Elephant seal
| Elephant seal Temporal range: Pleistocene - recent
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| Male and female northern elephant seals | |
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| Genus: | Mirounga
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Elephant seals (also sea elephants) are large, oceangoing seals in the genus Mirounga. The two species, the northern elephant seal (M. angustirostris) and the southern elephant seal (M. leonina), both were hunted to the brink of extinction by the end of the 19th century, but numbers have since recovered.
The northern elephant seal, somewhat smaller than its southern relative, ranges over the Pacific coast of the U.S., Canada and Mexico. The most northerly breeding location on the Pacific Coast is at Race Rocks, at the southern tip of Vancouver Island in the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The southern elephant seal is found in the Southern Hemisphere on islands such as South Georgia and Macquarie Island, and on the coasts of New Zealand, South Africa, and Argentina in the Peninsula Valdés, which is the fourth-largest elephant seal colony in the world. Fossils of an as yet unnamed species of Mirounga have been found in South Africa, and dated to the Miocene epoch.[1]
Elephant seals breed annually and are seemingly faithful to colonies that have been established breeding areas.[2]
Description
Elephant seals take their name from the large proboscis of the adult male (bull) which resembles an elephant's trunk.[3] The bull's proboscis is used in producing extraordinarily loud roaring noises, especially during the mating season. More importantly, however, the nose acts as a sort of rebreather, filled with cavities designed to reabsorb moisture from the animals' exhalations.[4] This is important during the mating season when the seals do not leave the beach to feed, so must conserve body moisture as they have no incoming source of water. The species' non-biological names reflect their colossal size, with Southern elephant seal bulls typically reaching a length of 16 ft (4.9 m) and a weight of 6,600 lb (3,000 kg), and are much larger than the cows with some exceptionally large males reaching up to 20 ft (6.1 m) in length and tipping the scales at up to 8,800 lb (4,000 kg); cows typically measure about 10 ft (3.0 m) and 2,000 lb (910 kg). Northern elephant seal bulls reach a length of 14 to 16 ft (4.3 to 4.9 m) and the heaviest weigh about 5400 lbs (2455 kg).[5][6]
Physiology
Elephant seals spend upwards of 80% of their lives in the ocean. They can hold their breath for more than 100 minutes[7] [8] – longer than any other noncetacean mammal. Elephant seals dive to 1550 m beneath the ocean's surface[7] (the deepest recorded dive of an elephant seal is 2,388 m (7,835 ft) by a southern elephant seal).[9] The average depth of their dives is about 300 to 600 m (980 to 1,970 ft), typically for around 20 minutes for females and 60 minutes for males, as they search for their favorite foods, which are skates, rays, squid, octopuses, eels, small sharks and large fish. Their stomachs also often contain gastroliths. While excellent swimmers, they are also capable of rapid movement on land.
Elephant seals are shielded from extreme cold by their blubber, more so than by fur. The animals' hair and outer layers of skin molt in large patches. The skin has to be regrown by blood vessels reaching through the blubber. When molting occurs, the seal is susceptible to the cold, and must rest on land, in a safe place called a "haul out". Northern males and young adults haul out during June to July to molt; northern females and immature seals during April to May.
Elephant seals have a very large volume of blood, allowing them to hold a large amount of oxygen for use when diving. They have large sinuses in their abdomens to hold blood and can also store oxygen in their muscles with increased myoglobin concentrations in muscle. In addition, they have a larger proportion of oxygen-carrying red blood cells. These adaptations allow elephant seals to dive to such depths and remain underwater for up to two hours.[10]
Milk produced by elephant seals is remarkably high in milkfat compared to other mammals. After an initially lower state, it rises to over 50% milkfat (human breast milk is about 4% milkfat, and cow milk is about 3.5% milkfat).[11] It is so high that it has been described as being "basically fatty fat with fat sauce".[12]
Lifespan
Northern female elephant seals have lived to 22 years, and can give birth starting at the age of three to four. Males reach maturity at five to six years, but generally do not achieve alpha status until the age of eight, with the prime breeding years being between ages 9 and 12. The longest life expectancy of a male northern elephant seal is approximately 14 years.
Status
The IUCN lists the elephant seal as Least Concern, although they are still threatened by entanglement in marine debris, fishery interactions, and boat collisions. Though a complete population count of elephant seals is not possible because all age classes are not ashore at the same time, the most recent estimate of the California breeding stock was approximately 124,000 individuals. In the United States, the elephant seal, like all marine mammals, is protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), passed in 1972, which outlaws hunting, killing, capture, and harassment of the animal.[13]
Gallery
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South Georgia elephant seal -
Elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) on a beach, San Simeon, California -
Male, female and pup -
Northern elephant seals during molting season near San Simeon, California -
Two bulls fighting -
Elephant seal snout -
Juvenile southern elephant seal -
Beachmasters, the dominant bulls fighting at Macquarie Island -
Elephant Seals at Piedras Blancas, California
See also
References
- ^ Berta, A. & Churchill, M. (2012). "Pinniped Taxonomy: evidence for species and subspecies". Mammal Review. 42 (3): 207–234. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1000554
- ^ Mirounga. "Elephant Seal, Elephant Seal Profile, Facts, Information, Photos, Pictures, Sounds, Habitats, Reports, News - National Geographic". Animals.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2009-01-08.
- ^ A. C. Huntley, D. P. Costa and R. D. Rubin (1984). "The contribution of nasal countercurrent heat exchange to water balance in the northern elephant seal, Mirounga angustirostris". Journal of experimental biology. 113: 447–454.
- ^ "Elephant Seals". Parks.ca.gov. 2007-05-23. Retrieved 2009-01-08.
- ^ "Elephant Seal - MSN Encarta". Encarta.msn.com. Archived from the original on 2009-10-31. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Amos, Jonathan. "Elephant seals dive for science". 2006. BBC News. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
- ^ "Southern Elephant Seals of Sea Lion Island - A Long-term Research Project" (PDF). www.eleseal.org. Retrieved 2010-05-21.
- ^ "Census of Marine Life - From the Edge of Darkness to the Black Abyss" (PDF). Coml.org. Retrieved 2009-12-15.
- ^ "5.4 Seals". Classroom Antarctica. Retrieved July 2011.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ "Northern Elephant Seal Fact Sheet" (PDF). Coastside State Parks Association. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ Day, Nicholas (20 March 2013). "Animals nursing humans and humans nursing animals". Slate. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ "NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service - Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris)".
External links
