Life (magazine)
Life is an American magazine that publishes interviews, essays, cartoons, and photos. At one point it sold more than 13.5 million copies a week and achieved iconic status; today Life is distributed as a free supplement in major U.S. newspapers. It was born in the early 1880s as a humor magazine and gained iconic status during the late 1930s. In the years following World War II, Life was so popular that President Harry S. Truman, Sir Winston Churchill, and Gen. Douglas MacArthur all serialized their memoirs in its pages.
Life was the first all-photography news magazine and dominated the market for more than 40 years. Perhaps one of the best-known pictures printed in the magazine was photographer Alfred Eisenstaedt’s shot of a nurse in a sailor’s arms, snapped on August 27, 1945, as they celebrated Victory Over Japan Day in New York City. The magazine’s place in the history of photojournalism is considered its most important contribution to publishing.
However, Life did not always have its familiar white type on red field logo. Beginning in 1883 and continuing for 53 years, Life was a general-interest light entertainment magazine, heavy on illustrations, jokes, and social commentary. It attracted some of the greatest writers, editors, and cartoonists of its era. In 1936 it was purchased by Henry Luce, publisher of Fortune (magazine) and Time (magazine), and transformed into a news picture magazine. It was wildly successful for two generations before its prestige was diminished by economics and changing tastes. Since 1972, Life has ceased publication three times, only to be brought back to readers in different incarnations.
Early history
Life was born January 4, 1883, in a New York City artist’s studio at 1155 Broadway. The founding publisher was John Ames Mitchell, a 37-year old illustrator, who used a $10,000 inheritance to launch the weekly magazine. Mitchell created the first Life nameplate with cupids as mascots; he later drew its masthead of a knight leveling his lance at the posterior of a fleeing devil. Mitchell took advantage of a revolutionary new printing process using zinc-coated plates, which improved the reproduction of his illustrations and artwork. This edge helped because Life faced stiff competition from the bestselling humor magazines The Judge and Puck (magazine), which were already established and successful. Edward Sandford Martin was brought on as Life’s first literary editor; the recent Harvard graduate was a founder of the Harvard Lampoon.
The motto of the first issue of Life was “While there’s Life, there’s hope.” The new magazine set forth its principles and policies to its readers: “We wish to have some fun in this paper... We shall try to domesticate as much as possible of the casual cheerfulness that is drifting about in an unfriendly world... We shall have something to say about religion, about politics, fashion, society, literature, the stage, the stock exchange, and the police station, and we will speak out what is in our mind as fairly, as truthfully, and as decently as we know how.” [1]
The magazine was a success and soon attracted the industry’s leading contributors. Among the most important was Charles Dana Gibson. Three years after the magazine was founded, the Massachusetts native sold Life his first contribution for $4: a dog outside his kennel howling at the moon. Encouraged by a publisher who was also an artist, Gibson was joined in Life’s early days by such well-known illustrators as Palmer Cox (creator of the Brownies (elf), A. B. Frost, Oliver Herford, and E. W. Kemble. Life attracted an impressive literary roster too: John Kendrick Bangs, James Whitcomb Riley, and Brander Matthews all wrote for the magazine at the turn of the Century.
However, Life also had its dark side. Publisher Mitchell was sometimes accused of outright anti-Semitism. When the magazine blamed the theatrical team of Klaw & Erlanger for Chicago’s grisly Iroquois Theater Fire in 1903, a national uproar ensued. Life’s drama critic, the rascal James Stetson Metcalfe, was barred from the 47 Manhattan theatres controlled by the so-called “Theatrical Trust.” His magazine hit back with terrible cartoons of grotesque Jews with enormous noses.
Life became a place that discovered new talent; this was particularly true among illustrators. In 1908 Robert Ripley published his first cartoon in Life, 20 years before his Believe It or Not! fame. Norman Rockwell’s first cover for Life, Tain’t You, was published May 10, 1917. Rockwell’s paintings were featured on Life’s cover 28 times between 1917 and 1924. Rea Irvin, the first art director of The New Yorker and creator of Eustace Tilley, got his start drawing covers for Life.
