Diamant

Diamant
Function	Small launch vehicle
Manufacturer	SEREB
Country of origin	France
Size
Height	A: 18.95 m; B: 23.5 m; BP4: 21.6 m (A: 62.17 ft; B: 77 ft; BP4: 70.7 ft)
Diameter	1.34 m (4.39 ft)
Mass	18,400 kg (40,500 lb)
Stages	3
Capacity
Payload to LEO	160 kg (350 lb)
Launch history
Status	Retired
Launch sites	A: Hammaguir; B/BP4: Kourou
Total launches	12 (A :4, B: 5, BP4: 3)
Success(es)	9 (A: 3, B: 3, BP4: 3)
Failure(s)	3 (A: 1, B: 2)
First flight	A: 26 November 1965; B:10 March 1970; BP4:6 February 1975
Last flight	A: 15 February 1967; B:21 May 1973; BP4: 27 September 1975
First stage (Diamant A) - Emeraude
Engines	4 Vexin B
Thrust	301.55 kN (67,791 lbf)
Specific impulse	221 sec
Burn time	93 seconds
Propellant	N2O4/UDMH
First stage (Diamant B/BP4) - L-17
Engines	4 Vexin C
Thrust	396.52 kN (89,142 lbf)
Specific impulse	221 sec
Burn time	110 seconds
Propellant	N2O4/UDMH
Second stage (Diamant A/B) Topaze
Engines	1 Solid
Thrust	120.082 kN (26,996 lbf)
Specific impulse	255 sec
Burn time	39 seconds
Propellant	Solid
Second stage (Diamant BP4) - P-4
Engines	1 Solid
Thrust	176 kN (39,566 lbf)
Specific impulse	273 sec
Burn time	55 seconds
Propellant	Solid
Third stage (Diamant A) - P-6
Engines	1 Solid
Thrust	29.4 kN (6,609 lbf)
Specific impulse	211 sec
Burn time	39 seconds
Propellant	Solid
Third stage (Diamant B/BP4) - P-6
Engines	1 Solid
Thrust	50 kN (11,240 lbf)
Specific impulse	211 sec
Burn time	46 seconds
Propellant	Solid
	[edit on Wikidata]

The Diamant rocket (Diamant is French for "diamond") was the first exclusively French expendable launch system and at the same time the first satellite launcher not built by either the USA or USSR. As such it is the main predecessor of all subsequent European launcher projects. It was derived from the military program Pierres précieuses (fr.: gemstones) that included the five prototypes Agate, Topaze, Emeraude, Rubis and Saphir (Agate, Topaz, Emerald, Ruby and Sapphire). Design of the Diamant began in 1962, as the inaugural spacecraft project of France's space agency, the CNES. Out of 12 launch attempts between 1965 and 1975, 9 were successful. Most notably, the Diamant was used to put the first French satellite, Astérix, into orbit on November 26, 1965. Despite the success, France abandoned its national launcher program in favor of the European Ariane launcher in 1975.
Three successive versions of the Diamant rocket were developed, designated A, B and BP4. All versions had three stages and a payload of approximately 150 kg for a 200 km orbit.

Variants

Diamant A

This was the first version of the Diamant rocket. It was used to launch the Astérix and subsequently three other small satellites during 1965-67 from the base at Hammaguir in Algeria. Remarkably for a newly developed system, all four attempted launched were partly successful, the only failure occurring on the second launch when the payload was inserted into a lower orbit than planned. It possessed a first stage of 10 m, 1.4 metres in diameter, and a weight of 14.7 metric tons. Their engines of the type LRBA Vexin supplied a thrust of 269 kN for 93 seconds. The second stage was 4.7 metres long and had a diameter of 80 centimetres. It weighed 2.9 metric tons and developed a thrust of 165 kN for a duration of 44 seconds. The third stage of 2.65 m in diameter. Its weight amounted to 709 kilograms. It burned for 45 seconds and developed a thrust of 27 kN to 53 kN. Completely installed, a Diamond A was 18.95 metres high and weighed 18.4 metric tons.

Diamant B

An improved version of the Diamant A with a more powerful first stage. Five satellite launches were attempted between 1970 and 1973, of which the last two failed. All launches took place from Kourou in French Guyana.

Its first stage was 14.2 meters long, had a diameter of 1.4 meters and weighed 20.1 metric tons. Its engine developed a thrust of 316 kN to 400 kN (as a function of the flight altitude) for 116 seconds. The second stage the Diamond B corresponded to that the Diamond A. The third stage was 1.67 meters long and had a diameter of 80 centimeters. It developed a thrust of 24 kN for 46 seconds. Completely assembled a Diamond B was 23.5 meters high and weighed 24.6 metric tons.

Diamant BP4

This version incorporated a new second stage, while carrying the first and third stages over from its predecessor. It performed three successful launches in 1975, putting a total of four satellites into orbit. Its second stage, which was derived from the MSBS rocket, was 2.28 metres long and 1.5 metres in diameter and developed a thrust of 180 kN for 55 seconds.

Launch History

Diamant flights
Date	Variant	Payload	Launch Site	Remarks	Notes
November 26, 1965	Diamant A	Asterix	Hammaguir	Success
February 17, 1966	Diamant A	Diapason	Hammaguir	Success
February 8, 1967	Diamant A	Diadème 1	Hammaguir	Partial Failure	Orbit too low
February 15, 1967	Diamant A	Diadème 2	Hammaguir	Success
March 10, 1970	Diamant B	Mika / Wika	Kourou	Success
December 12, 1970	Diamant B	Péole	Kourou	Success
April 15, 1971	Diamant B	Tournesol	Kourou	Success
December 6, 1971	Diamant B	Polaire	Kourou	Failed to orbit	Second stage failed
May 21, 1973	Diamant B	Castor / Pollux	Kourou	Failed to orbit	Fairing not separated
February 6, 1975	Diamant BP4	Starlette	Kourou	Success
May 17, 1975	Diamant BP4	Castor / Pollux	Kourou	Success
September 27, 1975	Diamant BP4	Aura	Kourou	Success

External links

Capcom eSpace (French language page with history on French/ESA rockets)
Encyclopedia Astronautica (Series of French rockets built in the 1950s-1960s)

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