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Tom Mulcair

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The Honourable
Tom Mulcair
PC, MP
Leader of the Opposition
Leader of the New Democratic Party
Incumbent
Assumed office
March 24, 2012
Preceded byNycole Turmel (interim)
Member of Parliament
for Outremont
Incumbent
Assumed office
September 17, 2007
Preceded byJean Lapierre
MNA for Chomedey
In office
September 12, 1994 – March 26, 2007
Quebec Minister of the Environment
In office
April 2003 – February 27, 2006
Personal details
Born
Thomas Joseph Mulcair

(1954-10-24) October 24, 1954 (age 69)
Ottawa, Ontario
Political partyNew Democratic Party (2007-present)
Quebec Liberal Party (1994-2007)
SpouseCatherine Pinhas
Residence(s)Beaconsfield, Quebec, Canada
ProfessionAttorney, professor, politician

Thomas Joseph "Tom" Mulcair,[1] PC MP (born October 24, 1954) is the Leader of the Official Opposition in Canada, a lawyer, university professor, and politician. A New Democratic Party Member of Parliament for the electoral district of Outremont in Quebec since 2007, he was selected as the leader of the New Democratic Party, thus the Leader of the Official Opposition, in the leadership election on March 24, 2012, with 57.2% of the votes on the fourth and final ballot.[2]

Mulcair joined the federal New Democratic Party in 1974.[3] Mulcair joined the Liberal Party of Quebec and has claimed he did so because of it being the only credible federalist political party in Quebec.[4] He was the provincial Member of the National Assembly of Quebec for the riding of Chomedey in Laval from 1994 to 2007, holding the seat for the Liberal Party of Quebec. He served as the Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment and Parks from 2003 until 2006, in the Liberal government of Premier Jean Charest. Elected MP for Outremont in a by-election in 2007, he was named Deputy Leader of the New Democratic Party, jointly with Libby Davies, shortly afterwards, and has won re-election twice.

On May 26, 2011, he was named the New Democratic Party's Opposition House Leader. On March 24, 2012, Thomas Mulcair was elected to be the new federal NDP leader, succeeding the late Jack Layton. Prior to entering politics, Mulcair was a senior civil servant in the Quebec provincial government, ran a private law practice, and taught law at the university level.[citation needed]

Early life, family, and education

Mulcair was born in 1954 at the Ottawa Civic Hospital, to a French-Canadian mother, Jeanne (née Hurtubise), and an Irish-Canadian father, Harry Donnelly Mulcair. He is the second-oldest of the couple's ten children. His maternal great-great-grandfather was the 9th Premier of Quebec, Honoré Mercier.[5] Mulcair was raised in the Wrightville district of Hull (now Gatineau) and in Laval, just north of Montreal. He graduated from Laval Catholic High School, and in Social Sciences from CEGEP Vanier College.[6]

Mulcair graduated from McGill University in 1977 with degrees in common law and civil law. During his penultimate year, he was elected president of the McGill Law Students Association, and sat on the council of the McGill Student Union. He has been married to Catherine Pinhas since 1976; she is a psychologist who was born in France to a Sephardic Jewish family from Turkey.[7][8] The couple have two sons, one is a police officer while the other is an engineer.[9][10]

Mulcair has dual citizenship and is both a Canadian citizen and a French citizen. [11]

Early career

The couple moved to Quebec City in 1978, and Mulcair was called to the Bar of Quebec in 1979.[12] He worked in the Legislative Affairs branch in Quebec's Ministry of Justice and later in the Legal Affairs Directorate of the Superior Council of the French Language.[13]

In 1983 Mulcair became Director of Legal Affairs at Alliance Quebec. In 1985 he began a private law practice, and was named the reviser of the statutes of Manitoba following the Supreme Court of Canada ruling in the Reference re Manitoba Language Rights case. Mulcair also taught law courses to non-law students at Concordia University (1984), at the Saint Lawrence Campus of Champlain Regional College in Sainte-Foy, and at the Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières. He served as Commissioner of the Appeals Committee on the Language of Instruction (1986).

