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This article is about the one-way manned trip to Mars planned for 2023. For the first Soviet spacecraft for Mars, see Mars 1. For other uses, see Mars 1 (disambiguation).
Mars One
Program overview
CountryNetherlands
OrganizationMars One and Interplanetary Media Group
StatusActive
Program history
Duration2010 – Present
First flightJanuary 2016 (planned)
First crewed flightSeptember 2022 (planned)
Vehicle information
Vehicle typeCapsule
Crewed vehicle(s)Mars One Dragon (planned)
Crew capacityFour
Launch vehicle(s)Falcon Heavy (planned)

Mars One is a non-profit organization that plans to establish a permanent human colony on Mars by 2023. The private spaceflight project is led by Dutch entrepreneur Bas Lansdorp, who announced plans for the Mars One mission in May 2012.[1]

Mars One claims that in 2022, four carefully selected applicants will then be launched in a Mars-bound spaceflight to become the first residents on Mars, and that every step of the crew’s journey will be documented for a reality television program that will broadcast 24/7/365.

The organization has mapped out the next several years in order to highlight major plans and goals for the mission. January 2016 will mark the start of the Mars One colonization effort when a supply mission, carrying 2,500 kilograms (5,500 lb) in spare parts, solar panels, and other necessary supplies, will be launched and scheduled to land in October 2016.[2]

In 2018, a settlement rover will explore the terrain of Mars in search of the ideal location for humans to reside. In 2021, the rovers will prepare to assemble the landing of six separate units to sustain human life. Two living units, two life support units, another supply unit, and a third rover will all arrive in this year. By 2022 the first Mars One team, consisting of four carefully selected applicants, will be launched where they will become the first expected residents of the Red Planet in 2023. By 2025, a new four-person Mars One crew will be sent for residency. The organization’s goal is to send four-person spaceflights to the Red Planet every 2 years after the successful landing of the initial crew. [2]

The project is endorsed by Nobel Prize-winning physicist Gerard 't Hooft.[3][4][5]

Mission plan

Mars One plans to establish the first human settlement on Mars. According to their schedule, the first crew of four astronauts would arrive on Mars in 2023, after a seven month journey from Earth. Further teams would join their settlement every two years, with the intention that by 2033 there would be over twenty people living and working on Mars. The astronaut selection process began on April 22, 2013.[6]

As of April 2013, the mission plan is as follows:[4]

  • 2013: a replica of the settlement will be built for training purposes.[7]
  • 2014: The first communication satellite will be produced.
  • July 2015: The astronaut selection process will be completed; six teams of four.[6]
  • 2016: A supply mission will be launched during January (arriving October) with 2,500 kilograms (5,500 lb) of food in a 5-metre (16 ft) diameter variant of the SpaceX Dragon.[7] The fallback if this is not ready in time is either to use a 3.8-metre (12 ft) Dragon or to delay by two years.[8]
  • 2018: An exploration vehicle will launch to pick the location of the settlement.[7]
  • 2021: Six additional Dragon capsules and another rover will launch with two living units, two life support units and two supply units.[7]
  • 2022: A SpaceX Falcon Heavy will launch with the first group of four colonists.[7]
  • 2023: The first colonists will arrive on Mars in a modified Dragon capsule.[7]
  • 2025: A second group of four colonists will arrive. Every 2 years an additional group of four colonists will arrive.[7]
  • 2033: The colony will reach 20 settlers.[9]

The Mars One website states that the team behind Mars One began planning of Mars One in 2011. The company states that they researched the feasibility of the idea with specialists and expert organizations, and discussed the financial, psychological and ethical aspects of it.[10]

The Mars One project has no connection with Inspiration Mars, a similarly-timed project to send a married couple on a Mars flyby and return them to Earth over a period of 500 days.[11]

Application process

Round 1 (the application)

Country-wise distribution of the 202,586 applicants in Round 1 (correct to the nearest percent)[12]

   United States (24%)
   India (10%)
   China (6%)
   Brazil (5%)
   United Kingdom (4%)
   Canada (4%)
   Russia (4%)
   Mexico (4%)
   Philippines (2%)
   Spain (2%)
   Colombia (2%)
   Argentina (2%)
   Australia (1%)
   France (1%)
   Turkey (1%)
   Chile (1%)
   Ukraine (1%)
   Peru (1%)
   Germany (1%)
   Italy (1%)
   Poland (1%)
  Other (22%)

