Jump to content

San Ysidro McDonald's massacre

Coordinates: 32°33′21″N 117°03′15″W / 32.55590°N 117.05417°W / 32.55590; -117.05417
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 98.158.90.229 (talk) at 15:58, 13 December 2015. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For the 1992 botched robbery, see Sydney River McDonald's murders.
San Ysidro McDonald's massacre
Location of San Diego
LocationSan Ysidro, San Diego, California, United States
DateJuly 18, 1984 (1984-07-18)
c. 3:59 p.m. – 5:17 p.m. (PST)
Attack type
Mass shooting, mass murder
Weapons
Deaths22 (including the perpetrator)
Injured19
PerpetratorJames Huberty

32°33′21″N 117°03′15″W / 32.55590°N 117.05417°W / 32.55590; -117.05417

The San Ysidro McDonald's massacre was a mass shooting that occurred in and around a McDonald's restaurant in the San Diego neighborhood of San Ysidro on July 18, 1984. The perpetrator, 41-year-old James Huberty, shot and killed 21 people and injured 19 others before being fatally shot by a SWAT team sniper.[1]

The shooting remained the deadliest mass shooting committed in the United States until the 1991 Luby's shooting[1] and remains the deadliest shooting rampage in which the perpetrator was killed by police as opposed to suicide.[2][3]

Chain of events

Prior to incident

On July 15, 1984, three days before the shooting, Huberty commented to his wife, Etna, that he suspected he might have a mental problem.[1] Two days later, on July 17, he called a mental health clinic, requesting an appointment. Leaving his contact details with the receptionist, he was assured the clinic would return his call within hours. According to his wife, he sat quietly beside the telephone for several hours, awaiting the return call, before abruptly walking out of the family home and riding to an unknown destination on his motorcycle. Unbeknownst to Huberty, the receptionist had misspelled his name as "Shouberty". Furthermore, his polite demeanor conveyed no sense of immediate urgency to the operator; therefore, the call was logged as a "non-crisis" inquiry, to be handled within 48 hours.[4]

Approximately one hour later, Huberty returned home in a contented mood.[1] After eating dinner, he, his wife, and their two daughters (aged 12 and 10) cycled to a nearby park. Later that evening, he and Etna watched a film together.

The following morning—Wednesday, July 18—Huberty took his wife and daughters to the San Diego Zoo. In the course of the walk, he told his wife his life was effectively over. Referring to the mental health clinic's failure to return his phone call the previous day, he said, "Well, society had their chance."[1][5][6]

After eating lunch at a McDonald's restaurant in the Clairemont neighborhood of San Diego, the Hubertys then returned home. Shortly thereafter, he walked into his bedroom as his wife lay relaxing upon the bed; he leaned toward her and said, "I want to kiss you goodbye."[7] Etna asked him where he was going, to which he replied he was "going hunting humans".[8]

Carrying a bundle wrapped in a checkered blanket, Huberty looked toward his elder daughter, Zelia, as he walked toward the front door of the family home and said, "Goodbye. I won't be back." He then proceeded to drive down San Ysidro Boulevard. According to eyewitnesses, he drove first toward the Big Bear supermarket and then toward the U.S. Post Office,[9] before entering the parking lot of a McDonald's restaurant located approximately 200 yards from his apartment.[10]

Shooting incident

At approximately 3:56 p.m. on July 18, James Huberty drove his Mercury Marquis sedan into the parking lot of the McDonald's restaurant on San Ysidro Boulevard. In his possession were a 9mm Browning HP semi-automatic pistol, a 9mm Uzi carbine, a Winchester 12 gauge pump-action shotgun, and a cloth bag filled with hundreds of rounds of ammunition for each weapon.[1] A total of 45 customers were present inside the restaurant.[11]

Entering the restaurant minutes later, Huberty first aimed his shotgun at a 16-year-old employee named John Arnold. As he did so, the assistant manager, Guillermo Flores, shouted, "Hey, John. That guy's going to shoot you." According to Arnold, when Huberty pulled the trigger, "nothing happened". As Huberty inspected his gun, the manager of the restaurant, 22-year-old Neva Caine, walked toward the service counter of the restaurant[1] in the direction of Arnold, as Arnold—believing the incident to be a distasteful joke—began to walk away from the gunman. Huberty fired his shotgun toward the ceiling, then aimed the Uzi at Caine, shooting her once beneath her left eye.[1] She died minutes later.

