CSI: Crime Scene Investigation

"C.S.I." redirects here. For other uses, see CSI.

CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Genre	Mystery Crime-Drama
Created by	Anthony E. Zuiker
Starring	William Petersen Marg Helgenberger Gary Dourdan George Eads Paul Guilfoyle Jorja Fox Eric Szmanda Robert David Hall Louise Lombard Wallace Langham Lauren Lee Smith Laurence Fishburne Liz Vassey David Berman Ted Danson Elisabeth Harnois Elisabeth Shue Jon Wellner
Opening theme	"Who Are You" by The Who
Country of origin	United States
Original language	English
No. of seasons	15
No. of episodes	335 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producers	Carol Mendelsohn Anthony E. Zuiker William Petersen Jerry Bruckheimer Jonathan Littman Cynthia Chvatal Ann Donahue Kenneth Fink Naren Shankar Danny Cannon
Running time	41–45 minutes
Production companies	Jerry Bruckheimer Television Alliance Atlantis (2000–08) CBS Productions (2000–06) CBS Paramount (2006–09) CBS Television Studios (2009–present)
Original release
Network	CBS
Release	October 6, 2000 – present
Related
CSI: Miami CSI: NY CSI: Cyber

CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (referred to as CSI, also known as CSI: Las Vegas) is an American crime drama television series that premiered on CBS on October 6, 2000. The show was created by Anthony E. Zuiker and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer. It is filmed primarily at Universal Studios in Universal City, California.

The series follows Las Vegas criminalists (identified as "Crime Scene Investigators") working for the Las Vegas Police Department (LVPD) (instead of real-life "Crime Scene Analysts" and "Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department" (LVMPD)) as they use physical evidence to solve murders. The series mixes deduction, gritty subject matter, and character-driven drama. The network later added spin-offs CSI: Miami and CSI: NY, both of which were canceled, after ten and nine seasons, respectively. On February 18, 2014, CBS also announced plans to launch another spin-off, this time based in Quantico, Virginia, called CSI: Cyber. The pilot aired on April 30, 2014, as an episode of CSI, called "Kitty".

CSI has been recognized as the most popular dramatic series internationally by the Festival de Télévision de Monte-Carlo, which has awarded it the "International Television Audience Award (Best Television Drama Series)" three times. Its worldwide audience was estimated to be over 73.8 million viewers in 2009. In 2012, the show was named the most-watched show in the world for the fifth time. CSI has been nominated multiple times for industry awards and has won nine awards during its history. The program has spawned several media projects, including an exhibit at Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry, a series of books, several video games, and three additional TV shows. It has reached milestone episodes, such as the 100th ("Ch-Ch-Changes"); the 150th ("Living Legend"), which starred Roger Daltrey from The Who, performers of the show's theme song; the 200th ("Mascara" (aired on April 2, 2009)); the 250th ("Cello and Goodbye" (aired on May 5, 2011)); and the 300th ("Frame by Frame" (aired on October 23, 2013)).

CSI has aired 15 seasons. It is the seventh longest-running scripted U.S. primetime TV series overall. On May 13, 2015, CBS confirmed that the series would not return for a sixteenth season, but will conclude with a two-hour TV movie that will air on September 27, 2015, and will feature the return of original cast members William Petersen and Marg Helgenberger; and Ted Danson will join the cast of CSI: Cyber.

Production

CSI: Crime Scene Investigation is produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Television and CBS Productions, which became CBS Paramount Television in the fall of 2006 and CBS Television Studios three years later. Formerly a co-production with the now-defunct Alliance Atlantis Communications, that company's interest in the series is now owned by investment firm GS Capital Partners, an affiliate of Goldman Sachs. CBS acquired AAC's international distribution rights to the program, though the non-US DVD distribution rights did not change (for example, Momentum Pictures continues to own UK DVD rights).

The series has been heavily criticized, almost since its debut, by police and district attorneys who feel that CSI portrays an inaccurate image of how police solve crimes, and by the Parents Television Council, who note the level and gratuitousness of graphic violence, images and sexual content seen on the show. Nevertheless, CSI became the second most-watched show on American television by 2002. The success of the show encouraged CBS to produce a franchise, starting in May 2002 with the spin-off CSI: Miami and continuing in 2004 with CSI: NY and in 2015 with CSI: Cyber.

The series is in syndication, and reruns are broadcast in the U.S. on the Spike and TV Land cable networks. The show has aired in reruns on the USA Network since January 14, 2011. The whole CSI catalog is now exclusive in the whole NBC Universal portfolio since September 2014.

As of the fall of 2008, CSI commanded an average cost of $262,600 for a 30-second commercial, according to an Advertising Age survey of media-buying firms.

Concept and development

During the 1990s, Anthony Zuiker caught producer Jerry Bruckheimer's attention after writing his first movie script; he was convinced that there was a series in the concept. Bruckheimer agreed and arranged a meeting with the head of Touchstone Pictures. The studio's head at the time liked the spec script and presented it to ABC, NBC and Fox executives, who decided to pass. The head of drama development at CBS saw potential in the script, and the network had a pay-or-play contract with actor William Petersen, who said he wanted to do the CSI pilot. The network's executives liked the pilot so much that they decided to include it in their 2000 schedule immediately, airing on Fridays after The Fugitive. Initially it was thought that CSI would benefit from The Fugitive (a remake of the 1960s series), which was expected to be a hit, but by the end of the year 2000, CSI had a much larger audience.

CSI has frequent comedic moments, which helps relieve the often harrowing content, sometimes descending into black comedy as in the episode "Appendicitement".

Filming locations

CSI was initially shot at Rye Canyon, a corporate campus owned by Lockheed Martin situated in the Valencia area of Santa Clarita, California. Other shows such as The Unit and Mighty Morphin Power Rangers have also been shot there.