The application was available from April 22, 2013 to August 31, 2013.[13][14] The application consists of applicant’s general information, a motivational letter, a resume and a video. Mars One plans to hold several other application periods in the future.[14]

Anyone over the age of 18 may apply, as long as the application is submitted in one of the 11 most used languages on Internet:[15] English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, Russian, Arabic, Indonesian, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, or Korean. Applicants are judged on resiliency, adaptability, curiosity, ability to trust, and creativity.[15]

By 9 September 2013, 2,782 applicants had paid their registration fee and submitted public videos in which they made their case for going to Mars in 2023.[16] The application fee varies from US $5 to US $75 (the amount depending on the relative wealth of the applicant's country).[17] Initial screening of the applicant pool will begin before the end of 2013.[5]

Application videos are available to be watched online.[18] A Mars One committee will choose applicants to proceed to round two.[19]

Round 2 (interview)

Selected candidates from round one must then provide Mars One a medical statement of good health from a physician.[20] Medically cleared candidates will then be interviewed by one of the 300 regional selection committees[citation needed] who will select applicants to continue to round 3.

Round 3 (regional selection)

This round is the regional selection round, which could be broadcast on TV and internet in countries around the world. In each region, 20-40 applicants will participate in challenges that demonstrate their suitability to become one of the first humans on Mars. The audience will select one winner per region and Mars One experts will select additional participants to continue to round four.[21]

Round 4 (international selection)

This round will be an international event that will be broadcast throughout the world. The Mars One selection committee will create international groups from the individual candidates.

The groups will receive their first short term training in a copy of the Mars outpost. Whole teams and individuals might be selected out during training when they prove not to be suitable for the mission.

By 2015, six to ten teams of four people each will be selected for seven years of full-time training.[12] The selected people will become full-time employees of the Mars One astronaut corps. Each of these groups would obtain the qualifications and skills necessary for the trip to Mars, so in that respect it should not matter who goes first. However, given the extraordinary symbolic and historic significance of this issue, the selection process will involve a democratic decision. "The people of Earth will have a vote on which group of four will be the first Earth ambassadors to Mars."

Funding

Revenues that Mars One has received from merchandise sale and private donations until 30th September 2013.[22]
Country of buyer/donor Revenue amount (in US $)
United States of America
79,259
Canada
16,836
United Kingdom
12,753
Australia
11,171
Germany
6,557
Netherlands
5,423
Russia
5,218
Sweden
4,885
Norway
3,418
France
2,969
Brazil
2,249
Belgium
1,961
Finland
1,834
Denmark
1,588
Switzerland
1,544
Spain
1,477
Italy
1,192
Japan
1,089
South Africa
1,022
New Zealand
1,021
Others (62 countries)
12,998
Total (from 82 countries)
176,464

Reality TV

A one way trip, excluding the cost of maintaining four astronauts on Mars until they die, is claimed to cost approximately 6 billion USD.[23] Lansdorp has declined questions regarding the cost estimate because he believes "it would be very stupid for us to give the prices that have been quoted per component".[24] For comparison, an "austere" manned Mars mission (including a temporary stay followed by a return of the astronauts) proposed by NASA in 2009 had a projected cost of 100 billion USD after an 18 year program.[25]

Mars One, the not-for-profit foundation, is the controlling stockholder of the for-profit Interplanetary Media Group.[26] A global reality-TV media event is intended to provide most of the funds to finance the expedition. It should begin with the astronaut selection process (with some public participation) and continue on through the first years of living on Mars.[27][28]

Mars One's investment of revenues[29]

  Concept design studies (78.3%)
  Travel expenses (11.6%)
  Legal expenses (3.3%)
  Website maintenance (2.4%)
  Communications (2.3%)
  Office and other (2.1%)

Sponsors

On 31 August 2012, company officials announced that funding from its first sponsors had been received.[23] Corporate sponsorship money will be used mostly to fund the conceptual design studies provided by the aerospace suppliers.[23]

Sponsors and contributors for Mars One include:[23][30][31]

Donations

Since December 2012[citation needed] and the official announcement of their conversion to a Stichting, Mars One has been accepting one off and regular monthly donations through their website. As of September 30, 2013, Mars One has received $176,464 in donations.[42]