Mulcair was President of the Office des professions du Québec (1987 to 1993), where he introduced reforms to make disciplinary hearings more transparent and successfully led a major effort to have cases of alleged sexual abuse of patients decisively dealt with.[14][15] Mulcair was also a board member of the group Conseil de la langue française, and at the time of his appointment to the Office des Professions he had been serving as President of the English speaking Catholic Council.[16]

Provincial politics

He first entered the National Assembly in the 1994 election, winning the riding of Chomedey. He was re-elected in 1998 and 2003. When the Quebec Liberal Party formed a provincial government in 2003, Premier of Quebec Jean Charest named Mulcair Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment and Parks. At the time of his appointment to Cabinet he had been serving on several volunteer boards including The Montreal Oral School for the Deaf, Operation Enfant Soleil and the Saint-Patrick's Society.[17] During his tenure he was a supporter of the Kyoto Protocol.

Mulcair accused former Parti Québécois minister Yves Duhaime of influence peddling. Duhaime filed a defamation suit in 2005 and Mulcair was ordered to pay $95,000, plus legal costs.[10] In 2010 the provincial police anti-corruption squad in Quebec contacted Muclair to discuss a suspected 17-year-old bribe offered to him by the Mayor of Laval, Quebec.[18] Mulcair claims he never looked in the envelope and handed it back to the Mayor.[19]

Advocate for improved environmental rights

On November 25, 2004, Mulcair launched Quebec's Sustainable Development Plan and tabled a draft bill on sustainable development. Also included was a proposed amendment to the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms to create a new right, the right to live in a healthy environment that respects biodiversity, in accordance with the guidelines and standards set out in the Act.[20] Mulcair's Sustainable Development Plan was based on the successful European model and was described as one of the most avant-garde in North America.[21] Mulcair followed the proposal by embarking on a 21-city public consultation tour, and the Act was unanimously adopted by the National Assembly of Quebec in April 2006.

Accomplishments related to infrastructure included the completion of Autoroute 30 between Vaudreuil and Brossard, Autoroute 50 between Gatineau and Lachute, the widening of Route 175 between Stoneham and Saguenay, the widening of Route 185 from Rivière-du-Loup to the New Brunswick border and the introduction of a toll bridge which would complete Autoroute 25 between Montreal and Laval,[22] despite some public opposition by environmental groups.

Departure from cabinet

During a February 27, 2006 Cabinet shuffle, Charest offered Mulcair the position of Minister of Government Services in the Quebec government, and Mulcair chose to resign from cabinet rather than accept the apparent demotion.[23] There was speculation that his contrary opinion on a project that would have transferred lands in Mont Orford Provincial park to private condominium developers led to his removal as Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment and Parks.[17][24]

On February 20, 2007, he announced that he would not be a Liberal candidate in the 2007 Quebec general election.[25]

Federal politics

Thomas Mulcair during the 2011 campaign

On April 20, 2007, Mulcair confirmed that he would be running for the New Democratic Party (NDP) in the next federal election.[26][27] His presence in the front row during a speech in Montreal by NDP Leader Jack Layton in March 2007 had already led to speculations to that effect.[28] He had previously given a speech at the Federal NDP Convention in Quebec City in September 2006.

Mulcair has identified former Quebec Liberal Party leader Claude Ryan as his political mentor.[29]

By-election win

Mulcair also became Layton's Quebec lieutenant. On June 21, 2007, in an uncontested nomination, Mulcair became the NDP's candidate in the riding of Outremont for a by-election on September 17. Mulcair won the by-election, defeating Liberal candidate Jocelyn Coulon 48% to 29%; the seat had been a Liberal stronghold since 1935 (except for the 1988 election). Jean Lapierre suggested that Mulcair was likely aided by defecting Bloc Québécois supporters (the Bloc candidate had finished second in the 2006 federal election). In addition, Coulon's writings had been condemned by B'nai Brith Canada, and the local Jewish community in Outremont makes up 10% of the riding demographics.[30][31] The Conservatives focused their attacks on the leadership skills of Stéphane Dion, and there were allegations that Michael Ignatieff's supporters tried to sabotage the race for the Liberals to undermine Dion's leadership.[32][33][34]

Mulcair was only the second NDP Member of Parliament ever elected from Quebec, following Phil Edmonston in 1990 (one previous MP, Robert Toupin of Terrebonne, had crossed the floor to the NDP in 1986). Mulcair is also only the second non-Liberal ever to win Outremont, following Progressive Conservative Jean-Pierre Hogue in 1988.

