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Alcatel-Lucent

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Not to be confused with Alcatel Mobile Phones.
Alcatel-Lucent S.A.
Company typeSociété Anonyme
Euronext: ALU, NYSE: ALU
IndustryTelecommunications equipment
Founded2006 (1898 as Alcatel, 1996 as Lucent Technologies)
Headquarters
7th arrondissement, Paris
,
France
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Michel Combes
(CEO)
Philippe Camus
(Chairman)
ProductsHardware, software and services to telecommunications service providers and enterprises
Revenue€14.446 billion (2012)[1]
€ -490 million (2012)[1]
€ -1.374 billion (2012)[1]
Total assets€24.203 billion (2011)[2]
Total equity€3.854 billion (2011)[2]
Number of employees
72,344 (end of 2012)[1]
Websitewww.alcatel-lucent.com

Alcatel-Lucent (French pronunciation: [alkatɛl lysɛnt]) is a French global mobile phone manufacturer and telecommunications equipment company, headquartered in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France. The company focuses on fixed, mobile, and converged networking hardware, IP technologies, software, and services. It holds Bell Labs, one of the largest innovation and R&D houses in the communications industry. Bell Labs employees have been awarded 7 Nobel Prizes and the company holds over 29,000 patents. Alcatel-Lucent has operations in more than 130 countries. In 2012 it was ranked technology supersector leader in the Dow Jones Sustainability Index.[3]

The company is under the leadership of Chief Executive Officer Michel Combes and the non-executive Chairman of the Board is Philippe Camus. Camus joined the company in the third quarter of 2008, alongside Ben Verwaayen as CEO, after Alcatel-Lucent's first CEO Patricia Russo and first Chairman Serge Tchuruk resigned.[4] For 2010, the company posted revenues of €15.996 billion and a reported net loss of €334 million.[5] For 2011, the company posted revenues of €15.068 billion and a reported profit of €1.095 billion. For 2012, the company posted revenues of €14.446 billion and a reported loss of €1.374 billion.[1] After 7 consecutive years of negative cash flows, in October 2013 the company announced plans to slash 10,000 employees, or 14 percent of the total current 72,000 workforce, as a part of a €1 billion cost reduction effort.[6]

History

Former Alcatel-Lucent head office to 2009.

Alcatel-Lucent was formed when Alcatel merged with Lucent Technologies on December 1, 2006. However, the predecessors of the company have been a part of telecommunications industry since the late 19th century. The company has roots in two early telecommunications companies: La Compagnie Générale d'Electricité (CGE) and the Western Electric Manufacturing Company.[7]

Western Electric began in 1869 when Elisha Gray and Enos N. Barton started a small manufacturing firm based in Cleveland, Ohio. By 1880, the company had relocated to Chicago, Illinois and become the largest electrical manufacturing company in the U.S. In 1881 the American Bell Telephone Company, founded by Alexander Graham Bell and forerunner of American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T), purchased a controlling interest in Western Electric and made it the exclusive developer and manufacturer of equipment for the Bell telephone companies.[7]

CGE was formed in 1898 by French engineer Pierre Azaria in the Alsace region of what was then Germany and was a conglomerate involved in industries such as electricity, transportation, electronics and telecommunications. CGE would become a leader in digital communications and would also be known for producing the TGV (train à grande vitesse) high speed trains in France.[7]

Alcatel One Touch 535, front side. (introduced July 2003)

Bell Telephone Laboratories was created in 1925 from the consolidation of the R&D organizations of Western Electric and AT&T. Bell Labs would make significant scientific advances including: the transistor, the laser, the solar cell battery, the digital signal processor chip, the Unix operating system and the cellular concept of mobile telephone service. Bell Labs researchers have won 7 Nobel Prizes.[7]

Also in 1925, Western Electric sold its International Western Electric Company subsidiary to ITT Corporation. CGE purchased the telecommunications part of ITT in the mid-1980s.[7]