Immediately after shooting Caine, Huberty fired his shotgun at John Arnold, wounding the youth in the torso, before shouting a comment to the effect of, "Everybody on the ground."[1] Huberty then referred to all present in the restaurant as "dirty swines", before shouting that he had killed thousands and that he intended to "kill a thousand more". Upon hearing Huberty's expletive-ridden rants and seeing Neva Caine and John Arnold shot, one customer, 25-year-old Victor Rivera, tried to persuade Huberty not to shoot anymore. In response, Huberty shot Rivera 14 times, repeatedly shouting "Shut up" as Rivera screamed in pain.[1]

As most of the customers tried to hide beneath tables and service booths, Huberty turned his attention toward six women and children who had been walking from the service counter of the restaurant toward the dining area[12] and had huddled together when he began shooting. He first shot and killed 19-year-old María Colmenero-Silva with a single gunshot to the chest; he then fatally shot 9-year-old Claudia Pérez in the cheek, stomach, chest, thigh, hip, armpit and head[1] with his Uzi, and wounded her 15-year-old sister, Imelda, and an 11-year-old named Aurora Peña with the same weapon. Peña—initially wounded in the leg—had been shielded by her pregnant aunt, 18-year-old Jackie Reyes. In her later accounts of the incident, Peña said she felt her aunt's body "bucking and jerking" as Reyes was shot 48 times[13] with the Uzi. Beside his mother's body, 8-month-old Carlos Reyes sat up and wailed, whereupon Huberty shouted at the child to be silent, then took aim and killed the infant with a single pistol shot to the center of the back.

Huberty then shot and killed a 62-year-old trucker named Laurence Versluis, before targeting one of many families seated near the play area of the restaurant, who had tried to shield their children beneath the tables with their bodies.[1] 31-year-old Blythe Regan Herrera had shielded her 11-year-old son, Matao, beneath one booth, with her husband shielding 12-year-old Keith Thomas beneath a booth located directly opposite. Keith Thomas later recalled Blythe Herrera screaming, "He's coming down the aisle shooting everybody",[14] as Huberty began shooting people seated in the restaurant as he walked toward them. Ronald Herrera urged Thomas not to move as he shielded the boy from the gunfire with his own body. Thomas was shot twice in the shoulder and arms, but was not seriously wounded; Ronald Herrera was shot eight times in the stomach, arm, hip, shoulder and head, but survived; his wife, Blythe, and son, Matao, were both killed by numerous gunshots to the head.[15]

Close to where the Herrera family and Keith Thomas had hidden, two women had also tried to hide beneath a booth. Guadalupe del Rio, 24, had pressed herself beneath a booth and against a wall; she was shielded by her friend, 31-year-old Arisdelsi Vuelvas Vargas. Del Rio was hit several times but was not seriously wounded, whereas Vargas received a single gunshot wound to the back of the head. She died of her wound the next day, the only person fatally wounded who lived long enough to reach a hospital. At another booth, Huberty killed a 45-year-old banker named Hugo Velazquez Vasquez with a single gunshot to the chest.[1]

The first of many calls to the emergency services was made at 4:00 p.m., although the dispatcher mistakenly directed responding officers to another McDonald's two miles (three kilometers) from the San Ysidro Boulevard restaurant.[16] Within ten minutes, the police had arrived at the correct restaurant. Immediately, a lockdown was imposed on an area spanning six blocks from the site of the shootings.[16] The police also established a command post two blocks from the restaurant, and deployed 175 officers in strategic locations. (These officers were joined within the hour by SWAT team members, who also took positions around the McDonald's restaurant.)

Shortly after the first 9-1-1 call had been made, a young woman named Lydia Flores drove into the parking lot. Stopping at the food pickup window, Flores noticed shattered windows and the sound of gunfire,[1] before "looking up and there he was, just shooting". Flores reversed her car until she crashed into a fence; she hid with her two-year-old daughter until the shooting ended.

