ Template:Ro icon "NLP: Monarchy saves Basescu-mania" ("PNL: Monarhia salvează Băsescu-mania"), Cotidianul, 31 August 2008
  74. ^ Template:Ro icon "Monarchy: desired by only 16% of the population" ("Monarhia, dorită de doar 16% din populaţie"), Cotidianul, 21 September 2008
  75. ^ a b "The King and The Jester," Evenimentul Zilei, 18 December 2003
  76. ^ Template:Ro icon "Adrian Nastase received his prize from King Michael's hand, Adevarul, 17 December 2003
  77. ^ "100 %" Talk Show on Realitatea TV, Prince Radu's website, 12 April 2004[dead link]
  78. ^ Template:Ro icon VIP – Advertising, The "VIP" website as of 22 July 2008
  79. ^ "Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award", [1]
  80. ^ Template:Ro icon Communique, The Royal Family website, 8 April 2008
  81. ^ Template:Ro icon Patriarch Daniel and King Michael have become members of the Romanian Academy, Antena 3, 19 December 2007
  82. ^ Romanians Have the Highest Confidence in King Mihai I. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
  83. ^ Bucharest square to be named after Romania's King Michael on his 91st birthday. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
  84. ^ Template:Ro icon "Princess Margarita, heiress to the throne of Romania," Evenimentul Zilei, 30 December 2007
  85. ^ Template:Ro icon "The King and Margareta – On The "Day of the Republic" The King Designated His Successor", Jurnalul National, 2 January 2008
  86. ^ Template:Ro icon "The Actor Duda in The Role of A Lifetime: Prince Consort of Romania," Cotidianul, 3 January 2008
  87. ^ Template:Ro icon Filip-Lucian Iorga : “The Royal House of Romania does not have to remain tied to the shady side of the Hohenzollern family”, Hotnews.ro accessed on 14 May 2011
  88. ^ Template:Ro icon The history of the conflicts between the Royal House of Romania and the Princely House of Hohenzollern, Adevarul, 11 May 2011
  89. ^ Template:Ro "Secrets of the car crashes caused by King Michael and Nicu Ceausescu," Evenimentul Zilei, March 25, 2013
  90. ^ Template:Ro "King Michael's accident, the secret buried for 75 years", "7 Est" daily, January 14, 2013
  91. ^ a b Template:Ro icon Guy des Cars. Inimoasele Regine ale României (original title in French: Les Reines de cœur de Roumanie), Dorana publishing house, Braşov, 1995, ISBN 97396211, page 197
  92. ^ Template:Ro icon The Party and State Sex, România liberă, 7 July 2007
  93. ^ "Nog een foto van Kroonprins Michael van Roemenië, die onlangs aan boord van de torpedohoot "Principessa Maria" tijdens een zwaren storm in de Zwarte Zee in levensgevaar heeft verkeerd. Men ziet den Prins als leider der Roemeensche padvinders, in welke functie hij zijn vader, Koning Carol, op 2en Kerstdag de gelukwenschen namens de padvindersbeweging overbracht". Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië (in Template:Nl icon). 11 January 1938. Retrieved 29 August 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  94. ^ Template:Ro icon Andrei Săvulescu. King Michael – Car Driver, Mechanic, Professional Pilot, Humanitas publishing house, Bucharest, 1996
  95. ^ "King Michael of Rumania driving down steps leading out of Sinaia palace," Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images, 1 April 1946
  96. ^ "King Michael of Rumania driving down steps leading out of Sinaia palace," Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images, 1 April 1946
  97. ^ "King Mihai in an airplane", Site dedicated to HM King Mihai I of Romania, retrieved 26 November 2006
  98. ^ "Ex-King Michael, in Switzerland where he works for an American aircraft company", Time Life Pictures/Getty Images, 1 January 1957
  99. ^ Ordine si medalii – officials website of the Romanian Royal Family
  100. ^ Template:Ro icon "Iliescu si Constantinescu au primit Emblema de Onoare a Armatei". Retrieved 24 October 2012.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to Michael I of Romania.
Michael I of Romania
Born: 25 October 1921
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of the Romanians
20 July 1927 – 8 June 1930 		Succeeded by
Preceded by King of the Romanians
6 September 1940 – 30 December 1947 		Vacant
Political offices
Preceded byas King of the Romanians Head of State of Romania
20 July 1927 – 8 June 1930 		Succeeded byas King of the Romanians
Preceded byas King of the Romanians Head of State of Romania
6 September 1940 – 30 December 1947 		Succeeded byas President of the Provisional Presidium
of the Romanian People's Republic
Titles in pretence
Loss of title
 — TITULAR —
King of the Romanians
30 December 1947 – present 		Incumbent
Heir:
Princess Margarita of Romania

Template:Persondata

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