Black Lives Matter

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Protesters carrying placards at a Black Lives Matter demonstration in New York City in November 2014

Black Lives Matter is an activist movement in the United States that began in the wake of the July 2013 acquittal of George Zimmerman in the Florida shooting death of African-American teen Trayvon Martin. The Black Lives Matter movement campaigns against what it calls police brutality against African Americans in the United States. The group received fresh impetus from the 2014 deaths of two unarmed African Americans, teenager Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri and 43 year old Eric Garner in New York City; in both cases the grand jury did not indict the officers and no charges were brought. Several unarmed African Americans who died at the hands of law enforcement have had their deaths protested by the movement, including Tamir Rice, Eric Harris, Walter Scott, and Freddie Gray (whose death sparked the 2015 Baltimore protests). Numerous media organizations have referred to it as "a new civil rights movement." [1][2][3]

The movement was co-founded by three black activists: Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi.[4][5] Although the three run a stable website and organization, the overall Black Lives Matter movement is a decentralized network, and has no formal hierarchy or structure.[6] The movement reached national awareness with the protests and unrest in Ferguson in August 2014, although Garza, Cullors and Tometi were not initially involved in those events.[2][7]

The shooting of Walter Scott by a white policeman was recorded by a bystander, who contacted a local activist involved with Black Lives Matter; they, in turn, contacted Scott's family to take possession of the video. Soon after the video was released to the public, the officer was arrested and charged with murder. The case is pending.[8]

Description and events

Nekima Levy-Pounds speaks during a Black Lives Matter march.

The movement began as a hashtag after George Zimmerman's 2013 acquittal for the shooting death of Trayvon Martin, and gained momentum after the shooting of Michael Brown, the shooting of John Crawford III, and the death of Eric Garner, all in 2014. Currently, there are 23 Black Lives Matter chapters in the U.S., Canada, and Ghana.[9] The organization states that Black Lives Matter is "a unique contribution that goes beyond extrajudicial killings of black people by police and vigilantes" and that "Black Lives Matter affirms the lives of black queer and trans folks, disabled folks, black undocumented folks, folks with records, women and all black lives along the gender spectrum."[10] Protesters and protest organizers have met with U.S. President Barack Obama and other prominent leaders to demand an end to what they view as racial profiling, police brutality, mass incarceration of African-Americans, and the militarization of many U.S. police departments.[citation needed]

The #BlackLivesMatter hashtag was created by Alicia Garza and Patrisse Cullors right after the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the Trayvon Martin trial.[11] The American Dialect Society chose the hashtag form of the phrase as their word of the year for 2014.[12][13] Vida Johnson and other black professors support the movement.[14]

Sean Bell protest, 2008

As of August 15, 2015, at least 1007 Black Lives Matter demonstrations had been held worldwide.[15] In August 2014, during Labor Day weekend, Black Lives Matter organized a 'Freedom Ride' that brought more than 500 black people from across the nation into Ferguson, Missouri, to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations.[16] Black Lives Matter members and supporters rode in from New York City, Newark, Boston, Chicago, Columbus, Miami, Detroit, Houston, Oakland, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Nashville, Portland, Tucson, Washington, D.C., and more, in a similar way to that of the Freedom Riders in the 1960s.[17] In December 2014, at least 20 members of a protest that had been using the slogan were arrested at the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota.[18]

A Black Lives Matter protest of police brutality in the rotunda of the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota.

The "informal branch of Black Lives Matter in Ferguson" has been involved in the Ferguson unrest, following the death of Michael Brown.[19] Most of the protesters actively distinguish themselves from the older generation of black leadership, such as Al Sharpton, by their aversion to middle-class traditions such as church involvement, Democratic Party loyalty, and respectability politics.[20][21] The movement tends to be skeptical of nonviolence and embraces a diversity of tactics. [22]

Black Lives Matter organizers supported the April 2015 fast food strike in solidarity with fast food workers, and to oppose racial income inequality.[23][24][25]

At the Netroots Nation Conference in July 2015, founder of Black Lives Matter Patrisse Cullors led a protest yelling "Burn everything down!", and interrupted the speeches of Martin O'Malley and Bernie Sanders.[26][27] Later during the event, the protestors shouted and booed at Martin O'Malley when he said "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter."[28]

On August 8, 2015, a speech by Democratic presidential candidate and civil rights activist Bernie Sanders was disrupted by a group from the Seattle Chapter of Black Lives Matter[29] who walked onstage, seized the microphone from him and called his supporters racists and white supremacists.[30][31][32] Bernie Sanders issued a platform in response.[33] Nikki Stephens, the operator of a Facebook page called "Black Lives Matter: Seattle" issued an apology to supporters of Bernie Sanders, saying that the actions did not represent her understanding of Black Lives Matter. She was then sent messages by members of the Seattle Chapter which she described as threatening, and was forced to change the name of her group to "Black in Seattle." The founders of Black Lives Matter stated that they had not issued an apology.[34] In response to the protest, Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump threatened to fight any Black Lives Matter protesters if they attempted to speak at one of his events.[35]