After episode 11, filming shifted to the Santa Clarita Studios, and only such second unit photography as the shots of the Las Vegas streets are done on location now. Occasionally, the cast will shoot on location in Las Vegas, although more often California locations will be substituted. Santa Clarita was originally chosen for its similarity to the outskirts of Las Vegas. Other California locations include Verdugo Hills High School, UCLA's Royce Hall, Pasadena City Hall, and California State University. While shooting takes place primarily at Universal Studios in Universal City, California, Santa Clarita's surroundings have proven so versatile that CSI still shoots some outdoor scenes there. In the Season 4 DVD set, the special features reveal that the episode Suckers was mostly shot near Christmas during December 2003 in Las Vegas, where they filmed a Gothic club scene on location for rent, and in January 2004 some scenes were filmed at Caesars Palace.

Music

From the start, CSI's theme song has been "Who Are You", written by Pete Townshend with vocals by lead singer Roger Daltrey of The Who. Daltrey made a special appearance in the Season 7 episode "Living Legend", which also contained many musical references such as the words "Who's next" on a dry erase board in the episode's opening sequence. In certain countries, to avoid music licensing fees, a unique theme was used instead.

Throughout the series, music has played an important role; artists like The Wallflowers, John Mayer, and Akon (with Obie Trice) have performed onscreen in the episodes "The Accused Is Entitled", "Built To Kill, Part 1", and "Poppin' Tags", respectively. The Wallflowers' "Everybody out of the Water" can be found on the CSI soundtrack CD. Mogwai is often heard during scenes showing forensic tests in progress, as are Radiohead and Cocteau Twins, but several other artists have lent their music to CSI, including Rammstein and Linkin Park—used heavily in Lady Heather's story arc. Sigur Rós can be heard playing in the background in the episode "Slaves of Las Vegas", The Turtles in "Grave Danger", and Marilyn Manson in "Suckers". A cover of the Tears for Fears song "Mad World", arranged by Michael Andrews and featuring vocals by Gary Jules, was used in the pilot episode and during three episodes of season six ("Room Service", "Killer", and "Way to Go"). Industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails has also been featured multiple times throughout the three series. One episode started with The Velvet Underground's excited rendition of "Sweet Jane" and ended with the downbeat version of Cowboy Junkies' revision of the song. Ozzy Osbourne was featured, along with the music of Black Sabbath, in the thirteenth-season finale, entitled "Skin in the Game".

Plot

In Las Vegas, forensic investigators are trained to solve crimes by examining the evidence. They are on the case 24/7, scouring the scene, collecting the evidence, and finding the missing pieces that will solve the mystery. They were originally led by Gil Grissom, CSI supervisor for the grave shift and a forensic entomologist. He departed the team in order to further his researching career. His second-in-command, Catherine Willows, is a single mother with a cop's instinct. Born and raised in Vegas, Catherine was a stripper before being recruited into law enforcement. She is, for a short time, supervisor following Grissom's departure before being demoted for mismanagement and subsequently promoted and transferred to the FBI. Replacing her is D.B. Russell, who has come to the team after heading the Seattle Crime Lab. His number two is Julie Finlay, a CSI III and a blood pattern expert who previously worked with Russell in Seattle. She replaces Willows. Like Catherine, she is a blood-spatter expert with extensive knowledge of criminal psychology. Finlay supervises a team that includes Sara Sidle, a former foster-child who met Grissom at a conference in San Francisco. The team's longest serving CSI, Sara often assists Greg Sanders in his investigations. He was once an off-beat tech analyst and is now an experienced and intuitive crime solver. Greg is partners with Morgan Brody, a former Los Angeles criminalist. Assisting the team are Tech David Hodges, his long suffering colleague and rival Henry Andrews, who jointly works in the lab as both a toxicologist and DNA technician, Dr. Albert Robbins, the ever-professional medical examiner; his wise-cracking assistant, David Phillips. Previous team members include Nick Stokes, who was recruited by Grissom, and worked as a CSI for 15 years before a promotion to Lab Director in San Diego; Dr. Raymond Langston, a former lecturer with killer genetics, who is a skilled CSI before killing a suspect and forcing IA to end his career and reshuffle the Las Vegas Crime Lab; Warrick Brown, a recovering gambling addict responsible for the death of a Rookie CSI; Jim Brass, an LVPD Detective Captain who ultimately departs to look after his daughter; his supervisor, CSI turned Detective Sofia Curtis, a skilled forensic investigator who is promoted to LVPD Deputy Chief following a short stint as Grissom's number two; and Wendy Simms, a DNA tech who leaves the team to pursue her dream of becoming a CSI.

Cast and characters

Main articles: List of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation characters and Minor characters in CSI: Crime Scene Investigation

Actor	Character	Seasons
		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
Ted Danson	CSI Level III Supervisor D.B. Russell												Main
Elisabeth Shue	CSI Level III Asst. Supervisor Julie Finlay												Main
George Eads	CSI Level III Nick Stokes (Assistant Supervisor, seasons 10–11)	Main
Jorja Fox	CSI Level III Sara Sidle (Consultant, season 9)	Main								Guest	Recurring	Main
Eric Szmanda	CSI Level III Greg Sanders (DNA Tech., seasons 1–5; CSI Level I, seasons 5–7; CSI Level II, seasons 8–9)	Recurring		Main
Elisabeth Harnois	CSI Level III Morgan Brody											Guest	Main
Robert David Hall	Chief Medical Examiner Al Robbins	Recurring		Main
Wallace Langham	Trace Technician David Hodges			Recurring					Main
David Berman	Asst. Medical Examiner David Phillips	Recurring									Main
Jon Wellner	DNA Technician Henry Andrews					Recurring								Main
Louise Lombard	LVPD Deputy Chief Sofia Curtis (CSI Level III, season 5; Acting Supervisor, season 5; Asst. Supervisor, season 5; Homicide Det., seasons 6–8)					Recurring		Main	Guest			Guest
Gary Dourdan	CSI Level III Warrick Brown	Main
William Petersen	CSI Level III Supervisor Gil Grissom	Main										Guest		Voice
Lauren Lee Smith	CSI Level II Riley Adams									Main
Liz Vassey	DNA Technician Wendy Simms						Recurring				Main	Guest
Laurence Fishburne	CSI Level II Raymond Langston									Main
Marg Helgenberger	CSI Level III Asst. Supervisor Catherine Willows (Supervisor, seasons 5, 9–11)	Main													Guest
Paul Guilfoyle	LVPD Detective Captain Jim Brass	Main

Main characters

• Diebenkorn "D.B." Russell (Ted Danson) replaced Catherine Willows as night shift supervisor. Russell previously worked as a CSI in Washington State. He is married and has four children including a son named Charlie Russell (Brandon Jones) and a daughter named Maya Russell (Brooke Nevin) who has a daughter, Katie.