AT&T re-entered the European telecommunications market in 1984 following the Bell System divestiture. Philips promoted the venture in part because its PRX public switching technology was ageing and it sought a partner to help fund the development costs of digital switching. The joint company used the existing manufacturing and development facilities in The Hague, Hilversum, Brussels and Malmesbury as well as its US resources to adapt the 5ESS system to the European market. The joint venture company AT&T & Philips Telecommunications BV doubled annual turnover between 1984 and 1987, winning major switching and transmission contracts, mainly in the effectively captive Netherlands market. In 1987 AT&T increased its holding to 60% and in 1990 it purchased the remainder of the Philips' holding.

In 1998 Alcatel Alsthom shifted its focus to the telecommunications industry, spinning off its Alsthom activities and changing the company's name to Alcatel. AT&T spun off Lucent Technologies in April 1996 with an initial public offering.[7]

World areas which serve Alcatel-Lucent.

In April 2004, TCL Corporation and Alcatel announced the creation of a mobile phone manufacturing joint venture: Alcatel Mobile Phones.

Alcatel-Lucent campus in Germany.

Facing intense competition in the telecommunications industry, Alcatel and Lucent Technologies merged on November 30, 2006.[8]

On April 5, 2006, Alcatel announced that it would swap its shares of Alcatel Alenia Space and Telespazio for €673 million and a 12.1% stake in Thales, a key player in the French defense industry. This increased Alcatel's stake in Thales to 20.8%.[7]

Alcatel-Lucent acquired Nortel's UMTS radio access business at the end of 2006. During 2007 the company acquired Canadian metro WDM networking supplier Tropic Networks, Inc.; enterprise services gateway products developer NetDevices; IPTV software company Tamblin; and the telecommunications consulting practice Thompson Advisory Group, Inc. Alcatel-Lucent acquired Motive, Inc., a provider of service management software for broadband and mobile data services in 2008.[7] They formerly had a joint venture with Dutch company Draka Holding N.V. for manufacturing optical fibre, but Draka bought out Alcatel-Lucent's 49.9% stake for €209 million in December 2007.[9]

In May 2009 Alcatel-Lucent's stake in Thales was acquired by Dassault Aviation.[10]

Alcatel-Lucent head office since 2010.

Alcatel-Lucent announced the acquisition of OpenPlug on September 1, 2010.[11]

In October 2011, Alcatel-Lucent sold its call-center services business Genesys unit to Permira, a private equity group, for $1.5 billion — the same amount the company bought the business for in 2000. Alcatel-Lucent needed funding for the Franco-American business, which made annual losses from 2007 to 2011.[12]