On August 13, 2015, activists chanting "Black Lives Matter" interrupted the Las Vegas rally of Republican presidential candidate Jeb Bush.[36] As Bush exited early, some of his supporters started responding to the protestors by chanting "white lives matter" or "all lives matter".[37]

On August 19, 2015, Black Lives Matter issued a statement against the murder of black transgender women, titled "It's Time! Putting the T Back in Black."[38]

Influence

Founder Alicia Garza has denounced corporate and mainstream appropriations and adaptations of the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag and slogan that she believes ignore or contradict the spirit and philosophy behind it, including the "Our Lives Matter" iteration. She has written: "#BlackLivesMatter doesn't mean your life isn't important–it means that black lives, which are seen as without value within white supremacy, are important to your liberation". She also writes: “When I use Assata’s powerful demand in my organizing work, I always begin by sharing where it comes from, sharing about Assata’s significance to the Black Liberation Movement, what it’s political purpose and message is, and why it’s important in our context." The reference to Assata is a reference to Assata Shakur (see Black Liberation Army), otherwise known as Joanne Deborah Chesimard, a radical feminist and Marxist revolutionary who escaped from prison in 1979 while serving a life sentence for the murder of New Jersey State Trooper Werner Foerster. Shakur is on the FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list, and is reportedly hiding in Cuba.[39][40]

In a video interview with Laura Flanders, Garza discussed how "changing Black Lives Matter to All Lives Matter is a demonstration of how we don't actually understand structural racism in this country". She went on to discuss how other lives are valued more than black lives, which she strongly feels is wrong, and that to take blackness out of this equation is inappropriate.[41] In a Twitter post, Black Lives Matter said, "If you really believe that all lives matter, you will fight like hell for Black lives."[42]

Black Lives Matter appeared in an episode of Law & Order: SVU.[11][39] The TV drama Scandal expressed support to the Black Lives Matter movement on their March 5, 2015 episode that showed an unarmed black teen shot by a police officer.[43]

The hashtag #BlueLivesMatter was created by supporters who stood up for police officers' lives.[44] "Blue Lives Matter" was read on signs at a pro-police officer rally at the Civic Center in Downtown Denver. At the Netroots Nation Conference in Phoenix demonstrators from Black Alliance for Just Immigration booed and shouted at Democratic presidential candidate Martin O'Malley when he stated "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter." He later apologized for his remarks, saying that he didn't mean to disrespect the black community.[28]