• Julie "Finn" Finlay (Elisabeth Shue) is the newest CSI on the team, following an anger management course. Russell fired her when she worked for him in Seattle, after she ignored evidentiary procedures and obtained DNA from a suspected serial killer using questionable methods. She got a second shot at the suspected serial killer in the season 13 episode "CSI on Fire". As of the end of season fifteen, she is in a coma due to the events leading to the capture of serial killer Paul Winthrop.

• Sara Sidle (Jorja Fox) is a materials and element analyst. She majored in physics at Harvard University and previously worked for the San Francisco coroner and crime lab. She replaces Holly Gribbs after helping investigate Holly's death. She is devoted to her job and will go to almost any lengths to make sure that justice is served. She finds dealing with child-abuse cases difficult because she was abused. Despite the age difference, Sara quietly pursues Grissom; and they become engaged in "The Case of the Cross-Dressing Carp." A few episodes later, in "Goodbye and Good Luck," Sara leaves the team following a difficult case. She makes guest appearances in season nine; and Grissom joins her in the Costa Rican jungle in episode 10, "One to Go." In season ten, Sara returns to the crime lab as a CSI and it is revealed in "Family Affair" that Grissom and Sara are now married. However, in season thirteen's "Forget Me Not", it is revealed that Grissom and Sara are separated.

• Gregory "Greg" Sanders (Eric Szmanda) was educated in a private school for gifted students and graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Stanford University. After a stint with the San Francisco Police Department, Greg joined the Las Vegas Crime Lab as a DNA technician and was soon yearning to find a place beyond the lab conducting fieldwork with the CSI team. Greg also wrote a book about the history of Las Vegas, and often becomes intrigued with cases that date back to "old Las Vegas" when it was run by the mob. Greg entered field training in the episode "Who Shot Sherlock?", and he became a full-fledged CSI. Greg is promoted to CSI level 3 in the episode "19 Down". On the episode "A Kiss Before Frying", Greg is smitten with a mysterious woman, who describes herself as a fourth grade science teacher, during a tour of the crime lab. He has feelings for Morgan Brody.

• Morgan Brody (Elisabeth Harnois) is a former member of Los Angeles Police Department Scientific Investigation Division, and joins the Las Vegas PD CSI unit in season eleven. She is the daughter of the Sheriff Conrad Ecklie. She has feelings for Greg Sanders.

• Dr. Albert "Al" Robbins (Robert David Hall) is the head county coroner of the LVPD. Robbins's first appearance was in the episode, "Who Are You?", and he became a series regular in season three. He is married and has three children. Robbins was close friends with series' lead character Gil Grissom. Since Grissom's departure, Robbins was developing a similar sort of friendship with new CSI, Ray Langston, and he is also close friends with David Phillips, the assistant coroner. He has prosthetic legs, and it has been implied that he lost them in an accident while trying to dig up a floor at a crime scene; this disability is drawn from the actor playing Robbins, who lost his legs in a road traffic accident.

• David Hodges (Wallace Langham) is a lab technician with a B.A. from Williams College; he previously worked in the Los Angeles County crime lab, where his superiors felt he had an attitude problem. Hodges's appearances provide some comic relief, though most of the team finds him obnoxious and irritating. Hodges's first appearance was in the episode, "Recipe for Murder", and he became a regular cast member in the episode, "Dead Doll". He once got all the other lab techs to collaborate to try to solve The Miniature Killer case, and they discovered a key clue. In the episode "You Kill Me", Hodges invented a board game and enlisted the help of his colleagues to help him. It is also noted that Hodges has an uncanny sense of smell, and is able to identify many key chemical compounds by their scent alone. Hodges is a "momma's boy" who lives with his mother (up until the end of season 11), and invents stories to meet her expectations. In season 12's "Malice in Wonderland" Hodges and his mother are taken hostage and he finally stands up to her.

• Dr. David Phillips (David Berman) (nicknamed "Super Dave") is the assistant coroner to Chief Medical Examiner Al Robbins. He received his self-styled nickname after saving the life of a victim during an autopsy. Though early in the series, his co-workers tease him about his supposed lack of social experience.

• Henry Andrews (Jon Wellner) is the toxicology specialist of the Las Vegas Forensics Laboratory, who mainly deals with identifying toxic substances which have undergone human consumption. He has an impressive knowledge of lethal substances, including, but not limited to: illegal drugs, alcoholic beverages, poisons, and hazardous gases (such as carbon dioxide). He constantly exhibits a thorough understanding of the toxins' properties and effects. Andrews also tends to be present (to his discomfort) when his colleagues David Hodges and Wendy Simms have a "moment". In "Room Service" he tells Greg Sanders how much he admires him for leaving the lab behind and even asks where he gets his hair cut. In "Lab Rats" it was revealed that Henry used to live in Pennsylvania.

Former main cast

• Nicholas "Nick" Stokes (George Eads) (335 episodes, 2000-2015) is a level 3 CSI. On leaving Texas A&M University, Nick joined the police department and took a job with the Dallas Crime Lab, specializing in hair and fiber analysis. Finally, he joined the Las Vegas Crime Lab. Nick has become emotional with certain cases and thought of committing suicide. In the season ten finale, Nick was shot but survived and killed his attacker. He became assistant night supervisor under Catherine Willows when Gil Grissom left, but was demoted after the events ending season eleven. At the end of season fifteen, Stokes accepts an offer to head the San Diego PD Crime Lab.