Deputy leader

Thomas Mulcair during the 2011 campaign.

He and colleague Libby Davies were jointly appointed deputy leaders of the party.[35] Mulcair was sworn in on October 12, 2007.[36]

On October 14, 2008, Mulcair was re-elected the Member of Parliament for Outremont, making him the first New Democrat to win a riding in Quebec during a federal general election. He defeated the federal Liberal candidate, Sébastien Dhavernas, by 14,348 votes to 12,005 (a margin of 6.4%).[37]

In the 2011 federal election, despite facing a strong challenge from Liberal Martin Cauchon, a former federal justice minister, Mulcair was re-elected once more with 56.4% of the popular vote, 21,916 to 9,204.

Leadership race

Main article: New Democratic Party leadership election, 2012
Thomas Mulcair gives his acceptance speech on March 24, 2012

Federal NDP Leader Jack Layton died on August 22, 2011, following a battle with cancer, and was honoured with a state funeral. Mulcair stated that Layton's death had hit him exceptionally hard, and that while he was considering a federal NDP leadership bid, he would need several weeks to make up his mind on that decision.[38] On October 13, 2011, at a press conference in suburban Montreal, Mulcair declared his candidacy for the federal NDP leadership, scheduled for March 23–24, 2012. He attracted the support of 60 of the 101 other federal NDP MPs,[39] including Robert Chisholm[40] and Romeo Saganash,[41] the only two to have dropped out of the leadership race.

Just prior to the convention opening, Brian Topp and Ed Broadbent, both defined the race as staying true to the NDP cause, by going with Topp, or moving to the centre and away from its current principles by going with Thomas Mulcair. Pundits had comparisons with New Labour in Britain under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, with Mulcair's stance on the party.[42][43][44]

Nevertheless, entering balloting day pundits predicted that Mulcair would receive support in the first round between 30 and 35 percent, though some people in the Mulcair camp predicted 40 percent. Pundits expected a clear multi-ballot win if Mulcair received 35 percent or more, and a multi-ballot slugout if his share was nearer 30 percent, which would allow other challengers to potentially catch up and beat him.[45][46]

On the fourth and final ballot, Thomas Mulcair was elected NDP leader with 57.2% of the vote, beating challenger Brian Topp's 42.8%.[47][48]

Leader of the NDP

Tom Mulcair and his wife Catherine with Rathika Sitsabaiesan at the Harry Jerome Awards Gala, held on Saturday, April 27, 2013.

On April 18, 2012, Mulcair moved into Stornoway, with his wife, Catherine Pinhas.[49] On September 14, 2012, he was sworn in as a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, and is entitled to the style "The Honourable" for life.[50]

His first year as leader of the NDP was plagued with several prominent defections. Thunder Bay—Superior North MP Bruce Hyer opted to sit as an independent after being disciplined for voting in favour of the dissolution of the Canadian Firearms Registry, a position counter to one strongly championed by Mulcair.[51] Jonquière—Alma MP Claude Patry later defected to the Bloc Québécois after disagreeing with the NDP's position to amend the Clarity Act, another policy which was strongly promoted by Mulcair.[52] These defections followed the floor crossing of Lise St-Denis to the federal Liberals, which occurred before Mulcair was elected.[53] The NDP did however manage to retain their seat in Victoria following the results of a close by-election.[54]