List of deaths protested by Black Lives Matter

Link Date Name (age) City, state Description and aftermath
[45][46] May 16, 2010 Aiyana Jones (7) Detroit, Michigan Shot by policeman Joseph Weekley during a house raid. Weekley was ultimately cleared of all charges after multiple mistrials.[47]
[48][49] November 19, 2011 Kenneth Chamberlain, Sr. (68) White Plains, New York Shot by policeman Anthony Carelli in Chamberlain's home. No criminal charges filed. Emergency services were drawn to Chamberlain's home after his medical alert device activated. Chamberlain refused to let them in, with police breaking down the door to enter.[50]
[51][52][53] February 26, 2012 Trayvon Martin (17) Sanford, Florida Trayvon Martin was shot outdoors by neighborhood watch coordinator George Zimmerman, who was later charged and acquitted of second-degree murder and manslaughter.[54]
Resulted in the speech "Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago" by President Barack Obama.
Directly inspired the beginning of the Black Lives Matter movement.[11]
[46][55] March 2012 Rekia Boyd (22) Chicago, Illinois Shot by policeman Dante Servin after Servin confronted a group of people in a local park. A directed verdict found Servin not guilty of involuntary manslaughter.[56]
[48][53] November 23, 2012 Jordan Davis (17) Jacksonville, Florida Shot by software developer Michael David Dunn over an argument over loud music. Dunn was found guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison without parole.[57]
[48][58] November 29, 2012 Multiple:
Timothy Russell (43)
Malissa Williams (30)		 Cleveland, Ohio Both were shot during a car chase, each being hit more than 20 times. 13 policemen fired 137 shots into the car; the car chase stemmed from police thinking they were being shot at by the car's occupants, but no gun was found in the car and the sound was later determined to be due to the back-fire of the Chevrolet Malibu. Policeman Michael Brelo was charged with voluntary manslaughter, but was cleared in 2014. The judge found that because other policemen had also fired, it was not beyond reasonable doubt Brelo was responsible for killing the duo.[59][60]
[61] September 14, 2013 Jonathan Ferrell (24) Charlotte, North Carolina Shot by policeman Randall Kerrick who was responding to a breaking and entering report. Ferrell was unarmed and had approached a house seeking help after a car accident. Kerrick was charged with voluntary manslaughter. On August 21, 2015, a mistrial was declared after the jury reached a deadlock.[62][63]
[64][65] November 2, 2013 Renisha McBride (19) Dearborn Heights, Michigan Shot by airport maintenance worker Theodore Wafer, after McBride had approached Wafer's home on a rainy early morning after a car accident, seeking help. Wafer was sentenced to at least 17 years in jail for second-degree murder, manslaughter and felony firearm usage.[66]
[67][68] April 30, 2014 Dontre Hamilton (31) Milwaukee, Wisconsin Shot by policeman Christopher Manney, when a fight broke out when Manney attempted to frisk Hamilton. Although he did not face criminal charges, Manney was fired from the police.[69]
[52][70][71] July 17, 2014 Eric Garner (43) New York City, New York Died from a chokehold by policeman Daniel Pantaleo as well as the police's compression of Garner's chest. Garner was being arrested on the suspicion of selling untaxed cigarettes.[72]
[73][74] August 5, 2014 John Crawford III (22) Dayton, Ohio Shot by policeman Sean Williams when police answered a 911 call alleging a man waving a gun in a Walmart store. Crawford was holding a pellet/BB gun being sold in the store itself. A grand jury declined to indict any policemen, but the United States Department of Justice is investigating.[75]
[52][71][76] August 9, 2014 Michael Brown (18) Ferguson, Missouri Shot by policeman Darren Wilson on a street. After Brown robbed a convenience store, he was confronted by Officer Wilson. The two struggled through the window of Wilson's police vehicle, where Wilson shot Brown, who fled with Wilson pursuing. When Brown turned around and advanced on Wilson, Wilson shot Brown multiple times in the front. Both a St. Louis County grand jury and the United States Department of Justice decided not to charge Wilson.[77]
Resulted in several waves of the Ferguson unrest, as well as the "Hands up, don't shoot" saying.
[78][79] August 11, 2014 Ezell Ford (25) Florence, Los Angeles Shot by policemen Sharlton Wampler and Antonio Villegas, who confronted Ford as part of an "investigative stop".[80]
[81][82] November 20, 2014 Akai Gurley (28) Brooklyn, New York Shot by policeman Peter Liang, who drew his gun and accidentally discharged it. A round ricocheted and hit Gurley, who was elsewhere on the same stairwell as Liang. Liang was indicted by a grand jury on manslaughter, assault, and other criminal charges.[83]
[52][70][71] November 22, 2014 Tamir Rice (12) Cleveland, Ohio Shot in a city park by policeman Timothy Loehmann.[84] Rice had been allegedly pointing his air-soft pellet gun replica at passersby prior to getting shot. A grand jury will decide whether either Loehmann or his partner Garmback will be indicted.
[85][86] December 23, 2014 Antonio Martin (18) Berkeley, Missouri Shot by an unidentified white police officer after Martin pulled a gun on him while the officer was responding to a shoplifting report at a convenience store.[87]
[88][89] March 6, 2015 Tony Robinson (19) Madison, Wisconsin Shot by policeman Matt Kenny during an altercation as Kenny was responding to reports of a man jumping in front of cars and attempting to strangle someone. The Wisconsin Department of Justice will investigate the Robinson shooting.[90]
[91][92] March 28, 2015 Meagan Hockaday (26) Oxnard, California Shot by policeman Roger Garcia after Hockaday ran at Garcia and his partner with a knife while they were responding to a domestic dispute report. Garcia has been placed on administrative leave and the case is currently being investigated.[93]
[71][94] April 4, 2015 Walter Scott (50) North Charleston, South Carolina Shot by police officer Michael Slager during a traffic stop. Slager was charged with murder after a video surfaced showing him shooting Scott multiple times from behind while Scott was fleeing.[95]
[52][96][97] April 12, 2015 Freddie Gray (25) Baltimore, Maryland Fell into a coma while being transported by police after they arrested him. Gray died a week later of injuries to his spinal cord. Charges have been filed against six policemen after a medical examiner's report that ruled Gray's death a homicide.[98]
Resulted in the 2015 Baltimore protests.
[99][100] June 17, 2015 Emanuel Nine (multiple) Charleston, South Carolina A mass shooting, by Dylann Roof, at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church resulted in nine dead and one injured.[101]
[102] July 13, 2015 Sandra Bland (28) Waller County, Texas Pulled over by police, arrested, and found dead in her jail cell. Her death was ruled a suicide by the county medical examiner, with no evidence of foul play.[103]
[104] July 19, 2015 Samuel DuBose (43) Cincinnati, Ohio Shot by University of Cincinnati police officer Ray Tensing during a traffic stop when DuBose failed to step out of his vehicle and may have attempted to drive off.[105] Tensing has been charged with murder.[106]

See also

References

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External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Lives_Matter&oldid=678718327"