Just as pictures would later become Life’s most compelling feature, Charles Dana Gibson dreamed up its most celebrated figure. His creation, the Gibson Girl, was a tall, regal beauty. After her early Life appearances in the 1890s, the Gibson Girl became the nation’s feminine ideal. The Gibson Girl was a publishing sensation and earned a place in fashion history.
This version of Life took sides in politics and international affairs, and published fiery pro-American editorials. Mitchell and Gibson were incensed when Germany attacked Belgium; in 1914 they undertook a campaign to push America into the war. Mitchell’s seven years spent at Paris art schools made him partial to the French; there wasn’t a shred of unbiased coverage of the war. Gibson drew the Kaiser as a bloody madman, insulting Uncle Sam, sneering at crippled soldiers, and even shooting Red Cross nurses. Mitchell lived just long enough to see Life’s crusade result in the U. S. declaration of war in 1917.
Following Mitchell’s death in 1918, Gibson bought the magazine for $1 million. But the world was a different place for Gibson’s publication. It was not the Gay Nineties where family-style humor prevailed and the chaste Gibson Girls wore floor-length dresses. The Great War had spurred changing tastes among the magazine-reading public. Life’s brand of fun, clean, cultivated, humor began to pale before the new variety: crude, sexy, and cynical. Life struggled to compete on newsstands with such risqué rivals.
In 1920 Gibson tapped former Vanity Fair staffer Robert E. Sherwood to be editor. A World War I veteran and member of the Algonquin Round Table, Sherwood tried to inject sophisticated humor onto the pages. Life published Ivy League jokes, cartoons, Flapper sayings, and all-burlesque issues. Beginning in 1920 Life undertook a crusade against Prohibition. Life also tapped the humorous writings of Frank Sullivan, Robert Benchley, Dorothy Parker, Franklin P. Adams, and Corey Ford. Among the illustrators and cartoonists were Ralph Barton, Percy Crosby, Don Herold, Ellison Hoover, H. T. Webster, Art Young, andJohn Held Jr.
Despite such all-star talents on staff, Life had passed its prime, and was sliding toward financial ruin. The New Yorker, debuting in February 1925, copied many of the features and styles of Life; it even raided its editorial and art departments. Another blow to Life’s circulation came from raunchy humor periodicals such as Ballyhoo and Hooey, which ran what can be termed outhouse gags. Esquire joined Life’s competitors in 1933. A little more than three years after purchasing Life, Gibson quit and turned the decaying property over to Publisher Clair Maxwell and Treasurer Henry Richter. Gibson retired to Maine to paint and lost active interest in the magazine, which he left deeply in the red.
Life had 250,000 readers in 1920. But as the Jazz Age rolled into the Great Depression, the magazine lost money and subscribers. By the time Maxwell and Editor George Eggleston took over, Life had switched from publishing weekly to monthly. The two men went to work revamping its editorial style to meet the times, and in the process it did win new readers. Life struggled to make a profit in the 1930s when Henry Luce pursued purchasing it.
Announcing the death of Life, Maxwell declared: “We cannot claim, like Mr. Gene Tunney, that we resigned our championship undefeated in our prime. But at least we hope to retire gracefully from a world still friendly.”
For Life’s final issue in its original format, 80 year-old Edward Sandford Martin was recalled from editorial retirement to compose its obituary. He wrote, “That Life should be passing into the hands of new owners and directors is of the liveliest interest to the sole survivor of the little group that saw it born in January 1883. ... As for me, I wish it all good fortune; grace, mercy and peace and usefulness to a distracted world that does not know which way to turn nor what will happen to it next. A wonderful time for a new voice to make a noise that needs to be heard!” [2]
The photojournalism magazine
In 1936 publisher Henry Luce paid $92,000 to the owners of Life magazine because he sought the name for Time Inc. Wanting only the old Life’s name in the sale, Time Inc. sold Life’s subscription list, features, and goodwill to The Judge. Convinced that pictures could tell a story instead of just illustrating text, Luce launched Life on November 23, 1936. The third magazine published by Luce, after Time (magazine) in 1923 and Fortune (magazine) in 1930, Life gave birth to the photo magazine, giving as much space and importance to pictures as to words. The first issue of Life, which sold for 10 cents, featured five pages of Alfred Eisenstaedt’s pictures.