Key policy declarations included a more supportive policy on free trade, a strong reversal from previous NDP leaders.[55] Mulcair also strongly opposed plans for the creation of the Keystone XL and Northern Gateway pipelines, which included travelling to Washington D.C. to lobby against American approval of Keystone, and instead promoted the creation of a pipeline to carry western Canadian oil to be refined on Canada's east coast.[56] Commentators gave mixed reactions on his performance upon his first anniversary as NDP leader in March 2013, praising his discipline but also questioning several of his policy positions and choices.[57][58]

With the Mike Duffy expenses controversy and other scandals related to the Senate of Canada erupting into the public consciousness, the NDP reasserted its position on Senate abolition, proposing two bills that would either seek to abolish the senate outright or cut off its funding. Mulcair was also praised for his performance in Parliament during the aftermath of these events, helping reinforce the NDP as Canada's leading voice against the Senate, as well as being seen as the main benefactor of the problems these controversies have caused Stephen Harper's Conservative government.[59]

Electoral record

1994 Quebec general election: Chomedey
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Thomas Mulcair 25,885 67.70 +14.31
Parti Québécois Lidi Costache 9,239 24.16 −0.44
Action démocratique Gaétane Piché 1,997 5.22 –
Equality Gary Brown 353 0.92 −17.69
Economic Richard Gagné 243 0.64 –
CANADA! Benjamin Simhon 212 0.55 –
Commonwealth of Canada John Ajemian 154 0.40 –
Natural Law John Wolter 150 0.39 –
1998 Quebec general election: Chomedey
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Thomas Mulcair 28,293 69.87 +2.17
Parti Québécois Monia Prévost 8,869 21.90 −2.26
Action démocratique Vicken Darakdjian 2,768 6.84 +1.62
Equality Pierre Fortier 368 0.91 −0.01
Socialist Democracy Jean-Pierre Roy 195 0.48 –
2003 Quebec general election: Chomedey
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Thomas Mulcair 25,363 71.10 +1.23
Parti Québécois Coline Chhay 6,568 18.41 −3.49
Action démocratique Vicken Darakdjian 3,384 9.49 +2.65
Marxist–Leninist Polyvios Tsakanikas 210 0.59 –
Equality Robert Tamilia 148 0.41 −0.50
Canadian federal by-election, September 17, 2007: Outremont
Resignation of Jean Lapierre
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
New Democratic Thomas Mulcair 11,374 47.50 +30.03 $76,194
Liberal Jocelyn Coulon 6,933 28.96 −6.22 $72,539
Bloc Québécois Jean-Paul Gilson 2,618 10.93 −18.08 $57,717
Conservative Gilles Duguay 2,052 8.57 −4.16 $66,401
Green François Pilon 529 2.21 −2.61 $169
neorhino.ca François Yo Gourd 145 0.61 – $1,774
Independent Mahmood Raza Baig 78 0.33 – $45
Independent Jocelyne Leduc 61 0.25 – $6
Independent Romain Angeles 46 0.19 – $157
Canadian Action Alexandre Amirizian 45 0.19 – $0
Independent Régent Millette 32 0.13 +0.08 none listed
Independent John Turmel 30 0.13 – none listed
Total valid votes 23,943 100.00
Total rejected ballots 175 0.73 +0.03
Turnout 24,118 37.43 −23.35
Electors on the lists 64,438
New Democratic gain from Liberal Swing −18.3
2008 Canadian federal election: Outremont
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
New Democratic Tom Mulcair 14,348 39.53 −7.97 $69,072
Liberal Sébastien Dhavernas 12,005 33.08 +4.12 $45,118
Bloc Québécois Marcela Valdivia 4,554 12.55 +1.62 $48,279
Conservative Lulzim Laloshi 3,820 10.53 +1.96 $25,770
Green François Pilon 1,566 4.31 +2.10 not listed
Total valid votes 36,293 100.00
Total rejected ballots 253 0.69
Turnout 36,546 56.11 +18.68
Electors on the lists 64,556
New Democratic hold Swing −6.05
Source: Official Voting Results, 40th General Election 2008, Elections Canada.
Percentage change totals are in relation to a 2007 by-election, not to the previous general election.
2011 Canadian federal election: Outremont
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
New Democratic Tom Mulcair 21,906 56.37 +16.84 $80,457
Liberal Martin Cauchon 9,204 23.69 −9.39 $51,130
Conservative Rodolphe Husny 3,408 8.77 −1.76 $18,319
Bloc Québécois Élise Daoust 3,199 8.23 −4.32 $10,456
Green François Pilon 838 2.16 −2.15 $4,578
Rhinoceros Tommy Gaudet 160 0.41 –  
Communist Johan Boyden 143 0.37 –  
Total valid votes 38,858 100.00
Total rejected ballots 291 0.74 +0.05
Turnout 39,149 60.46 +4.35
Electors on the lists 65,573
Source: Official Voting Results, 41st General Election 2011, Elections Canada
NDP Federal Leadership 2012
Candidate First Ballot % Second Ballot % Third Ballot % Fourth Ballot %
Thomas Mulcair 19,728 30.30 23,902 38.25 27,488 43.82 33,881 57.22
Brian Topp 13,915 21.37 15,624 25.0 19,822 31.6 25,329 42.78
Nathan Cullen 10,671 16.39 12,449 19.92 15,426 24.59 eliminated
Peggy Nash 8,353 12.83 10,519 16.83 eliminated
Paul Dewar 4,883 7.50 withdrew
Martin Singh 3,821 5.87 withdrew
Niki Ashton 3,737 5.74 eliminated
Romeo Saganash withdrew
Total 65,108 100 62,494 100 62,736 100 59,210 100