• Captain James "Jim" Brass (Paul Guilfoyle) (305 episodes, 2000-2014) is a former Marine who served in Vietnam. He was formerly a homicide detective with the Newark Police Department, is with the LVPD Homicide Division, and works with the CSI team. Brass had Grissom's job; but, after CSI Holly Gribbs was murdered on her first day, he was replaced by Grissom. Brass was then made a homicide detective. He usually serves as the legal muscle for the CSI team and is the one who does most of the arresting and interrogating of suspects. Brass has never been accused of being a "soft cop" but has shown regard for the rules throughout the years. Brass does not like it when the CSIs try to take dangerous matters into their own hands. In the episode "Who and What", after FBI Supervisory Special Agent Jack Malone slams a suspect's head on the table, Brass rushes in and pulls him off, saying: "in Las Vegas, we play by the rules." In the episode "You Kill Me", a lab tech creates a fictional story in which Brass uses his night stick on a suspect and another tech comments that Captain Brass is not that type of cop. His estranged daughter Ellie Rebecca Brass (Teal Redmann) is a drug addict and prostitute in Los Angeles. It was discovered in the episode, "Ellie", that he is not Ellie's biological father; but she does not know. In "Bang Bang", Brass was shot twice by Willy Cutler (Currie Graham). At the end of "Built To Kill, Part 1", Brass is seen in a tattoo parlor, having the date of his shooting (May 11, 2006) tattooed just below the bullet scar.

• Catherine Willows (Marg Helgenberger) (258 episodes, 2000–12, 2013) was the assistant night shift supervisor to Grissom, until becoming supervisor of the CSI unit upon his departure. Born in Bozeman, Montana, Catherine Willows was raised by her single mother, a cocktail waitress and showgirl. Catherine failed to excel to her full potential in school, despite her intelligence and sharp mind. Catherine left school and began work as an exotic dancer to support her boyfriend's career. She became interested in crime-solving when a regular at the dance club encouraged her to return to school. She graduated from West Las Vegas University with a degree in Medical Science. Catherine joined the CSI team as a lab technician and worked her way up to supervisor under Gil Grissom until taking over his role when he chose to leave CSI. Catherine has one daughter, Lindsey Willows (Kay Panabaker), and had a stormy relationship with late ex-husband Eddie Willows (Timothy Carhart); he was murdered in the episode "Lady Heather's Box". Her relationship with her father, Sam Braun (Scott Wilson), also occasionally created conflicts in cases. In the episode "Built to Kill," Braun is shot and dies in Catherine's arms. After the events of season eleven, she was demoted back to asst. night shift supervisor under D.B. Russell (Ted Danson), later quitting CSI to join the FBI in season twelve.

• Dr. Gilbert "Gil" Grissom (William Petersen) (191 episodes, 2000–2009, 2011, 2012, 2013) is the CSI unit night shift supervisor and a highly respected forensic entomologist with a degree in biology from University of California, Los Angeles. He is proficient in American Sign Language (ASL) because his mother (Phyllis Frelich) is deaf. He became a CSI in about 1985 and became supervisor for the Las Vegas CSI unit night shift in season one, episode two. Grissom is regarded as a well-educated methodical scientist but somewhat unusual in his approach toward his work and his social life, as well as a bit of a quirky introvert. Some of his comments and actions can be seen to dumbfound his co-workers and superiors. He is portrayed as being a father figure to his team. It is revealed in the episode, "Way To Go", that he has been in a relationship with fellow CSI, Sara Sidle. He proposes to her in "The Case of the Cross-Dressing Carp". In season nine, Grissom announced his retirement and in his final scene as a series regular in "One to Go", he is shown meeting his fiancée, Sara Sidle, in the rain forest of Costa Rica. It is revealed in "Family Affair" that Grissom and Sara are now married. The Grissom character is loosely based on real life criminalist Daniel Holstein. (Actor William Petersen was originally reported to have renewed his contract for the entire season nine, but the Associated Press reported that Petersen was leaving the show as a regular in episode 10 to pursue more stage-acting opportunities.)

• Warrick Brown (Gary Dourdan) (178 episodes, 2000–08) is an audio-video analyst. As a native of Las Vegas with a major in chemistry from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, a major facet of Warrick's character is that he is a recovering gambling addict, his recovery hindered by the fact that he works in Las Vegas. New CSI Holly Gribbs is killed at a scene in season one, episode one, while Warrick was out gambling; and he was nearly fired. Grissom's friendship and support has helped him a great deal in overcoming his addiction, but his compulsion is one of the reasons used by Conrad Ecklie to investigate and then split up the team in season five. Warrick is married in season six and divorced by season eight. The character was killed off in the season nine premiere (reportedly because the actor and the network could not agree on a contract).

• Wendy Simms (Liz Vassey) (75 episodes, 2005–10) worked in San Francisco, California, before moving to Las Vegas to take the DNA tech position in "Secrets and Flies". In the episode "Lab Rats", she helps David Hodges investigate the case of The Miniature Killer. The two characters have an ongoing rivalry which obscures a strong mutual attraction. Hodges complains that Simms tries to take over everything and that she thinks she's "too cool" for the lab. Simms insults Hodges by calling him "freakboy" and "loser" but appreciates his investigative thoroughness. Hodges feels the mutual attraction to her as well but fears the effect on his work that a relationship would produce, since he finds her distracting enough as it is. Wendy decided to join a CSI team in Portland and work in the field. She said goodbye to the team, including Hodges. Her final appearance is in "Pool Shark".