Timeline

Alcatel

  • 1869 - Elisha Gray and Enos N. Barton formed Western Electric Company.
  • 1898 - French engineer Pierre Azaria sets up the Compagnie Générale d'Electricité (CGE).
  • 1925 - CGE becomes part of Compagnie Générale des Câbles de Lyon. Bell Telephone Laboratories is created.
  • 1927 - Bell Labs makes the first American long distance television transmission between New York and Washington DC.[13]
  • 1928 - Alsthom is formed by Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques and Compagnie Française Thomson-Houston.
  • 1937 - Dr. Clinton Davisson becomes the first of 11 Nobel Prize winners from Bell Labs for his experimental confirmation of the wave nature of electrons.
  • 1946 - Western Electric produces over 4 million telephones.[14]
  • 1947 - Bell Labs invents the transistor. Bell Labs' Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young wrote a memo entitled a Mobile Telephoney - Wide Area Coverage using "hexagonal" cells for radio frequency.[15]
  • 1948 - Claude Shannon, of Bell Labs, publishes a paper on Information Theory.
  • 1954 - Bell Labs invents the solar cell battery.
  • 1956 - AT&T is involved in the efforts of TAT-1, the first submarine trans-Atlantic telephone cable, handling up to 36 channels. Electric repeaters, created by Bell Labs, were used. To settle anti-trust lawsuit, Western Electric (formerly AT&T) sells off non-networking equipment business.[16]
  • 1957 - Laser is invented at Bell Labs.
  • 1962 - Bell Labs builds and launches Telstar1, the first orbiting active communications satellite.
  • 1969 - Unix operating system is invented by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie.
  • 1970 - Ambroise Roux becomes CGE's chairman. He then becomes the honorary chairman until his death in 1999.
  • 1978 - Bell Labs conducts the first trial of a commercial cell phone service in Chicago.
  • 1980 - Bell Labs announces digital signal processor.[17]
  • 1982 - Jean-Pierre Brunet becomes CGE's chairman.
  • 1983 - AT&T installs the first high-capacity, long-haul lightwave transmission system between NYC and Washington DC.[18]
  • 1984 - Georges Pebereau becomes CGE's chairman. Thompson telecommunications is absorbed by CGE.[19] Cables de Lyon buys Thompson Jeumont Cables and Kabelmetal.
  • 1985 - Alsthom Atlantique becomes Alsthom. Alcatel is formed when CIT-Alcatel and Thompson telecommunications merge.[20]
  • 1986 - ITT Corporation sells its European telecommunications business to CGE under its agreement with Alcatel NV. Cables de Lyon becomes a subsidiary of Alcatel NV.[21] Pierre Suard becomes CGE Chairman.
  • 1987 - CGE is privatized.[22] Alsthom wins contract for TGV Atlantique for the Northern TGV network.
  • 1989 - CGE and General Electric Company form GEC Alsthom. This allows Alsthom to sells its products outside France. CGEE-Alsthom becomes Cegelec. AT&T Technologies reorganizes with the following business units: Network systems, Global Business Communications, Microelectronics and Consumer Products.
  • 1991 - CGE changes its name to Alcatel Alsthom. Acquires Rockwell Technologies transmission equipment division.[23] Cables de Lyons is renamed Alcatel Cable and takes over AEG Kabel.
  • 1991 - Alcatel acquires Telettra, an Italian Telecommunication systems company.
  • 1992 - Alcatel Alsthom acquires AEG Kabel.
  • 1993 - Alcatel Alsthom acquires STC Submarine systems from now Nortel Networks.
  • 1995 - Serge Tchuruk appointed chairman and CEO of Alcatel Alsthom. He restructured the company to focus on telecommunications equipment.[24]
  • 1996 - Lucent Technologies launches IPO, the largest at that time.
  • 1998 - Alcatel Alsthom split. Alsthom GEC becomes Alstom through an IPO (with Alcatel retaining 24%). Alcatel sells Cegelec to the newly formed Alstom. Alcatel acquires DSC Communications for $4.4 billion[25] and Packet Engines[26]
  • 1998 - Lucent purchases Jeong Kim's Yurie Systems for $1.1 billion.[27][28]
  • 1999 - Alcatel acquires Xylan, Assured Access and Internet Devices. Alcatel increases its stake in Thomson CSF to 25.3% and decreases its stake in Framatome to 8.6%.
  • 2000 - Alcatel acquires Newbridge, Genesys and Innovative Fibers. Alcatel spins off its cable unit into Nexans.[29] Lucent spins off Avaya Inc.
  • 2001 - Alcatel sells its stake in Alstom. Alcatel buys back Alcatel Space investment from Thales, and reduces its stake in Thales to 20.03%. Alcatel sells its 2.2% stake in Areva. Alcatel sells DSL modem business to Thomson Multimedia. Lucent spins off its microelectronics business into Agere Systems via an IPO.
  • 2002 - Alcatel acquires Astral Point Communications Inc., Telera Corporation, and control of Alcatel Shanghai Bell. Alcatel sells its microelectronic business to STMicroelectronics, its stake in Thomson, 10.3M shares of Thales, and 1.5M shares of Nexans. Pat Russo becomes Lucent's CEO.
  • 2003 - Patricia Russo becomes Lucent's Chairman. Alcatel acquires iMagicTV, and TiMetra Inc. It sells a 50% stake in Atlinks, and its optical business to Avanex.
  • 2004 - Alcatel acquires eDial Inc. Alcatel and TLC form a joint venture: Alcatel Mobile Phones, with Alcatel holding a 45% stake. Alcatel and Draka Holdings form a joint venture: Draka Comteq B.V. with Alcatel holding a 49.9 stake.[30] Alcatel finalizes its acquisition of Spatial Wireless but sells 7.1M shares of Avanex. Lucent reports its first profitable year and revenue increase since 2000.
  • 2005 - Jeong Kim becomes Bell Labs 11th president.