Three 11-year-old boys then rode their bikes into the west parking lot to purchase soft drinks.[17] Hearing a member of the public yell something unintelligible from across the street,[1] all three stopped their bikes and hesitated, before Huberty shot all three boys with his shotgun and Uzi. Joshua Coleman fell to the ground critically wounded in his stomach, back, leg and arm;[18] he later recalled looking toward his two friends, Omarr Hernández and David Delgado, as he lay on the ground, noting that Hernández had fallen to the ground with multiple gunshot wounds to his back as he tried to escape and had begun vomiting, whereas Delgado, who received several gunshot wounds to his head, "fell back and blood started coming out of his head and his eyes rolled back."[17] Coleman survived; both Hernández and Delgado died at the scene.

Almost immediately after shooting the three boys and trying unsuccessfully to focus his weapons upon Lydia Flores and her daughter, Huberty noted an elderly couple, Miguel and Aida Victoria, walking toward the entrance. As Miguel reached to open the door for his wife,[19] Huberty fired his shotgun, killing Aida with a gunshot to the face and wounding Miguel. One uninjured survivor, Oscar Mondragon, later reported that he had seen Miguel cradling his wife in his arms as he repeatedly wiped blood from her face. As Victoria shouted curses at Huberty, Huberty walked toward the entrance and yelled angrily at the old man before killing him with a single shotgun wound to the head.[16]

At approximately 4:10 p.m., a Mexican couple, Astolfo and Maricela Felix, drove toward one of the service areas of the restaurant. Noting the shattered glass, Astolfo initially thought renovation work was in progress and that Huberty—striding toward the car—was a repairman. Huberty fired his shotgun at the couple and their 4-month-old daughter, Karlita,[1] striking Maricela in the head, arms and chest, blinding her in one eye and permanently rendering one hand unusable.[20] Her baby was critically wounded in the head, chest and abdomen.[21] Astolfo himself was wounded in the chest and neck. As Astolfo and Maricela staggered away from Huberty's line of fire, Maricela put her shrieking child into the arms of a fleeing woman and shouted in Spanish, "Please save my baby", before slumping against a parked car. The woman rushed the baby to a nearby hospital as her husband assisted Astolfo and Maricela into a nearby building. All three Felixes survived.

Several survivors later said they saw Huberty calmly walk toward the service counter and adjust the tuning of a portable radio, possibly to search for news reports as to his actions,[13] before selecting an unknown music station and continuing to shoot. Shortly thereafter, he vaulted the service counter to search the kitchen area, where he discovered six employees.[1] Upon seeing these employees, he said, "Oh, there's more", before shouting as he raised the Uzi, "You're trying to hide from me, you bastards!" as two employees escaped through emergency exits. One of the female employees huddled in the kitchen screamed in Spanish, "Don't kill me. Don't kill me"[1] before he opened fire, killing 21-year-old Paulina López, 19-year-old Elsa Borboa-Fierro, and 18-year-old Margarita Padilla, and critically wounding 17-year-old Alberto Leos.[22] Immediately before Huberty had begun shooting these employees, Padilla had grabbed the hand of her colleague, 17-year-old Wendy Flanagan, urging her to run,[23] before she (Padilla) was fatally shot. Flanagan, four other employees and a female customer hid themselves inside a basement utility room. Shortly thereafter, they were joined by Leos, who had crawled to the utility room after being shot multiple times in the stomach, chest, arms and leg.[24]

When a fire engine drove within range, Huberty repeatedly pierced the vehicle with bullets, but did not wound any occupants. One wounded teenager—19-year-old Jose Pérez—had begun moaning,[1] whereupon Huberty fatally shot him; he slumped dead at the booth he had been sitting in, still clutching his baseball cap.[25] Pérez died alongside his friend and neighbor, Gloria González, and a young woman named Michelle Carncross.[26] At one point, Aurora Peña, who had lain wounded beside her dead aunt, baby cousin and two friends, noted a lull in the firing. Opening her eyes, she saw Huberty standing only feet away from her and staring in her direction.[1] Noting Peña was still alive, Huberty threw a bag of french fries at her before retrieving his shotgun[24] and shooting the girl in the arm, neck, and jaw. Peña survived her injuries, although she remained hospitalized longer than any other survivor.[21]

Occasionally, Huberty blurted justifications for murdering his victims as he shot them.[1] As had been the case with Aurora Peña, he sometimes threw fast food at his victims before shooting them.