When the first issue of Life magazine appeared on the newsstands, the U.S. was in the midst of the Great Depression and the world was headed toward war. Adolph Hitler was firmly in power in Germany. In Spain, Gen. Francisco Franco’s rebel army was at the gates of Madrid; German Luftwaffe pilots and bomber crews, calling themselves the Condor Legion, were honing their skills as Franco’s air arm. Italy’s Benito Mussolini annexed Ethiopia. Luce ignored tense world affairs when the new Life was unveiled: the first issue depicted the Fort Peck Dam in Montana photographed by Margaret Bourke-White.
The format of Life in 1936 was an instant classic: the text was condensed into captions for 50 pages of pictures. The magazine was printed on heavily coated paper that cost readers only a dime. The magazine’s circulation skyrocketed beyond the company’s predictions, going from 380,000 copies of the first issue to more than one million a week four months later. [3] It spawned many imitators, such as 'Look (magazine), which folded in 1971.
Life got its own building at 19 West 31st Street, a Beaux-Arts jewel built in 1894 and considered of “outstanding significance” by the New York Landmarks Preservation Commission. Later it moved editorial offices to 9 Rockefeller Plaza.
Iconic success
Luce pulled a stringer for Time, Edward K. Thompson, to become assistant picture editor in 1937. From 1949–1961 he was the managing editor and editor in chief, until his retirement in 1970. His influence was significant during the magazine’s heyday - roughly from 1936 until the mid-1960s. Thompson was known for the free reign he gave his editors, particularly a “trio of formidable and colorful women: Sally Kirkland, fashion editor; Mary Letherbee, movie editor; and Mary Hamman, modern living editor.” [4]
The magazine became archly conservative, and attacked organized labor and trade unions. In August 1942, writing of labor unrest, Life concluded: “The morale situation is perhaps the worst in the U.S. …It is time for the rest of the country to sit up and take notice. For Detroit can either blow up Hitler or it can blow up the U.S.” Detroit’s Mayor Edward J. Jeffries was outraged: “I’ll match Detroit’s patriotism against any other city’s in the country. The whole story in Life is scurrilous. …I’d just call it a yellow magazine and let it go at that.” [5] Martin R. Bradley, a U.S. Collector of Customs, was ordered to tear out of the August 17 issue five pages containing an article captioned “Detroit is Dynamite” before permitting copies of the magazine to cross the international border to Canada.
When the U.S. entered the war in 1941, so did Life. By 1944 not all of Time and Life’s 40 war correspondents were men, six of were newswomen: Mary Welsh, Margaret Bourke-White, Lael Tucker, Peggy Durdin, Shelley Smith Mydans, and Annalee Jacoby reported on the war for the company.
Life was pro-American and backed the war effort each week. In July 1942, Life launched its first art contest for soldiers and drew more than 1,500 entries, submitted by all ranks from the armed forces. Judges sorted out the best and awarded $1,000 in prizes. Life picked 16 for reproduction in the magazine. Washington’s National Gallery agreed to put 117 on exhibition that summer.
The magazine employed the distinguished war photographer Robert Capa. A veteran of Colliers magazine, Capa was the sole photographer among the first wave of the D-Day invasion in Normandy, France, on June 6, 1944. A notorious controversy at the Life photography darkroom ensued after a mishap ruined dozens of Capa’s photos that were taken during the beach landing; the magazine claimed in its captions that the photos were fuzzy because Capa’s hands were shaking. He denied it; he later poked fun at Life by titling his memoir Slightly Out of Focus. In 1954, Capa was killed while working for the magazine while covering the First Indochina War after stepping on a landmine.
Each week during World War II the magazine brought the war home to Americans; it had photographers in all theaters of war, from the Pacific to Europe.
In May 1950 the council of ministers in Cairo banned Life from Egypt, forever. All issues on sale were confiscated. No reason was given, but Egyptian officials expressed indignation over the April 10, 1950, story about King Farouk of Egypt, entitled the “Problem King of Egypt.” The government considered it insulting to the country.