Alcatel-Lucent

  • 2006 - Alcatel sell its satellite, railway signaling and critical security domain to Thales. On November 30 Alcatel and Lucent merge. Alcatel-Lucent is formed. Alcatel Lucent acquires Nortel's UMTS radio access business.
  • 2007 - Alcatel-Lucent acquires Tropic Networks, NetDevices, Thompson Advisory Group, and Tamblin.
  • 2008 - Alcatel-Lucent acquires Motive Inc. Ben Verwaayen becomes Alcatel-Lucent second CEO.
  • 2009 - Alcatel-Lucent sells remaining share of Thales and outsource its IT to HP.
  • 2011 - Wim Sweldens leads a wireless group to develop lightRadio, a technology to reduce the size of cell towers to tiny cubes.[31]

Organization

The company's global headquarters is in 7th arrondissement of Paris, France since June 2010.[32] Its previous head office, in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, built between 1912 and 1929, was renovated in 1998. During the renovation the building was decorated with a theme of the cosmos and time.[33]

There are regional groups for the Americas, Asia Pacific & China, and Europe, Middle East & Africa.[34] Middle East and Africa Headquarters are at Smart Village, Giza, Egypt.[35] Alcatel is present in Italy with various research centers: Vimercate ( in Lombardy ), Rieti, Battipaglia, Trieste, Genova, Bari, Naples, Rome and Sesto Fiorentino.

Board of directors

[36]

Leadership team

[37]

  • Michel Combes, CEO
  • Basil Alwan, IP routing & IP transport
  • Andrew McDonald, IP platforms
  • David Geary, Wireless
  • Federico Guillen, Fixed networks
  • Philippe Guillemot, Operations
  • Philippe Keryer, Strategy & Innovation
  • Paul Tufano, Chief Financial Officer
  • Robert Vrij, Sales
  • Nicole Gionet, Human resources
  • Tim Keller, Legal

Focused Businesses

The Focused Businesses serve non-telecom customers who have very specialized needs and/or operate in different business cycles and requirements: Enterprise, Submarine, Strategic Industries: Transportation (Airports, Highways, Railways), Energy (Power Utilities, Oil & Gas) and Public Sector (State and Local Governments, Public Safety and Defense) industries.

Networks and Platforms

The Networks and Platforms is led by Philippe Keryer.[38] It is organized into four business divisions: Core Networks, Fixed Networks, Wireless, and Platforms.[39] The group's R&D areas include: IP, optics including submarine, fixed broadband access, core networks, routers, wireless, and radio frequency systems. They are within Alcatel-Lucent's High Leverage Network™ framework.[40]

In the new millennium Alcatel-Lucent introduced the Dynamic Communications Framework, a concept that interconnects networks, people, processes and knowledge, and enabled Dynamic Enterprise concept based on Web 2.0 technology.[41][42]

In May 2012, Alcatel-Lucent announced its new 7950 XRS line of Internet routers, whose top model is capable of speeds up to five times faster than those offered by the nearest competitor.[43]

Research

  • Bell Labs is Alcatel-Lucent's research & development organization.[44]
    • Alcatel-Lucent spent €2.5 billion for R&D in 2008.
    • Alcatel-Lucent spent €2.4 billion for R&D in 2009.
    • Alcatel-Lucent Bell-Labs currently has 27,600 active patents.[45]
    • 2,100 patents granted in 2009 alone.
    • Is involved in 100 worldwide standardization bodies.