Police had established a command post two blocks from the restaurant. They initially did not know how many shooters were inside, since Huberty was using firearms of several different types, and because of the sheer number of shots being fired. Because most of the restaurant's windows had been shattered by gunfire, the shards of glass within window frames reflected into the field of vision of the officers deployed around the restaurant.[1][16]

Casualties
Killed inside restaurant
Killed outside restaurant
Wounded and injured

One of about 60 SWAT team officers around the restaurant was a sniper positioned on the roof of a post office next door.[27][28] He was authorized to kill Huberty should he have a clear shot.[1]

End of incident

At 5:17 p.m., the SWAT sniper obtained an unobstructed view of Huberty from the neck down; he fired a single round, which severed Huberty's aorta and exited through his spine,[1] leaving an exit wound one inch square and sending him sprawling backwards onto the floor directly in front of the service counter.[29] Huberty's chest heaved, then relaxed.

The incident had lasted for 78 minutes, during which time Huberty fired a minimum of 245 rounds[23] of ammunition, killing 20 people and wounding 20 others, one of whom died the following day. Seventeen of the victims were killed inside the restaurant and four in the immediate vicinity. Several victims had tried to stanch their bleeding with napkins—often in vain.[13]

"It was like they had just stopped in time. All these bodies were lying around. Heads were slumped on the table ... the old man walking out the door was lying on the floor, donuts beside him. The two kids were dead by their bikes; the infant was dead in the arms of the people ... there were two burned hamburgers on the grill."

Dr. Thomas A. Neuman. San Diego Medical Center medic, describing his initial impressions upon surveying the San Ysidro McDonald's restaurant.[1]

Of the fatalities, 13 died from gunshot wounds to the head, seven from gunshots to the chest, and one victim, 8-month-old Carlos Reyes, from a single 9mm gunshot to the back.[30]

The victims, whose ages ranged from 8 months to 74 years, were predominantly, though not exclusively, of Mexican or Mexican-American heritage.

Although Huberty stated during the shooting that he had killed thousands in Vietnam, he had never actually served in any military branch.

Aftermath

Because of the number of victims, local funeral homes had to use the San Ysidro Civic Center to hold all the wakes. The local parish, Mount Carmel Church, resorted to holding back-to-back funeral masses to accommodate all the dead.

Within two days of the mass shooting,[31][32] the San Ysidro Boulevard restaurant had been refurbished and renovated, and was planning to again open for business in the hope that—as one employee commented—the restaurant would become "just another McDonald's". After discussion with community leaders it was decided the restaurant would not reopen.[33] The newly renovated restaurant was razed on July 28.[34] McDonald's later built another restaurant nearby.[28] In the aftermath, McDonald's also announced a commitment to donate $1 million to a survivors' fund.[32][35] Following the closure of the restaurant, McDonald's donated the ground to the city, with the stipulation that no restaurant be constructed upon the site.[36] For over four years, alternate plans to convert the site into either a memorial park or a shrine to the dead failed to materialize, although several makeshift memorials were built and torn down. The land was sold in February 1988 to Southwestern College for $136,000, with the agreement that a 300-square-foot area in front of the campus extension the college intended to construct be set aside as a permanent memorial to the 21 victims who died in the massacre.[37]

The memorial consists of 21 hexagonal white marble pillars ranging in height from one to six feet, each bearing the name of one of the victims.[38] It was designed by Roberto Valdes, a former student at Southwestern College, who said of the sculpture: "The 21 hexagons represent each person that died, and they are different heights, representing the variety of ages and races of the people involved in the massacre. They are bonded together in the hopes that the community, in a tragedy like this, will stick together, like they did."[38] Every anniversary, the monument is decorated with flowers and on the Mexican holiday Day of the Dead, candles and offerings are brought on behalf of the victims.[39] The monument is at 460 West San Ysidro Boulevard.[28]