Life in the 1950s earned a measure of respect by commissioning work from top authors. After Life’s publication in 1952 of Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea, the magazine contracted with the author for a 4,000-word piece on bullfighting. Hemingway sent the editors a 10,000-word article, following his last visit to Spain in 1959 to cover a series of contests between two top matadors. The article was republished in 1985 as the novella The Dangerous Summer. [6]
In February 1953, just a few weeks after leaving office, President Harry S Truman announced that Life magazine would handle all rights to his memoirs. Truman said it was his belief that by 1954 he would be able to speak more fully on subjects pertaining to the role his administration played in world affairs. Truman observed that Life editors had presented other memoirs with great dignity; he added that Life also made the best offer.
Life's motto became, "To see Life; see the world." The magazine in the post-war years published some of the most iconic images of events in the United States and the world. Life also produced many popular science serials such as ''The World We Live In'' and ''The Epic of Man'' in the early 1950s.
The magazine was losing readers as the 1950s drew to a close. In May 1959 the magazine announced plans to reduce its regular newsstand price to 19 cents a copy from 25 cents. With the increase in television sales and viewership, interest in news magazines was waning. Life would need to reinvent itself.
The Sixties and the end of an era
In the 1960s the magazine was filled with color photos of movie stars, President John F. Kennedy and his family, the war in Vietnam, and the moon landing. Typical of the magazine’s editorial focus was a long 1964 feature on actress Elizabeth Taylor and her relationship to actor Richard Burton. Reporter Richard Meryman Jr. traveled with Taylor to New York, California, and Paris. Life ran a 6,000-word first-person article on the screen star. “I’m not a ‘sex queen’ or a ‘sex symbol,’ “ Taylor said. “I don’t think I want to be one. Sex symbol kind of suggests bathrooms in hotels or something. I do know I’m a movie star and I like being a woman, and I think sex is absolutely gorgeous. But as far as a sex goddess, I don’t worry myself that way... Richard is a very sexy man. He’s got that sort of jungle essence that one can sense... When we look at each other, it’s like our eyes have fingers and they grab ahold... I think I ended up being the scarlet woman because of my rather puritanical up bringing and beliefs. I couldn’t just have a romance. It had to be a marriage.” [7]
In the 1960s, the magazine’s photographs featured those by Gordon Parks. “The camera is my weapon against the things I dislike about the universe and how I show the beautiful things about the universe,” Parks recalled in 2000. “I didn’t care about Life magazine. I cared about the people,” he said. [8]
In March 1967 Life won the 1967 National Magazine Award, chosen by the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. The prestigious award paid tribute to the stunning photos coming out of the war in Southeast Asia, such as Henri Huet’s riveting series of a wounded medic that were published in January 1966. Increasingly, the photos that Life was printing of the war in Vietnam were searing images of death and loss.
However, despite the accolades the magazine continued to win, and publishing American’s mission to the moon in 1969, circulation was lagging. It was announced in January 1971 that Life would reduce its circulation from 8.5 million to 7 million in an effort to offset shrinking advertising revenues. Exactly one year later, Life cut its circulation from 7 million to 5.5 million beginning with the Jan. 14, 1972, issue, publisher Gary Valk announced. Life was reportedly not losing money, but its costs were rising faster than its profits.
Industry figures showed some 96 percent of its circulation went to mail subscribers and only 4 percent to newsstands. Valk was at the helm as publisher when hundreds lost their jobs. The end came when the weekly Life magazine shut down on Dec. 8, 1972.
From 1972 to 1978, Time Inc. published ten Life Special Reports on such themes as “The Spirit of Israel,” “Remarkable American Women” and “The Year in Pictures.” With a minimum of promotion, those issues sold between 500,000 and 1 million copies at cover prices of up to $2.
Life as a monthly, 1978-2000
Life reemerged as a monthly in 1978, and continued for the next 22 years as a moderately successful general interest news features magazine. In 1986 it decided to mark its 50th anniversary (not paying attention to the 1883-1936 edition, or its seven-year hiatus in the Seventies). The circulation in this era hovered around the 1.5 million-circulation mark. The cover price in 1986 was $1.50. The publisher at the time was Charles Whittingham. Life also got to go back to war in the 1990s, and it did so just like in 1940s. A weekly Life in Time of War was published for a month or two during the first Gulf War.