In 1876 Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first patent for the telephone, and subsequently started AT&T.[46] Bell Labs is named in his honor.

In 1937 Clinton Davisson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for demonstrating the wave nature of matter. His fundamental work is part of the foundation for much of today's solid-state electronics.

In 1947 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, William Shockley of Bell Labs invented the transistor. In 1956 they received a Nobel Prize for their invention. The transistor led to an electronics revolution during the post-war boom. The transition from vacuum tubes to transistors enabled all technologies to be built on a smaller scale and use less electricity. Items that before required large dedicated spaces, could now fit nicely into a home or even on a kitchen counter.[47]

In 1954 Gerald Pearson, Darryl Chapin, and Calvin Fuller invented the solar cell. Telstar, the first active communications satellite also developed by Bell Labs and launched in 1962, used these solar cell batteries as an external renewable source of power once launched. It was the first to carry live television over water, between England and the US.

In the late 1950s Charles Townes and Arthur Shawlow of Bell Labs invented the laser, which has numerous applications, including measuring/cutting in the manufacturing industry and research/surgery in the medical industry. Bell Labs was awarded the laser patent in 1960.

In 1969 Dennis Ritchie and a team of Bell Labs employees invented the UNIX operating system and the C programming language. Over the years Unix had many variants, including Linux (currently powering the Ubuntu OS and Android OS) and Apple OS (used on the iPhone). C and C++ are still widely used today and are the basis of Java.

In 2006 Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith were awarded the National Academy of Engineering prize, for work on charge-coupled devices which transform patterns of light into useful digital information. In 2009 they received a Nobel Prize for their invention. The device is widely used in digital cameras, video cameras and modern astronomy.

Awards & distinctions

  • July 2013 - In a test conducted on the campus of Alcatel-Lucent in Villarceaux (near Paris), the Bell Labs researchers have successfully done Data Transmission from a speed of 31 terabits per second (Tbps) at a distance of 7,200 km, a capacity more than three times higher than the most advanced commercial submarine cables that exist today.

The investigators were able to obtain greater capacity ever obtained in underwater data transmission with a single fiber. This experiment was based on the pioneering work of Bell Labs in data channels in a single carrier of 200 Gigabits per second (Gbps). As speeds and distances to such noise and signal distortion make recovery of the data is a real challenge, the researchers used an innovative detection techniques and applied a new set of technologies modulation, transmission and processing together Sanal with an advanced error correction coding.[48]

  • March 2012 - Alcatel-Lucent was selected by MIT's Technology Review to its 2012 TR50 List of the World's Most Innovative Companies. The magazine recognized Alcatel-Lucent lightRadio as a "key innovation".[49]
  • Feb.-March 2012 - Alcatel-Lucent wins the Mobile World Congress Best Infrastructure Technology Award for the lightRadio Network.[50]

Lawsuits

US foreign corrupt practices act violations

In December 2010, Alcatel-Lucent agreed to pay a total settlement of $137 million for bribing officials in Costa Rica, Honduras, Malaysia and Taiwan in violation of the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA).[51] The US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) alleged that Alcatel retained consultants to funnel bribes of over $8 million to government officials in order to obtain and retain lucrative telecommunications contracts.[52][53] Alcatel admitted that it made profits of approximately $48 million as a result of the bribes and was ordered to pay $45 million to settle charges with the SEC and a further $92 million to settle the criminal charges brought by the US Department of Justice (DOJ).[54]

Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft

Main article: Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft

Lucent Technologies filed suit against Gateway and Dell, claiming they had violated patents on MP3, MPEG and other technologies developed by Bell Labs, a division of predecessor company American Telephone & Telegraph. Microsoft voluntarily joined the lawsuit in April 2003, and Alcatel was added after it acquired Lucent. The case, involving a number of patents, is pending in U.S. District Court in San Diego, California.[when?]