Plaque at the victims' memorial, inscribed with the names of the 21 fatalities

As a direct result of the massacre, the city of San Diego increased training for special units, and purchased more powerful firearms to better equip police to deal with such scenarios.[27] According to one officer, who confessed to feeling "inadequate" because he had been equipped with a .38 caliber revolver: "The time had come where you had to have a full-time, committed and dedicated, highly trained, well-equipped team ... able to respond rapidly, anywhere in the city."[27] Other cities across America later sought advice from San Diego about how to develop tactical teams, which are now part of most larger police departments across America.[citation needed]

Several family members of those killed, along with survivors of the massacre, filed lawsuits against the McDonald's Corporation and the local franchisee in the Superior Court of California, County of San Diego. The court eventually consolidated these lawsuits and then dismissed them before trial on a defense motion for summary judgment; the plaintiffs appealed. On July 25, 1987, the California Court of Appeal affirmed summary judgment for the defendants because (1) McDonald's or any other business has no duty of care to protect patrons from an unforeseeable assault by a murderous madman; and (2) plaintiffs could not prove causation because the standard reasonable measures normally used by restaurants to deter criminals, such as guards and closed-circuit television cameras, could not possibly have deterred the perpetrator, because he did not care about his own survival.[40]

In the weeks following the massacre, Huberty's wife and daughters stayed with a family friend. Amidst impromptu protests from some residents, Etna received the first payout from the survivors' fund.[41][42] In 1986, she unsuccessfully sued both McDonald's and Babcock & Wilcox, her husband's longtime former employer, in an Ohio state court for $5 million. The suit claimed that the massacre was triggered by both a poor diet, and her husband working around highly poisonous metals, further citing that monosodium glutamate in McDonald's food, combined with the high levels of lead and cadmium discovered in Huberty's body at his autopsy—most likely built up from fumes inhaled during his 14 years of welding at Babcock & Wilcox—[5][43] had induced delusions and uncontrollable rage. (Autopsy results also revealed there were no drugs or alcohol in his system at the time of the killings.)

James Huberty's body was cremated on July 23, 1984. His ashes were interred in his home state of Ohio.[41] Etna Huberty and her daughters relocated from San Ysidro to the nearby town of Spring Valley,[44] where her daughters enrolled in school under assumed names. She died of breast cancer in 2003.[8]

Survivor Alberto Leos became a police officer and served in several police departments in the South Bay, eventually joining the San Diego Police Department.[45]

Perpetrator

James Huberty
File:James Oliver Huberty.jpg
James O. Huberty, pictured in October 1983
Born
James Oliver Huberty

(1942-10-11)October 11, 1942
Canton, Ohio, U.S.
DiedJuly 18, 1984(1984-07-18) (aged 41)
San Diego, California, U.S.
Cause of deathFatally shot by San Diego Police Department SWAT sniper
Occupation(s)Former welder and security guard
SpouseEtna Huberty
Details
DateJuly 18, 1984
c. 3:59 p.m.–5:17 p.m.
Location(s)San Ysidro, San Diego
Target(s)Staff and customers of restaurant
Killed21
Injured19
WeaponsUzi carbine
Browning HP
12-gauge Winchester 1200

James Oliver Huberty (October 11, 1942 – July 18, 1984) was born in Canton, Ohio to Earl V. and Icle Huberty.[46] When he was three, he contracted polio,[47] and even though he made a progressive recovery, the disease caused him to suffer permanent walking difficulties. In the early 1950s, his father bought a farm in the Pennsylvania Amish Country. His mother refused to live in the Amish Country, and soon abandoned her family to do sidewalk preaching for a Southern Baptist organization.

In 1962, Huberty enrolled at Malone College, where he initially studied sociology,[1] before opting to study at the Pittsburgh Institute of Mortuary Science in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[48] In 1965, he married Etna Markland, whom he had met while attending Malone College. Shortly after his marriage, Huberty obtained his license for embalming, and obtained employment at a funeral home in Canton. He worked in this profession for two years, before opting to become a welder. Shortly thereafter, he and his wife moved to Massillon, Ohio,[1] where daughters Zelia and Cassandra were born in 1972 and 1974 respectively.