• Dr. Raymond "Ray" Langston (Laurence Fishburne) (60 episodes, 2008–11) comes into contact with the CSI team in the course of a murder investigation and joins the Las Vegas Crime Lab as a level 1 CSI. Langston is a medical doctor who used to work in a hospital. A co-worker murdered 27 patients, and all the evidence showed up before him, but he never put the evidence together. Ray had trouble for the most part of his first season. His first day on the job was most troubling for him, he was held hostage in the aftermath of a shootout in a neighborhood, one of Ray's former students was murdered, and Ray once had to shoot and kill a murderer in self-defense. Ray was promoted to CSI level 2 in the season ten opener and it was explained that he spent his time off taking every class and seminar he could to really become the CSI that Gil Grissom saw in him. Ray also revealed that he was raised in Korea and that his father was a veteran of the Korean War, who frequently got into brawls. Also, Ray traveled to Miami and New York, involving a case that crosses over into all the three CSI shows for the first time. In the season-ten cliffhanger, the Dick-and-Jane Killer stabbed Ray, but it is revealed in the season eleven premiere that Ray survives. He moves away to help console his ex-wife after she had been kidnapped, raped, and tortured by the Dick-and-Jane Killer.

• Sofia Curtis (Louise Lombard) (49 episodes, 2004–11) is a CSI who became part of Grissom's team after the mid–Season 5 split, decided by Conrad Ecklie. She soon considers resignation, upset at the fact that she has been demoted from Acting Day-Shift Supervisor. In season six, Sofia makes a career shift from CSI to detective. Actress Louise Lombard made her last appearance in the episode "Dead Doll" as a special guest star. She returned in the episode "Father of the Bride" (season 11), by which time she had been promoted to deputy chief; she helped the CSIs hunt for escaped serial killer Nate Haskell (Bill Irwin).

• Riley Adams (Lauren Lee Smith) (22 episodes, 2008–09) is a former St. Louis police officer. She makes her debut in "Art Imitates Life" as a CSI level 2 a few weeks after the death of Warrick Brown. Adams was a non-conformist who joined law enforcement to rebel against her parents, who are psychiatrists. The character was on the show for only one season; (Executive Producer Naren Shankar said that the decision to let Smith and her character go was "an issue of how we were feeling the ensemble was working".) In the season 10 opener, Catherine finds a report from Riley, written before her departure, criticizing Catherine's leadership skills.

Episodes

Main article: List of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation episodes

During the course of the series, 335 episodes of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation aired, including two specials.

Season	Episodes		Originally aired		Season ranking	Viewers (in millions)
			First aired	Last aired
1	23		October 6, 2000 (2000-10-06)	May 17, 2001 (2001-05-17)	10	20.8
2	23		September 27, 2001 (2001-09-27)	May 16, 2002 (2002-05-16)	2	23.7
3	23		September 26, 2002 (2002-09-26)	May 15, 2003 (2003-05-15)	1	26.12
4	23		September 25, 2003 (2003-09-25)	May 20, 2004 (2004-05-20)	2	25.27
5	25		September 23, 2004 (2004-09-23)	May 19, 2005 (2005-05-19)	2	26.26
6	24		September 22, 2005 (2005-09-22)	May 18, 2006 (2006-05-18)	3	24.86
7	24		September 21, 2006 (2006-09-21)	May 17, 2007 (2007-05-17)	4	20.34
8	17		September 27, 2007 (2007-09-27)	May 15, 2008 (2008-05-15)	9	16.62
9	24		October 9, 2008 (2008-10-09)	May 14, 2009 (2009-05-14)	4	18.52
10	23		September 24, 2009 (2009-09-24)	May 20, 2010 (2010-05-20)	12	14.92
11	22		September 23, 2010 (2010-09-23)	May 12, 2011 (2011-05-12)	12	13.52
12	22		September 21, 2011 (2011-09-21)	May 9, 2012 (2012-05-09)	21	12.49
13	22		September 26, 2012 (2012-09-26)	May 15, 2013 (2013-05-15)	23	11.63
14	22		September 25, 2013 (2013-09-25)	May 7, 2014 (2014-05-07)	18	11.86
15	18		September 28, 2014 (2014-09-28)	February 15, 2015 (2015-02-15)	34	11.19
Series finale	2		September 27, 2015 (2015-09-27)		—	12.22

Crossovers

Main article: CSI (franchise) § Crossovers

See also: Without a Trace § Crossover with CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, CSI: Miami § Crossovers, and CSI: NY § Crossovers

• "Who and What" – When a murder victim in Las Vegas matches the profile of a child who was abducted in New York, Grissom works with FBI agent Jack Malone to track down the killer in the Without a Trace episode "Where and Why".
• "The Lost Girls" – Langston searches for a girl being held hostage by human traffickers he had been tracking in the CSI: Miami episode "Bone Voyage" and the CSI: NY episode "Hammer Down".
• "In Vino Veritas" – Mac Taylor comes to Las Vegas to see his girlfriend, only to discover she's missing, so he and D.B. head to New York to find her in the CSI: NY episode "Seth and Apep".

Reception

Public reaction

CSI has often been criticized for the level and explicitness of graphic violence, images, and sexual content. The CSI series and its spin-off shows have been accused of pushing the boundary of what is considered acceptable viewing for primetime network television. The series had numerous episodes on sexual fetishism and other forms of sexual pleasure (see especially the recurring character of Lady Heather, a professional dominatrix). CSI has been ranked as among the worst prime-time shows for family viewing by the Parents Television Council nearly every season since its second, being ranked the worst show for family prime-time viewing after the 2002–2003 and 2005–2006 seasons. The PTC has also targeted certain CSI episodes for its weekly "Worst TV Show of the Week" feature. In addition, the episode "King Baby" aired in February 2005, which the PTC named the most offensive TV show of the week, also led the PTC to start a campaign to file complaints with the FCC with the episode; to date, nearly 13,000 PTC members complained to the Federal Communications Commission about the episode. The PTC has also asked Clorox to pull their advertisements from CSI and CSI: Miami because of the graphically violent content on those programs.