Intellectual Property (IP)

Mars One has stated that it will retain ownership of technology developed for its mission, and that subsequent licensing fees from this technology will help fund future missions.[43]

Technology

Mars One has identified at least one potential supplier for each component of the mission.[4][44] The major components are to be acquired from proven suppliers.[45] As of May 2013, Mars One has a contract with only one company, Paragon Space Development Corporation, for a preliminary life support study.[46] Mars One plans to use SpaceX hardware for the launcher, lander and crew habitat but, as of May 2013, SpaceX has not yet been contracted to supply mission hardware and SpaceX has stated that they do "not currently have a relationship with Mars One."[46]

Launcher

The Falcon Heavy from SpaceX is the notional launcher in the Mars One conceptual plan.[45]

Mars Transit Vehicle

A manned interplanetary spacecraft which would transport the crew to Mars. It would be assembled in low earth orbit and comprise two propellant modules, a Transit Living Module (discarded just before arrival at Mars) and a lander (see "Human Lander" below).[45][47]

The likely supplier for the Transit living module is Thales Alenia Space.[48]

Communications system

A satellite in Mars orbit to relay video, speech and data between the settlement and Earth, and the related transceivers on Mars and Earth.[45] The likely supplier for the satellite is Surrey Satellite Technology.[48]

Lander

The notional Mars One lander is a 5 metres (16 ft)-diameter variant of SpaceX's Dragon capsule.[49][50] Preliminary plans call for a projected volume of ~25 cubic metres (880 cu ft).[49]

The lander is planned to be used in five roles:

  • Life Support Unit – a lander containing systems for generating from Martian resources the energy, water and breathable air needed by the settlers.[51] The likely supplier for these systems is Paragon Space Development.[48]
  • Supply Unit – a lander carrying only cargo (supplies).[45]
  • Living Unit – a lander containing an inflatable module to provide habitable space for the settlers on Mars.[52] The likely supplier of the inflatables is ILC Dover.[53]
  • Human Lander – a lander to carry the settlers to the surface of Mars (see "Mars Transit Vehicle" above).[45]
  • Rover Lander – a lander to carry the two rovers to the surface of Mars.[54]

Rover

The rover would be unpressurized and support travel distances of 80 km (50 miles).[55] The likely supplier for the rover is Astrobotic Technology.[48]

Mars Suit

The Mars Suit would be flexible to allow the settlers to work with both cumbersome construction materials and sophisticated machinery when they are outside the habitat while protecting them from the cold, low pressure and noxious gases of the Martian atmosphere.[56] The likely supplier of the suits is ILC Dover.[53] On March 12, 2013, Paragon Space Development Corporation was contracted to develop concepts for life support and the Mars Surface Exploration Spacesuit System.[57]

Training Program

Mars inhabitants will be prepared for the mission by a full-time extensive training program. The training is split up into three programs: technical training, personal training and group training.

Technical training

The astronauts will be required to learn skills and gain proficiency in a wide variety of disciplines.

  • 2 astronauts must be proficient in the use and repair of all equipment in order to be able to identify and solve technical problems.
  • 2 astronauts will receive extensive medical training in order to be able to treat minor and critical health problems, including first aid and use of the medical equipment that will accompany them to Mars. Meaning at least two crew members will be trained in each essential skill-set in case a member becomes ill. Their training and preparations will take all the time between their admittance to the program, and the start of their journey to Mars.
  • 1 person will train in studies on Mars geology
  • another 1 will gain expertise in exobiology, the biology of alien life.

Personal training

The ability to cope with the difficult living environment on Mars will be an important selection criterion. The astronauts will be initially chosen for their inherent ability to cope with these environments, and will receive training on most effectively dealing with them.

Group training

Group training will take place in the form of simulation missions. A simulation mission is an extensive, fully immersive exercise that prepares the astronauts for the real mission to Mars. The simulated environment will invoke as many of the Mars conditions as possible. Immediately after selection, the groups will participate in these simulations for three months per year. During simulations, astronauts will only be able to leave the base when wearing their Mars suits. They will have to take care of their water supply and keep the life support systems up and running. They must also cultivate their own food, and all communications with the outside world will be artificially delayed by twenty minutes.