He and Etna had a history of domestic violence, with Etna filing a report with the Canton Department of Children and Family Services that her husband had "messed up" her jaw. She would produce tarot cards and pretend to read his future to pacify him and his bouts of violence, thus producing a temporary calming effect.

Huberty, a self-proclaimed survivalist, saw signs of what he thought was growing trouble in America, and believed that government regulations were the cause of business failures, including his own. He believed that international bankers were purposefully manipulating the Federal Reserve System and bankrupting the nation.[49] Convinced that Soviet aggression was everywhere, he believed that the breakdown of society was near, perhaps through economic collapse or nuclear war. He committed himself to prepare to survive this coming collapse and, while in Canton, provisioned his house with thousands of dollars of non-perishable food and six guns that he intended to use to defend his home during what he believed was the coming chaos. According to one family acquaintance named Jim Aslanes, Huberty's home was bedecked with loaded firearms[50] to such a degree that wherever Huberty was sitting or standing, he "could just reach over and get a gun." Furthermore, Huberty had regularly vocalized his belief that "the country wasn't treating him right; that everything was being done against the working people."[51]

When Huberty and his family moved from Ohio to Tijuana, Mexico in October 1983, he left all but the most essential of his family's possessions in storage, but ensured he brought his gun arsenal with him.[52] According to published reports, Huberty's wife and daughters embraced their new environs and became friendly with their neighbors, although Huberty—who spoke little Spanish—was sullen and taciturn. Within three months, the Hubertys had relocated to the San Diego suburb of San Ysidro, where they rented a two-bedroom apartment in the Cottonwood Apartments. In San Ysidro, Huberty was able to find work as a security guard, and the family relocated to an apartment on Averil Road, just one block from the McDonald's restaurant Huberty would select as the site of his murder spree on July 18.[1] He was dismissed from this position on July 10, one week before the shooting.