The first part of the case involved two audio coding patents that Alcatel-Lucent claimed were infringed by Microsoft's Windows Media Player application. Alcatel-Lucent won the trial and $1.52 billion in damages, but the judge granted[55] Microsoft's motion for judgment and new trial.[56][57] Alcatel-Lucent says it will appeal.[58] [dead link]

In the second part of the case, the judge ruled that Microsoft had not violated Alcatel-Lucent's patents relating to speech recognition and the case was therefore dismissed before going to trial. Alcatel-Lucent intends to appeal.[59][60]

The third part of the case, involving several user interface-related patents, is scheduled to begin on 21 May 2013.

Additional patent infringement cases, some filed by Microsoft and some filed by Alcatel-Lucent, are pending in the U.S.

Alcatel-Lucent v. Newegg and Overstock

In May 2013, Newegg and Overstock won a victory in United States circuit court in which an Alcatel-Lucent shopping cart patent was invalidated.[61]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e 2012 Annual Report on Form 20-F
  2. ^ a b "Annual Report 2010". Alcatel-Lucent. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
  3. ^ Results Announced for 2012 Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes Review (S&P Dow Jones press release)
  4. ^ "Alcatel-Lucent announces Chairman Serge Tchuruk and CEO Pat Russo to step down" (Press release). Alcatel-Lucent. 2008-07-29. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  5. ^ "Alcatel-Lucent fourth quarter 2010 earnings" (Press release). Alcatel-Lucent. 2011-02-10.
  6. ^ "Alcatel-Lucent reportedly to reduce workforce by 10,000 jobs". Retrieved October 9, 2013.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h lucent.com/wps/portal/!ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4w3sfQGSYGYRq6m-pEoYgbxjggRX4_83FT9IH1v_QD9gtzQiHJHR0UAdXXZMA!!/delta/base64xml/L3dJdyEvd0ZNQUFzQUMvNElVRS82X0FfNUxJ "Alcatel-Lucent History". Company Overview. Alcatel-Lucent. 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-28. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  8. ^ "Alcatel-Lucent Merger Timeline". News Features. Alcatel-Lucent. 2006. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
  9. ^ Leers, Kaj (2007-12-18), "Draka to pay 209 mln eur to Alcatel-Lucent for 49.9 pct stake in Comteq JV", Forbes, retrieved 2010-07-28
  10. ^ "Dassault Aviation completes the acquisition of Alcatel-Lucent's stakes in Thales". Press Release. Alcatel-Lucent. 2009. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
  11. ^ "Alcatel-Lucent acquires OpenPlug, a cross-platform mobile software development tool provider". Press Release. Alcatel-Lucent. 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
  12. ^ "Alcatel-Lucent sells Genesys for $1.5bn". October 19, 2011.
  13. ^ "History of AT&T and Television". AT&T.
  14. ^ 1947 Western Electric Annual Report. Western Electric. 1947. p. 5.
  15. ^ "coversheet for technical memoranda" (PDF). Retrieved 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  16. ^ "AT&T Milestones".
  17. ^ Bell Laboratories Record. June 1980. p. 189.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  18. ^ "Long-Haul Lightwave Transmission System".
  19. ^ "Thomson part of CGE".
  20. ^ "Alcatel is formed" (PDF).
  21. ^ "Cables dy Lyon subsidiary of Alcatel".
  22. ^ "CGE privatized".
  23. ^ "CGE acquires Rockwell".
  24. ^ "Alcatel and Lucent Talks".
  25. ^ "Alcatel acquires DSC for $4.4 billion". NY Times. 1998-06-05.
  26. ^ "Alcatel Buys Packet Engines". Wired. 1998-10-13.
  27. ^ Lucent Technologies to Acquire Yurie Systems for $1 Billion - New York Times. Nytimes.com (1998-04-28). Retrieved on 2013-08-22.
  28. ^ Jeong Kim Biography - Academy of Achievement. Achievement.org (2008-08-18). Retrieved on 2013-08-22.
  29. ^ "Nexans Press Release". oct 9 2000. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  30. ^ "Draka Press Release" (PDF). May 17, 2004.