References

  1. ^ "Mulcair makes believers of us with historic by-election victory". The Monitor. September 26, 2007. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
  2. ^ "Live coverage: Thomas Mulcair replaces Jack Layton as leader of the NDP and the Official Opposition". The Globe and Mail, Toronto. March 24, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
  3. ^ "NDP Leadership: Thomas Mulcair draws on experience as Quebec environment minister" by Joanna Smith, Toronto Star, March 16, 2012. http://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2012/03/16/ndp_leadership_thomas_mulcair_draws_on_experience_as_quebec_environment_minister.html
  4. ^ "NDP Leadership: Thomas Mulcair draws on experience as Quebec environment minister" by Joanna Smith, Toronto Star, March 16, 2012. http://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2012/03/16/ndp_leadership_thomas_mulcair_draws_on_experience_as_quebec_environment_minister.html
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  8. ^ http://www.cjnews.com/index.php?q=node/89616
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  10. ^ a b [1]
  11. ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/story/2012/01/17/pol-thomas-mulcair-france.html
  12. ^ "À propos de Thomas". Thomasmulcair.ca. July 26, 1977. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
  13. ^ Gibb-Clark, Margo, Quebec's 'others': Life in a French world, The Globe and Mail, June 22, 1983, page A1
  14. ^ "Professional Code of Quebec". publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
  15. ^ Lévesque, Kathleen, La Corporation professionnelle des médecins serait incapable de protéger le public, Le Devoir, August 5, 1993, page A2
  16. ^ "About Thomas Mulcair". thomasmulcairmp.ndp.ca. 2013 [last update]. Retrieved February 20, 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
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  18. ^ http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/05/16/thomas-mulcair-was-offered-and-refused-envelope-full-of-cash-ndp-leader-told-police/
  19. ^ http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/05/22/conservatives-demand-thomas-mulcair-come-clean-on-1994-bribe-probe/
  20. ^ "Sustainable Development: Because Quality of Life Counts!, Press Release, November 25, 2004". Mddep.gouv.qc.ca. November 25, 2004. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
  21. ^ "Ch13-10.indd" (PDF). Retrieved June 5, 2010. [dead link]
  22. ^ Meunier, Hugo, Prolongement de l'autoroute 25 : Les environnementalistes s'adressent à la Cour supérieure, La Presse, April 1, 2006, page A6
  23. ^ Gazette, The (February 28, 2006). "Mulcair quits in a huff, The Gazette, February 28, 2006". Canada.com. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
  24. ^ Corbeil, Michel, Mulcair règle ses comptes: Malgré ses flèches à Charest, il reste député Le Soleil, Quebec, March 7, 2006, page A1
  25. ^ "Mulcair will not be a Liberal candidate in the next election (press release distributed by Canada NewsWire), February 20, 2007". Newswire.ca. May 28, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
  26. ^ NDP recruits ex-Quebec environment minister Thomas Mulcair for next election, EarthEast, April 20, 2007
  27. ^ Mulcair sera candidat pour le NPD, La Presse, April 20, 2007
  28. ^ Mulcair courtisé par quatre partis fédéraux, La Presse, March 12, 2007
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  30. ^ "Jocelyn Coulon est contesté par le B'nai Brith - LCN - National". Lcn.canoe.ca. July 23, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