There will be several simulation bases, some easy to access for early stage, while others will be located in a harsh environments on Earth, providing realistic desert terrain and drastically cold conditions. These trials will demonstrate whether they are suitable for all elements of the task ahead.

Advisors

As of January 2013 the Mars One advisory board includes:

Criticism

Chris Welch, director of Masters Programs at the International Space University has said "Even ignoring the potential mismatch between the project income and its costs and questions about its longer-term viability, the Mars One proposal does not demonstrate a sufficiently deep understanding of the problems to give real confidence that the project would be able to meet its very ambitious schedule."[74]

Space tourist Richard Garriott stated in response to Mars One, "Many have interesting viable starting plans. Few raise the money to be able to pull it off."[75]

Robert Zubrin, advocate for manned Martian exploration, said "I don't think the business plan closes it. We're going to go to Mars, we need a billion dollars, and we're going to make up the revenue with advertising and media rights and so on. You might be able to make up some of the money that way, but I don't think that anyone who is interested in making money is going to invest on that basis — invest in this really risky proposition, and if you're lucky you'll break even? That doesn't fly."[76] Despite his criticisms of some of the elements of Mars One, Zubrin became an advisor to Mars One on October 10, 2013.[77]

Wired magazine gave it a plausibility score of 2 out of 10 as part of their 2012 Most Audacious Private Space Exploration Plans.[78]