Hard times came to the magazine once again, and in February 1993 Life announced the magazine would be printed on smaller pages starting with its July issue. It also slashed advertising prices 35 percent in a bid to make the monthly publication more appealing to advertisers. The magazine reduced its circulation guarantee for advertisers by 12 percent in July 1993 to 1.5 million copies from the current 1.7 million. The publisher in this era was Nora McAniff; Life for the first time was the same format size as its longtime Time Inc. sister publication, Fortune (magazine).
The magazine was back in the national conscience upon the death in August 1995 of Alfred Eisenstaedt, the Life photographer whose pictures constitute some of the most enduring images of the 20th century. Eisenstaedt’s photographs of the famous and infamous -- Hitler and Mussolini, Marilyn Monroe, Ernest Hemingway, the Kennedy’s, Sophia Loren -- won him worldwide renown and 87 covers at Life.
In 1999 the magazine was suffering financially, but still made news by compiling lists to round out the 20th Century. Life editors ranked its top ten events of the millennium as well as a list of the "100 Most Important People in the Last 1000 Years" as Life's 100 most important people of the second millennium.
It appeared that the money-losing magazine was just hanging on to make it into the 21st Century, and it did, but barely. In March 2000, Time Inc. announced it would cease regular publication of Life with the May issue. “It’s a sad day for us here,” Don Logan, chairman and chief executive of Time Inc., told CNNfn.com. “It was still in the black,” he said, noting that Life was increasingly spending more to maintain its monthly circulation level of approximately 1.5 million. “Life was a general interest magazine and since its reincarnation, it had always struggled to find its identity, to find its position in the marketplace,” Logan said. [9]
While citing poor advertising sales and a rough climate for selling magazine subscriptions, Time Inc. executives said a key reason for closing the title in 2000 was to divert resources to the company’s other magazine launches that year, such as Real Simple. Later that year, its parent company, Time Warner, struck a deal with the Tribune Company for Times Mirror magazines that included Golf, Ski, Skiing, Field & Stream, and Yachting. Life was not around when AOL and Time Warner announced their $183 billion merger, the largest corporate merger in history, which was finalized in January 2001. [10]
2004 and the return in Sunday newspapers
Life was absent from the U.S. market for less than five years. Beginning in October 2004, the magazine was revived for a third time. Life resumed weekly publication, in an incarnation as a free supplement to U.S. newspapers. Life went into competition for the first time with the two industry heavyweights, Parade and USA Weekend. At its launch, it was distributed with more than 60 newspapers with a combined circulation of approximately 12 million. Among the newspapers to carry Life: New York Daily News, Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, The Denver Post, and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Time Inc. made deals with several major newspaper publishers to carry the Life supplement, including Knight Ridder and the McClatchy Company.
This current version of Life retains its trademark logo, but sports a new cover motto, “America’s Weekend Magazine.” It measures 9 ½ x 11 ½ inches and is printed on glossy paper in full-color. On September 15, 2006, Life was just 20 pages. The editorial content contained one full-page photo, of actress Julia Louis-Dreyfus, and one three-page, seven-photo essay, of Kaiju Big Battel.
LIFE's ten most important events of the second millennium
The magazine ranked its top ten events of the millennium:
- Printing by movable type (Johann Gutenberg, 1455)
- Discovery of the New World (Christopher Columbus, 1492)
- A new major religion (Martin Luther, 1527)
- Steam engine starts industrial revolution (James Watt, 1769)
- Discovery that Earth revolves around sun (Galileo Galilei, 1610)
- Germ theory of disease (Louis Pasteur, 1864; Robert Koch, 1876)
- Gunpowder weapons (China, 1100)
- Declaration of Independence (United States) (1776)
- Adolf Hitler comes to power (1933)
- Compass goes to sea (China, 1117)
This list has been criticised for being overly focused on Western achievements. The Chinese, for example, had invented movable type four centuries before Gutenberg, but with thousands of ideograms, found its use impractical.