  31. ^ Ben Rooney (February 7, 2011). "Alcatel-Lucent Shrinks Cell Tower". The Wall Street Journal: Technology. Retrieved 2012-01-25.
  32. ^ "[1]." Alcatel-Lucent Fact Sheet. Retrieved on 17 August 2011 "Headquarters 3 av. Octave Gréard 75007 Paris, France"
  33. ^ "la tête dans les étoiles." Le Journal du Net. Retrieved on 8 July 2010.
  34. ^ "Regional Groups". Company Overview. Alcatel-Lucent. 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  35. ^ "ALU MEA". Alcatel-Lucent. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  36. ^ Alcatel-Lucent's board of directors http://www3.alcatel-lucent.com/wps/portal/investors/governance#tabAnchor2
  37. ^ Leadership team, Alcatel-Lucent's website
  38. ^ "People Forbes.com".
  39. ^ "Alcatel-Lucent executes Performance Program with focus on core products". Press Release. Alcatel-Lucent Press Release. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  40. ^ QD9gtzQiHJHR0UAIZNI3w!!/delta/base64xml/L3dJdyEvd0ZNQUFzQUMvNElVRS82X0FfNEow "Alcatel-Lucent Operating Segments". {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  41. ^ Olivier Zara (2008) Le management de l'intelligence collective. p. 179
  42. ^ Dirk Matthes (2011) Enterprise Architecture Frameworks Kompendium. p. 16
  43. ^ Goldman, David (2012-05-22). "How Alcatel-Lucent made the Internet 5 times faster". CNN Money. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
  44. ^ "Innovation". Alcatel-Lucent. 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  45. ^ "Company Overview page(also look at "facts sheet" tab)". Alcatel-Lucent. 2010. Archived from the original on 26 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-10. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  46. ^ "AT&T History".
  47. ^ "IEEE Global History Network: Transistors".
  48. ^ 31 Terabits por segundo: Alcatel-Lucent bate récord mundial de transmisión de datos submarina. Businesscol.com (2013-07-23). Retrieved on 2013-08-22.
  49. ^ "Technology Review 2012". Technology Review. 2012.
  50. ^ "Global Mobile Awards 2012". Global Mobile Congress. Retrieved Feb/March 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  51. ^ FCPA Blog (28 December 2010). "Alcatel-Lucent Settles Bribery Case". FCPA Blog.
  52. ^ U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (27 December 2010). "SEC Charges Alcatel-Lucent with FCPA Violations". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
  53. ^ United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida (27 December 2010). "Securities and Exchange Commission v Alcatel-Lucent, S.A." (PDF). U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
  54. ^ Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs (27 December 2010). "Alcatel-Lucent S.A. and Three Subsidiaries Agree to Pay $92 Million to Resolve Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Investigation". The United States Department of Justice.
  55. ^ Pleading Paper
  56. ^ "Microsoft faces $1.5bn MP3 payout". BBC News. 2007-02-22. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
  57. ^ Microsoft hit with $1.5 billion patent verdict | CNET News.com
  58. ^ Bangeman, Eric (2007-08-06). "Judge tosses verdict, $1.52 billion award in Microsoft MP3 patent case". arstechnica. Archived from the original on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-07. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  59. ^ Broache, Anne (2007-03-02). "Microsoft wins in second Alcatel-Lucent patent suit". CNET News.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-04. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  60. ^ Montalbano, Elizabeth (2007-03-03). "One Patent Claim Against Microsoft Dropped". Retrieved 2007-03-04.
  61. ^ Newegg nukes “corporate troll” Alcatel in third patent appeal win this year
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