See also

Lists

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Mass Murderers. True Crime. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books. 1993. ISBN 978-0783500041.
  2. ^ Inside the Minds of Mass Murderers: Why They Kill p. 41
  3. ^ Extreme Killing: Understanding Serial and Mass Murder p. 302
  4. ^ Mass Murderers, p. 123.
  5. ^ a b "The Chemistry of Violence", Popular Mechanics, March 1998, archived from the original on March 6, 2008 {{citation}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; March 16, 2005 suggested (help)
  6. ^ Leyton, E. (2011). Hunting Humans: The Rise Of The Modern Multiple Murderer. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 9781551996431. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
  7. ^ Mass Murderers, p. 124.
  8. ^ a b Gresko, Jessica (July 18, 2004), "20 Years later, San Ysidro McDonald's massacre remembered", North County Times, Escondido, CA, Associated Press, archived from the original on August 31, 2009
  9. ^ CrimeLibrary.com
  10. ^ Cawthorne, Nigel; Tibballs, Geoff (1994). Killers: Contract Killers, Spree Killers, Sex Killers, the Ruthless Exponents of Murder, the Most Evil Crime of All. Boxtree. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-7522-0850-3.
  11. ^ Cawthorne, Nigel; Tibballs, Geoff (1994). Killers: Contract Killers, Spree Killers, Sex Killers, the Ruthless Exponents of Murder, the Most Evil Crime of All. Boxtree. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-7522-0850-3.
  12. ^ Franscell, Ron (2011). "77 Minutes in Hell". Delivered From Evil: True Stories of Ordinary People Who Faced Monstrous Mass Killers and Survived. Beverly, Massachusetts: Fair Winds Press. pp. 71–72. ISBN 978-1610594943.
  13. ^ a b c Franscell, p. 72.
  14. ^ Franscell, p. 70.
  15. ^ Franscell, p. 76.
  16. ^ a b c d Franscell, p. 73.
  17. ^ a b c Siegel, Lee (July 20, 1984). "California massacre: deaths came in instant". Gainesville Sun. Associated Press. p. 1C.
  18. ^ Daniel, Leon (July 22, 1984). "Innocent victims pay the price of an angry man". The Courier. Prescott, Arizona. United Press International. p. 12A.
  19. ^ Franscell, pp. 72-73.
  20. ^ Freed, David; Miller, Marjorie (July 17, 1985). "San Ysidro still grieves a year after massacre". The Milwaukee Journal. Los Angeles Times service. p. 12.
  21. ^ a b "Tiny shooting survivor back home healthy". The Montreal Gazette. UPI. August 8, 1984. p. F-13.
  22. ^ Union-Tribune Jul. 18, 2004
  23. ^ a b Kusi News Jul. 19, 2014
  24. ^ a b Covarrubias, Amanda; Sander, Ernest (July 17, 1994). "Recalling the horror at McDonald's, ten years ago". The Daily Courier. Yavapai County, Arizona. AP. p. 9A.
  25. ^ Cawthorne, Nigel (1994). Killers: Contract Killers, Spree Killers, Sex Killers, the Ruthless Exponents of Murder, the Most Evil Crime of All. London: Boxtree. p. 316. ISBN 0-7522-0850-0.
  26. ^ "McDonald's Massacre Inflicts Physical, Emotional Trauma". Logansport Pharos-Tribune. July 22, 1984. p. 23.
  27. ^ a b c Kavanagh, Jim (July 24, 2009), Slaughter at McDonald's changed how police operate, CNN, retrieved June 3, 2010
  28. ^ a b c "A massacre in San Ysidro". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved August 11, 2011.
  29. ^ Franscell, p. 75.
  30. ^ Franscell, "77 Minutes in Hell".
  31. ^ Cawthorne, p. 318.
  32. ^ a b "Victims of mass killer are buried by families". Kentucky New Era. AP. July 21, 1984. p. 3A.
  33. ^ Mathews, Jay (July 25, 1984). "San Ysidro McDonald's Won't Reopen". Washington Post.
  34. ^ Cawthorne, p. 319.
  35. ^ "San Ysidro Massacre Relief Fund Pays $350,000". Los Angeles Times. March 24, 1985.
  36. ^ Reading Eage Sep. 7, 1984
  37. ^ "Memorial due on site where 21 people killed". Lodi News-Sentinel. UPI. July 18, 1990.
  38. ^ a b Ben-Ali, Russell (December 14, 1990). "After a Long Wait, Monument Is Dedicated at Massacre Site". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
  39. ^ "San Diego's Dark Side". KOGO (AM). Retrieved October 5, 2014.
  40. ^ Lopez v. McDonald's Corp., 193 Cal. App. 3d 495 (1987).
  41. ^ a b "Widow of McDonald massacre gunman returns home". Lodi News-Sentinel. UPI. July 27, 1984. p. 10.
  42. ^ "Huberty widow pledges to help victims' families". The Day. New London, Connecticut. AP. July 28, 1984. p. 22.
  43. ^ "Widow says McNuggets sparked shooting spree". The Bryan Times. Bryan, Ohio. UPI. September 18, 1987. p. 2.
  44. ^ "Life hard for family of McDonald's killer". Gainesville Sun. AP. July 18, 1985. p. 8A.
  45. ^ Zuniga, Janine (18 July 2004). "Carnage survivor lives his dream of being cop". San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  46. ^ Washington Post Jul. 21, 1984
  47. ^ The Evil 100 at Google Books
  48. ^ Encyclopedia of murder & violent crime at Google Books
  49. ^ Brown, Ronald D. (15 November 2012). Dying on the Job: Murder and Mayhem in the American Workplace. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-4422-1845-1.
  50. ^ "2The Montreal Gazette Jul. 20, 1984
  51. ^ Eugene Register-Guard Jul. 20, 1984
  52. ^ Mitchell, Richard Sheppard (2002). Dancing at Armageddon: Survivalism and Chaos in Modern Times. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. [page needed]. ISBN 978-0-226-53244-8.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Ysidro_McDonald%27s_massacre&oldid=695071424"