A grassroots campaign started on August 2007, upon rumors of Jorja Fox leaving the show, organized by the online forum Your Tax Dollars At Work. Many of its nineteen thousand members donated to the cause, collecting over $8,000 for gifts and stunts targeted at CBS executives and CSI's producers and writers. Some stunts included a wedding cake delivery to Carol Mendelsohn, 192 chocolate-covered insects with the message "CSI Without Sara Bugs Us." to Naren Shankar and a plane flying several times over the Universal Studios of Los Angeles with a "Follow the evidence keep Jorja Fox on CSI" banner. Other protests included mailing the show's producers a dollar, in order to save Fox's contract "one dollar at a time". By October 16, 2007, according to the site's tally, more than 20,000 letters with money or flyers had been mailed to the Universal Studios and to CBS headquarters in New York from forty-nine different countries since the campaign started on September 29, 2007. Fox and Mendelsohn chose to donate the money to CASA, a national association that supports and promotes court-appointed advocates for abused or neglected children.

On September 27, 2007, after CSI's season eight premiered, a miniature model of character Gil Grissom's office (which he was seen building during season seven) was put up on eBay. The auction ended October 7, with the prop being sold for $15,600; CBS donated the proceeds to the National CASA Association.

Law enforcement reaction

Another criticism of the show is the depiction of police procedure, which some consider to be decidedly lacking in realism. For instance, the show's characters not only investigate ("process") crime scenes, but they also conduct raids, engage in suspect pursuit and arrest, interrogate suspects, and solve cases, which falls under the responsibility of uniformed officers and detectives, not CSI personnel. Although some detectives are also registered CSIs, this is exceedingly rare in actual life. It is considered an inappropriate and improbable practice to allow CSI personnel to be involved in detective work as it would compromise the impartiality of scientific evidence and would be impracticably time-consuming. Additionally, it is inappropriate for the CSIs who process a crime scene to be involved in the examination and testing of any evidence collected from that scene. CSI shares this characteristic with similar British drama series, Silent Witness.

However, not all law-enforcement agencies have been as critical; many CSIs have responded positively to the show's influence and enjoy their new reputation. In the UK, Scenes of Crime Officers (SOCO) now commonly refer to themselves as CSIs. Some constabularies, such as Norfolk, have even gone so far as to change the name of the unit to Crime Scene Investigation. Also, recruitment and training programs have seen a massive increase in applicants, with a far wider range of people now interested in something previously regarded as a scientific backwater.

CSI effect

Main article: CSI effect

The "CSI effect" is a reference to the alleged phenomenon of CSI raising crime victims' and jury members' real-world expectations of forensic science, especially crime scene investigation and DNA testing. This is said to have changed the way many trials are presented today, in that prosecutors are pressured to deliver more forensic evidence in court. Victims and their families are coming to expect instant answers from showcased techniques such as DNA analysis and fingerprinting, when actual forensic processing often takes days or weeks, with no guarantee of revealing a 'smoking gun' for the prosecution's case. District attorneys state that the conviction rate in cases with little physical evidence has decreased, largely due to the influence of CSI on jury members. Some police and district attorneys have criticized the show for giving members of the public an inaccurate perception of how police solve crimes. However, the evidence cited in support of the supposed effect is mainly anecdotes from law enforcement personnel and prosecutors. Little empirical examination of the effect has been done to date, and the one study published to date suggests the phenomenon may be an urban myth.

Franchise

Main article: CSI (franchise)

Like NBC's Law & Order franchise, CBS went on to produce their own franchise starting with the spin-off CSI: Miami, set in Miami, Florida and CSI: NY, set in New York City. A number of comic books, video games and novels based on the series have been made. The series was found to be in the same "universe" as fellow CBS police-drama Without a Trace during a crossover episodes airing in early November 2007. It is also within the same universe with Cold Case because of the series' crossover with CSI: NY. William Petersen voiced plans for a CSI movie in 2009, but nothing became of that.

CSI: The Experience

Main article: CSI: The Experience

In 2006, The Fort Worth Museum of Science and History developed a traveling museum exhibit called "CSI: The Experience". On May 25, 2007, Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry was the first museum to host the exhibit, and the exhibit's opening featured stars from the TV series. There is also a supporting website designed for the benefit of people who cannot visit the exhibit, designed by Rice University's Center for Technology in Teaching & Learning and Left Brain Media. "CSI: The Experience" also has an interactive attraction at the MGM Grand Casino & Hotel in Las Vegas, and there is also an interactive attraction at the Mall of America in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Ratings

Nielsen ratings

Seasonal rankings (based on average total viewers per episode) of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation on CBS.

Note: U.S. network television seasons generally start in late September and end in late May, which coincides with the completion of the May sweeps.

Season	Episodes	Timeslot (EDT)	Original airing			Rank	Viewers (in millions)
			Season premiere	Season finale	TV season
1	23	Friday 9pm/8c (2000) Thursday 9pm/8c (2001)	October 6, 2000 (2000-10-06)	May 17, 2001 (2001-05-17)	2000–2001	#10	20.8
2	23	Thursday 9pm/8c	September 27, 2001 (2001-09-27)	May 16, 2002 (2002-05-16)	2001–2002	#2	23.7
3	23		September 26, 2002 (2002-09-26)	May 15, 2003	2002–2003	#1	26.12
4	23		September 25, 2003 (2003-09-25)	May 20, 2004	2003–2004	#2	25.27
5	25		September 23, 2004 (2004-09-23)	May 19, 2005	2004–2005	#2	26.26
6	24		September 22, 2005 (2005-09-22)	May 18, 2006	2005–2006	#3	24.86
7	24		September 21, 2006 (2006-09-21)	May 17, 2007	2006–2007	#4	20.34
8	17		September 27, 2007 (2007-09-27)	May 15, 2008	2007–2008	#9	16.62
9	24		October 9, 2008 (2008-10-09)	May 14, 2009	2008–2009	#4	18.52
10	23		September 24, 2009 (2009-09-24)	May 20, 2010	2009–2010	#8	14.92
11	22		September 23, 2010 (2010-09-23)	May 12, 2011	2010–2011	#10	13.52
12	22	Wednesday 10pm/9c	September 21, 2011	May 9, 2012	2011–2012	#19	12.49
13	22		September 26, 2012	May 15, 2013	2012–2013	#23	11.63
14	22		September 25, 2013	May 7, 2014	2013–2014	#18	11.86
15	18	Sunday 10pm/9c	September 28, 2014	February 15, 2015	2014–2015	#34	11.19

DVR ratings

The show ranked number three in DVR playback (3.07 million viewers), according to Nielsen prime DVR lift data from September 22 to November 23, 2008.