  31. ^ "B'nai Brith has many reasons to doubt Jocelyn Coulon". Vigile.net. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
  32. ^ "Coup dur pour Stéphane Dion, ''Le Devoir'', September 18, 2007". Ledevoir.com. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
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  34. ^ "National". Toronto: globeandmail.com. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
  35. ^ Mulcair monte en grade, Gilles Toupin, September 27, 2007
  36. ^ Mulcair assermenté comme nouveau député d'Outremont, La Presse, October 12, 2007
  37. ^ "Elections Canada - Electoral Districts". Enr.elections.ca. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
  38. ^ http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/thomas-mulcair-concedes-hes-thinking-about-ndp-leadership-bid/article 2147211/, Thomas Mulcair concedes he's 'thinking' about NDP leadership bid, by Les Perreaux, August 30, 2011
  39. ^ "Those who are supporting Tom's candidacy « Thomas Mulcair". Thomasmulcair.ca. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
  40. ^ Kirkup, Kristy (February 29, 2012). ""Chisholm throws support behind Thomas Mulcair", by Kristy Kirkup, February 29, 2012". Torontosun.com. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
  41. ^ "''Saganash endorses Mulcair for federal NDP's top job'', by The Canadian Press, March 7, 2012". Ctv.ca. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
  42. ^ CTV News coverage. March 24, 2012, approx. 10:10am EDT.
  43. ^ Tandt, Michael Den (March 19, 2012). "Mulcair's plans to renew party irk NDP old guard". The Gazette (Montreal). Retrieved March 24, 2012.
  44. ^ Bronski, Carl (March 23, 2012). "Canada: NDP frays over Mulcair's candidacy for party leader". World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
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  46. ^ Val, Steve (March 20, 2012). "Handicapping NDP Race". Oye! Times. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
  47. ^ "NDP Leadership Convention - CBC News Live". Cbc.ca. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
  48. ^ "Mulcair wins NDP leadership, vows to fight politics of fear | CTV News". Ctv.ca. October 14, 2011. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
  49. ^ "Mulcair takes up residence at Stornoway". CBC.ca. April 18, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
  50. ^ New Democratic Party. "Tom Mulcair sworn to the Privy Council." September 14, 2012.
  51. ^ "Bruce Hyer quits NDP caucus to sit as an Independent". Cbc.ca. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  52. ^ "Mulcair calls on Patry to resign seat after defection to Bloc". Cbc.ca. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  53. ^ "NDP MP Lise St-Denis jumps to Liberals". Cbc.ca. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  54. ^ "NDP credits pipeline opposition for Victoria byelection win". Cbc.ca. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  55. ^ "Tom Mulcair's NDP takes 'vigorously pro-trade' position". Cbc.ca. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  56. ^ "Mulcair dismisses Tory charge he trash talked Canada, pipeline while in the U.S." The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  57. ^ "Tom Mulcair marks one year of living dangerously". Toronto Star. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  58. ^ "Thomas Mulcair's so-so first year as NDP leader". Yahoo! Canada News. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  59. ^ "Senate scandal helping NDP leader Thomas Mulcair gets his groove back". Yahoo! Canada News. Retrieved April 5, 2013.

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