LIFE's 100 most important people of the second millennium
The magazine also published a list of the "100 Most Important People in the Last 1000 Years":
This list, too, was criticized for focusing on the West. Also, Edison's number one ranking was challenged since there were others whose inventions (combustion engine, car, electricity-making machines, for example) which had greater impact than Edison's. The top 100 list was further criticised for mixing world-famous people, such as Newton and Einstein and Pasteur and da Vinci, with numerous Americans largely unknown outside of the United States (18 Americans compared to 13 Italians and French, 12 English).
In popular culture
- “There are events which arouse such simple and obvious emotions that an AP cable or a photograph in Life magazine are enough and poetic comment is impossible,” -- W. H. Auden, Poets At Work, Harcourt, Brace, 1948.
- In 1937, Life commissioned Frank Lloyd Wright to design a house for a typical middle-income family. In 1993 the magazine revived the idea, launching a series of affordable houses designed by major American architects. Hugh Newell Jacobsen designed the “1998 Life Dream House”.
- In the classic 1954 motion picture Rear Window, the protagonist, portrayed by James Stewart, is a Life magazine photographer.
- In 1955, one year after his death, the Overseas Press Club created the Robert Capa Gold Medal. It is given annually to the photographer who provides the "best published photographic reporting from abroad, requiring exceptional courage and enterprise". Life contributors have won seven times, the last being Larry Burrows posthumously in 1971. Like Capa, Burrows also died while working for Life, in a helicopter crash in Vietnam with his friend and fellow Life photographer, Henri Huet. It was Huet who had won the same award in 1967 for Life. [11]
- In June 2004 it was revealed that former U.S. Army paratrooper Kelso Horne Sr.’s deathbed wish was for his ashes to be spread on the beach of Normandy, France. Horne was made world famous when Life featured his picture on its cover on Aug. 14, 1944 -- two months after he jumped with 13,000 other men into northern France on D-Day. The 82nd Airborne Division soldier became a symbol of the American fighting man. When he died sixty years later, his ashes were taken to France. [12]
Contributors
Well-known contributors since 1936 have included:
- Larry Burrows (photojournalist)
- Margaret Bourke-White (photojournalist)
- Robert Capa (photojournalist)
- Alfred Eisenstaedt (photojournalist)
- Clay Felker (sportswriter, founder of New York Magazine)
- Dirck Halstead (photojournalist)
- Mary Hamman (modern living editor)
- Henri Huet (photojournalist)
- Sally Kirkland (fashion editor)
- Will Lang Jr. (Bureau Head / Chief Regional Bureau Director)
- Mary Leatherbee (movie editor)
- Henry Luce (publisher, editor-in-chief, 1936-1964)
- Lee Miller (photojournalist)
- Gjon Mili (photojournalist)
- Gordon Parks (photojournalist)
- George Silk (photojournalist)
- Edward Steichen (portrait photographer)
- Karina Taira (fashion photographer)
- Edward K. Thompson (managing editor 1949–1961; editor in chief 1961–1970)
References
- ^ Time magazine, “Life: Dead & Alive”, Oct. 19, 1936
- ^ Time magazine, “Life: Dead & Alive”, Oct. 19, 1936
- ^ Time magazine, “Pictorial to Sleep”, March 8, 1937
- ^ Hamblin, Dora Jane: “That Was The LIFE”, page 161. W.W. Norton & Company, 1977.
- ^ Mansfield (Ohio) News Journal, August 17, 1942.
- ^ Palin, Michael: “Michael Palin’s Hemingway Adventure”, PBS, 1999.
- ^ Time magazine, “Our Eyes Have Fingers”, Dec. 25, 1964.
- ^ The Rocky Mountain News, November 29, 2000, page 1.
- ^ “Time Inc. to cease publication of Life magazine”, CNNMoney.com, March 17, 2000.
- ^ Columbia Journalism Review
- ^ Overseas Press Club Robert Capa Gold Medal
- ^ Atlanta Journal-Constitution, June 6, 2004, page MS1.
External links
- Life official Web site
- Life's Millennium list I
- Life's Millennium list II
- Vintage Life magazine website