See also

References

  1. ^ "About". Mars One. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  2. ^ a b "Road map". Mars One. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  3. ^ Adario Strange (1 June 2012). "Dutch Group Planning for Mars Settlement by 2023". PC Mag. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  4. ^ a b c Staff (3 June 2012). "Mars One plans to establish human settlement on Mars in 2023". Kurzweil. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  5. ^ a b Schilling (13 April 2013). "The First Martians A Nobelist physicist promotes the plan to send people to Mars—one way". Slate. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  6. ^ a b "Private Mars One Colony Project Seeks Astronaut Settlers". Space.com. 22 April 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Black, Charles (18 October 2012). "Mars One plans human settlement on the Red Planet by 2023". SEN TV LIMITED.
  8. ^ "Mars One Dragon". Mars One Fan Forums. Retrieved 11 November 2012. {{cite web}}: |first= missing |last= (help)
  9. ^ Anne Sewell (1 June 2012). "Mars One: Human settlement on Mars in 2023". Digital Journal. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  10. ^ "Mission, Vision and Feasibility". Mars One. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  11. ^ "Billionaire Dennis Tito unveils plan to send married couple to Mars". The London Telegraph. 27 Feb. 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ a b http://www.mars-one.com/en/mars-one-news/press-releases/11-news/500-over-200-000-apply-to-first-ever-recruitment-for-mars-settlement?utm_source=newsmail&utm_medium=e-mail&utm_term=PR%2B200-000%2Bapplied&utm_campaign=NewsMail%2BSeptember%2B2013
  13. ^ http://www.mars-one.com/en/faq-en/21-faq-selection/204-how-will-the-astronauts-be-chosen?utm_source=accepted%2Bapplicants&utm_medium=e-mail&utm_term=faq%2Bselection&utm_campaign=accepted%2Bapplicants%2Bseptember%2B2013
  14. ^ a b "Can I Apply to Become an Astronaut?" Mars One. Retrieved on 02 Sept. 2013.
  15. ^ a b "What Are the Qualifications to Apply?" Mars One. Retrieved 02 Sept. 2013.
  16. ^ http://www.nbcnews.com/science/more-2-700-pay-chance-take-one-way-trip-mars-8C11115364
  17. ^ Wall, Mike (7 May 2013). "78,000 Apply for Private Mars Colony Project In 2 Weeks". Space.com. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
  18. ^ These people applied to go to mars
  19. ^ "How Will the Astronaut Selection Proceed?" Mars One. Retrieved on 02 Sept. 2013.
  20. ^ "How Will the Astronaut Selection Proceed?" Mars One. Retrieved on 02 Sept. 2013.
  21. ^ http://www.mars-one.com/en/faq-en/21-faq-selection/204-how-will-the-astronauts-be-chosen
  22. ^ http://www.mars-one.com/en/donate
  23. ^ a b c d Staff (31 August 2012). "Private Manned Mars Mission Gets First Sponsors". Space.com. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  24. ^ Boyle, Alan (22 April 2013). "Thousands want to take one-way trip to Mars, but will you pay their way?". NBC News. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
  25. ^ "Page 32 of Discussion Document" (PDF). Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  26. ^ Nicola Clark (8 March 2013). "Reality TV for the Red Planet". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  27. ^ Dario Borghino (4 June 2012). "Mission to Mars meets reality TV". Gizmag. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
  28. ^ Rob Waugh (4 June 2012). "There will be life on Mars: Mission to create first human colony by 2023 – and it will be filmed for reality TV show". Daily Mail. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  29. ^ http://www.mars-one.com/en/donate
  30. ^ "Mars One Receives First Funding". Space Industry News. 20 August 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  31. ^ [1][dead link]
  32. ^ "What's keeping us busy?". Mars One. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  33. ^ "Verkkokauppa.com". Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  34. ^ "Mars One - Human Settlement of Mars". Facebook. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  35. ^ "Twitter / MarsOneProject: Mars One is pleased to announce". Twitter. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  36. ^ "Twitter / MarsOneProject: Mars One is pleased to announce". Twitter. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  37. ^ "Twitter / MarsOneProject: We're pleased to announce that". Twitter. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  38. ^ "Twitter / MarsOneProject: We're pleased to announce a". Twitter. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  39. ^ "Twitter / MarsOneProject: We're pleased to announce new". Twitter. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  40. ^ "Great Communicators". Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  41. ^ "Twitter / MarsOneProject: We're pleased to announce a". Twitter. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  42. ^ "Donate". Mars One. 30 September 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  43. ^ Bas Lansdorp speaking at the 16th Annual International Mars Society Convention http://new.livestream.com/accounts/4950775/events/2308259/videos/27657223
  44. ^ "About the suppliers". Mars One. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  45. ^ a b c d e f "Technology". Mars One. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  46. ^ a b Shubber, Kadhim (13 May 2013). "Mars One will take you to the Red Planet, if it can raise the cash". Wired.co.uk. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
  47. ^ "Mars Transit Vehicle". Mars One. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  48. ^ a b c d "Suppliers". Mars One. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  49. ^ a b "Mars One Dragon". MarsOneFans.com. 4 November 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2012. {{cite web}}: |first= missing |last= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  50. ^ "Is this really possible?". Mars One. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  51. ^ "Life Support Unit". Mars One. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  52. ^ "Living Unit". Mars One. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  53. ^ a b hbm11. "Mars One Dragon". Mars One Fans Forum. Retrieved 11 November 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  54. ^ "Rover". Mars One. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  55. ^ "Is this really possible?". Mars One. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  56. ^ "Mars Suit". Mars One. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  57. ^ Mars One Contracts Paragon for Mars Life Support Systems
  58. ^ "Tanja Masson-Zwaan". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  59. ^ "Brian Enke". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  60. ^ "Prof. Pascale Ehrenfreund". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  61. ^ "Dr. Gino Ormeno". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  62. ^ "Steve Carsey". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  63. ^ "Dr. Raye Kass". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  64. ^ "Prof. Thais Russomano". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  65. ^ "Dr. Christopher P. McKay". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  66. ^ a b McKay, Chris. "Chris McKay". NASA. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  67. ^ "Dr. John D. Rummel". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  68. ^ "Dr. John W. Traphagan". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  69. ^ "Dr. James R. Kass". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  70. ^ "Jamie Guined, M.Ed., MBA (USA)". Mars One. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
  71. ^ "Prof. Stefano Stramigioli, M.Sc., PhD (IT / NL)". Mars One. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
  72. ^ "Günther Reitz, PhD (Germany)". Mars One. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
  73. ^ "Prof. Leo F.M. Marcelis, PhD (NL)". Retrieved 11 January 2013.
  74. ^ Holligan, Anna (19 June 2012). "Can the Dutch do reality TV in space?". BBC. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
  75. ^ Howard, Jacqueline (5 June 2012). "Mars One: Dutch Startup Aims To Colonize Red Planet In 2023". Huffington Post. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
  76. ^ Taylor, Adam (8 June 2012). "This Incredible Plan For A Mission To Mars In 2023 Is No Hoax". Business Insider. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
  77. ^ Zubrin joins the Advisory Board
  78. ^ Mann, Adam (27 December 2012). "The Year's Most Audacious Private Space Exploration Plans". Wired. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
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