Accolades

Awards

ASCAP Award

• 2006: Top TV Series
• 2009: Top Television Series
• 2013: Top Television Series

ASC Award

• 2005: Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series
• 2006: Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series
• 2009: Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series

BMI Film & TV Award

• 2001: BMI TV Music Award
• 2002: BMI TV Music Award
• 2003: BMI TV Music Award
• 2004: BMI TV Music Award
• 2005: BMI TV Music Award
• 2008: BMI TV Music Award
• 2009: BMI TV Music Award
• 2013: BMI TV Music Award

Cinema Audio Society Awards

• 2008: Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series (for "Living Doll")

Emmys

• 2002: Outstanding Makeup for a Series (Non-Prosthetic)
• 2003: Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series
• 2006: Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series
• 2007: Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series
• 2010: Outstanding Cinematography for a One Hour Series
• 2010: Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series

Environmental Media Award

• 2011: Television Episodic Drama

Genesis Award

• 2006: Dramatic Series

Golden Reel Award

• 2002: Best Sound Editing in Television – Effects & Foley, Episodic
• 2004: Best Sound Editing in Television Episodic – Sound Effects & Foley

Logie Award

• 2004: Most Popular Overseas Drama

Monte-Carlo Television Festival

• 2006: International TV Audience Award, Best Drama TV Series
• 2007: International TV Audience Award, Best Drama TV Series
• 2008: International TV Audience Award, Best Drama TV Series
• 2010: International TV Audience Award, Best Drama TV Series
• 2011: International TV Audience Award, Best Drama TV Series
• 2012: International TV Audience Award, Best Drama TV Series

NAACP Image Award

• 2003: Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
• 2006: Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series: Gary Dourdan

People's Choice Awards

• 2003: Favorite Television Dramatic Series
• 2004: Favorite Television Dramatic Series
• 2005: Favorite Television Drama
• 2006: Favorite Television Drama

Producers Guild of America Award

• 2001: Vision Award (Television)

Satellite Award

• 2003: Best Television Series, Drama

Saturn Award

• 2004: Best Network Television Series
• 2005: Best Network Television Series

Screen Actors Guild Award

• 2005: Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series

TP de Oro

• 2003: Best Foreign Series (Mejor Serie Extranjera)
• 2004: Best Foreign Series (Mejor Serie Extranjera)

TV Guide Award

• 2001: New Series of the Year

TV Quick Award

• 2006: Best International TV Show

Visual Effects Society Award

• 2010: Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Broadcast Program
• 2010: Outstanding Compositing in a Broadcast Program or Commercial

Nominations

Emmy Award

• 2001: Outstanding Art Direction for a Single Camera Series
• 2001: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series: Marg Helgenberger
• 2001: Outstanding Single Camera Picture Editing for a Series
• 2001: Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series
• 2002: Outstanding Cinematography for a Single Camera Series
• 2002: Outstanding Drama Series
• 2002: Outstanding Makeup for a Series (Prosthetic)
• 2002: Outstanding Single Camera Sound Mixing for a Series
• 2002: Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series
• 2003: Outstanding Drama Series
• 2003: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series: Marg Helgenberger
• 2003: Outstanding Makeup for a Series (Non-Prosthetic)
• 2003: Outstanding Makeup for a Series (Prosthetic)
• 2003: Outstanding Single-Camera Sound Mixing For A Series
• 2004: Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series
• 2004: Outstanding Drama Series
• 2004: Outstanding Makeup for a Series (Non-Prosthetic)
• 2004: Outstanding Single-Camera Sound Mixing for a Series
• 2005: Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series: Quentin Tarantino
• 2005: Outstanding Makeup for a Series (Non-Prosthetic)
• 2005: Outstanding Single-Camera Sound Mixing for a Series
• 2005: Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series
• 2006: Outstanding Single-Camera Sound Mixing for a Series
• 2006: Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series
• 2007: Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series
• 2007: Outstanding Makeup for a Series (Non-Prosthetic)
• 2007: Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Original Dramatic Score)
• 2007: Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Miniseries, Movie or a Special
• 2008: Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series (Non-Prosthetic)
• 2008: Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series
• 2009: Outstanding Cinematography for a One Hour Series
• 2009: Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Miniseries, Movie or a Special
• 2009: Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series

Golden Globes

• 2001: Best TV-Series – Drama
• 2002: Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series – Drama: Marg Helgenberger
• 2002: Best Television Series – Drama
• 2003: Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series – Drama: Marg Helgenberger
• 2004: Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series – Drama: William Petersen
• 2004: Best Television Series – Drama

People's Choice

• 2012: Favorite TV Crime Drama
• 2013: Favorite TV Crime Drama

Producers Guild of America

• 2002: Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television, Drama
• 2003: Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television, Drama
• 2004: Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television, Drama
• 2005: Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television, Drama

The series has also been nominated for multiple Screen Actors Guild Award, Writers Guild of America Award, and Directors Guild of America Award. Template:Multicol-end

Merchandise

DVD releases

Region 1

DVD name	Episodes	Release date
CSI: Complete Season 1	23	March 25, 2003 (2003-03-25)
CSI: Complete Season 2		September 2, 2003 (2003-09-02)
CSI: Complete Season 3		March 30, 2004 (2004-03-30)
CSI: Complete Season 4		October 12, 2004 (2004-10-12)
CSI: Complete Season 5	25	November 29, 2005 (2005-11-29)
CSI: Complete Season 6	24	November 14, 2006 (2006-11-14)
CSI: Complete Season 7		November 20, 2007 (2007-11-20)
CSI: Complete Season 8	17	October 14, 2008 (2008-10-14)
CSI: Complete Season 9	24	September 1, 2009 (2009-09-01)
CSI: Complete Season 10	23	September 28, 2010 (2010-09-28)
CSI: Complete Season 11	22	September 27, 2011 (2011-09-27)
CSI: Complete Season 12		September 26, 2012 (2012-09-26)
CSI: Complete Season 13		September 17, 2013 (2013-09-17)
CSI: Complete Season 14		September 16, 2014 (2014-09-16)
CSI: Complete Season 15	18	September 15, 2015 (2015-09-15)

The U.S. box sets are released by CBS DVD (distributed by Paramount), while the Canadian box sets are released by Alliance Atlantis (distributed by Universal Studios). The first season DVD release differs from all subsequent seasons in that it is available only in 1.33:1 or 4:3 full frame, rather than the subsequent aspect ratio of 1.78:1 or 16:9 widescreen, which is the HDTV standard aspect ratio.

The first season is also the only DVD release of the series not to feature Dolby Digital 5.1 surround audio, instead offering Dolby Digital stereo sound.

The Blu-ray disc release of Season One is 7.1 DTS sound and 1.78:1 widescreen.

Regions 2 and 4

Regions 2 and 4 releases have followed a pattern whereby each season is progressively released in two parts (each of 11 or 12 episodes [except for Season 8, in which part 1 contained 8 episodes and the Without a Trace crossover and part 2 contained the remaining 9 episodes] with special features split up) before finally being sold as a single box set. After having been almost 12 months behind region 2 releases after the first four series, region 4 releases are speeding up, with distributors simply releasing season five as a complete box set.

Region 2

DVD Name	Release dates
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 1	March 1, 2010*
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 2	March 1, 2010*
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 3	March 1, 2010*
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Seasons 1–3	August 23, 2004
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 4	March 1, 2010*
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Seasons 1–4	December 12, 2005
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 5	March 1, 2010*
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Seasons 1–5	October 2, 2006
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Grave Danger – Tarantino Episodes	October 10, 2005
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 6	March 1, 2010*
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 7	March 1, 2010*
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 8	March 1, 2010*
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Seasons 1–8	October 26, 2009
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 9	March 1, 2010
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 10	February 7, 2011
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 11	April 30, 2012
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 12	July 1, 2013
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 13	June 9, 2014

* = Re-released in slimline full-season packaging. Seasons 1–8 were released in 2 parts between 2003 and 2009.

Region 4

DVD name	Release dates
	Full season	Part 1	Part 2
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 1	November 27, 2003	October 21, 2002	April 9, 2003
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 2	October 28, 2004	October 27, 2003	March 30, 2004
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 3	October 4, 2005	March 18, 2005	September 13, 2005
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 4	November 8, 2006	May 12, 2006	August 17, 2006
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 5	January 24, 2007	Released	Released
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Grave Danger – Tarantino Episodes	June 6, 2007
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 6	December 5, 2007	Released	Released
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 7	December 3, 2008	Released	Released
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 8	July 15, 2009	Released	Released
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 9	June 2, 2010	Released	Released
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 10	August 3, 2011	Released	Released
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 11	June 6, 2012
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 12	August 8, 2013
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 13	August 6, 2014
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Season 14	August 5, 2015

Blu-ray releases

CBS Home Entertainment (distributed by Paramount) released the first season on High Definition Blu-ray disc on May 12, 2009. Unlike its DVD counterpart CSI: Crime Scene Investigation#DVD releases, this release is in its original 16:9 widescreen format and feature 7.1 surround sound. Features on the Season 1 BR set are also in High Def.

Season 10 was released on November 18, 2011 in Region B. Like the Season 1 Blu-ray release, it features a 16:9 widescreen transfer, but it only has DTS-HD 5.1 sound.

Season 9 was released on September 1, 2009. Like the Season 1 Blu-ray release, it features a 16:9 widescreen transfer with DTS-HD Master Audio 7.1 surround sound. Extras include commentaries, featurettes and BD-Live functionality.

Season 8 was released on Blu-ray on May 29, 2009 in Region B.

Other releases

Further information: CSI (franchise)

CSI has also been released as a series of mobile games. In Fall 2007, CBS teamed up with game developer Gameloft to bring CSI to mobile phones. The first of the series to be published was CSI: Miami. The game features actual cast members such as Horatio Caine, Alexx Woods and Calleigh Duquesne who are trying to solve a murder in South Beach with the player's assistance. The game is also available for download on various iPod devices.

In spring 2008, Gameloft and CBS released "CSI: Crime Scene Investigation – The Mobile Game" which is based on the original series in Las Vegas. This game introduces the unique ability to receive calls during the game to provide tips and clues about crime scenes and evidence. As for the storyline, the game developers collaborated with Anthony E. Zuiker (the series creator) to ensure that the plot and dialogue were aligned with the show's style.

Books

Further information: CSI (novels)

• True Stories of CSI: The Real Crimes Behind the Best Episodes of the Popular TV Show (published August 2009) – Katherine Ramsland follows the evidence and revisits some of the most absorbing episodes of the phenomenally popular C.S.I. television franchise, and explores the real-life crimes that inspired them. She also looks into the authenticity of the forensic investigations recreated for the dramatizations, and the painstaking real-life forensic process employed in every one of the actual cases—from notorious mass-murderer Richard Speck, through the massacre of Buddhist monks in an Arizona Temple, to a baffling case of apparent spontaneous combustion.

Comic books

Main article: CSI (comics)

• In 2003, comic book publisher IDW Publishing began releasing a series of one-shots & miniseries based on all three CSI series, with the majority being based on the original Vegas-based series.

• In September 2009, Tokyopop released a manga version of CSI written by Sekou Hamilton and drawn by Steven Cummings. It centers around five teenagers working at the Las Vegas Crime Lab as interns as they try to solve a murder case of a student at their high school, which leads to a shocking discovery. Grissom and Catherine are seen now and then, as well as other CSI characters.

Video games

Main article: CSI (video games)

External links

• CSI on CBS at CBS
• CSI at Yahoo! TV
• CSI at TV Guide
• CSI: Crime Scene Investigation at IMDb
• Template:Tv.com show
• CSI Jobs to Consider at GetHow