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Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi

Coordinates: 41°05′10″N 29°00′44″E / 41.0860°N 29.0121°E / 41.0860; 29.0121
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Killing of Jamal Khashoggi
Location of the Saudi consulate in Istanbul
Location of the Saudi consulate in Istanbul
Location of the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, where the killing took place
LocationSaudi consulate in Istanbul, Turkey
Coordinates41°05′10″N 29°00′44″E / 41.0860°N 29.0121°E / 41.0860; 29.0121
Date2 October 2018 (2018-10-02)
Some time after 1 p.m., when Khashoggi entered the Saudi consulate[1]
VictimJamal Khashoggi
MotiveRemoving a prominent dissident and critic of the Saudi leadership (alleged)[2]
InquiryOngoing

Jamal Khashoggi, a Saudi journalist for The Washington Post,[5] author, free speech advocate, and a former general manager and editor-in-chief of Al-Arab News Channel, was killed at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, Turkey, on 2 October 2018. The governments of several countries, including Saudi Arabia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany believe Khashoggi was murdered. Turkey in particular believes it was premeditated murder and Saudi Arabia has admitted that agents affiliated with the Saudi government murdered Khashoggi.[6][7]

Khashoggi was visiting the consulate in order to obtain documents related to the marriage he and his fiancée were planning. Because no security-camera footage of him exiting the building could be found,[8] he was declared a missing person[9] amid news reports claiming that he was dismembered alive inside the consulate before being killed.[10][11] An inspection of the consulate, by both Saudi and Turkish officials, took place on 15 October. Turkish officials found evidence of tampering during the inspection and evidence that supported the belief that Khashoggi had been killed.[12] Initially, the Saudi government claimed he had left the consulate alive,[1] but 18 days later admitted he was killed inside, claiming this occurred after a fight. Eighteen Saudis were arrested, including the team of 15 operatives which Saudi Arabia claimed General Ahmad Asiri allegedly sent to confront Khashoggi and, if necessary, detain him for return to Saudi Arabia.[13][14][15] A Saudi-Turkish joint investigation found evidence indicating the suspects acted with premeditated intent and had murdered Khashoggi. The Saudi Royal family have denied that they ordered or sanctioned Khashoggi's murder.[6]

Victim

Main article: Jamal Khashoggi

Khashoggi was a Saudi journalist,[5] author, and a former general manager and editor-in-chief of Al-Arab News Channel.[16] He also served as editor for the Saudi newspaper Al Watan, turning it into a platform for Saudi progressives.[17]

Khashoggi fled Saudi Arabia in September 2017 and went into self-imposed exile. He said, "The government banned me from Twitter when I cautioned against an overly enthusiastic embrace of then-President-elect Donald Trump."[18] He later wrote newspaper articles critical of the Saudi government. Khashoggi had been sharply critical of Saudi Arabia's crown prince, Mohammad bin Salman, and the country's king, Salman of Saudi Arabia.[5] He also opposed the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[19]

The Washington Post reported on 9 October that "the U.S. intelligence intercepted communications of Saudi officials discussing a plan to capture" Khashoggi.[20] The intercepted communications were regarded as significant because Khashoggi had bought a home in McLean, Virginia,[21] where he lived after fleeing the KSA. Khashoggi had obtained an O visa — also known as the "genius" visa, that offers individuals of "extraordinary ability and achievement" in the sciences, arts, education, and other fields and are recognized internationally — he had applied for permanent residency status, and three of his children were US citizens.[22][23] As a legal resident of the United States Khashoggi was entitled to protection. Under a directive adopted in 2015, the US intelligence community has a "duty to warn" people — including those who are not US citizens — who are at risk of being kidnapped or killed. This directive was a central aspect of the conversation about the US's response to Khashoggi's disappearance.

Khashoggi was offered and he accepted a position as a fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (or Wilson Center), located in Washington, D.C.[24]

According to the National Security Agency (NSA) officials, the White House was warned of this threat through official intelligence channels.[25] The Office of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) of Dan Coats declined to comment on why Khashoggi was not warned.[23] 55 members of Congress demanded in a letter clarity from DNI Dan Coats on what the intelligence community knew about the risk Khashoggi faced before his disappearance and whether American officials attempted to notify him that his life was in danger. In the letter, they sought insight into everything the NSA knows about phone calls and emails from Saudi officials on the Khashoggi case.[26]

Disappearance

Khashoggi was last seen going inside the main entrance of the Saudi consulate in Istanbul at around 1 pm on 2 October 2018, in order to obtain a document that proved he was divorced.[1][27] This document would allow him to marry his fiancée, Hatice Cengiz, a Turkish citizen, who waited for hours outside.[1][28] As he had not come out by 4 pm, even though the working hours of the consulate were until 3:30 pm, his fiancée got in touch with the authorities and reported him missing after the consulate closed.[29] The Saudi government said that he had left the consulate[30][31][32] via a back entrance.[33] The Turkish government said that he was still inside, and his fiancée and friends said that he was missing.[34]

Turkish authorities have claimed that security camera footage of the day of the incident was removed from the consulate and that Turkish consulate staff were abruptly told to take a holiday on the day Khashoggi disappeared while inside the building.[35] Turkish police investigators told the media that the recordings from the security cameras did not show any evidence of Khashoggi leaving the consulate.[36] A security camera was located outside the consulate's front which showed him entering but not leaving, while another camera installed at a preschool opposite the rear entrance of the consulate also did not show him leaving.[36]

Analysts have suggested that Khashoggi may have been considered especially dangerous by the Saudi leadership not because he was a long-time dissident, but rather, a pillar of the Saudi establishment who had been close to its ruling circles for decades, had worked as an editor at Saudi news outlets and had been an adviser to a former Saudi intelligence chief.[2]

Investigation

U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo meets with King Salman

Sabah reported on 11 October that Turkish officials were investigating whether Khashoggi's Apple Watch would reveal clues as to what happened to him inside the Saudi consulate, examining whether data from the smartwatch could have been transmitted to the cloud, or his personal phone, which was with his fiancée, Hatice Cengiz.[37]

On the evening of 14 October, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and King Salman announced that a deal had been made for a "jointing working group" to examine the case.[38] On 15 October the Turkish Foreign Ministry announced that an "inspection" of the consulate, by both Turkish and Saudi officials, would take place that afternoon.[39][40] According to an anonymous source from the Attorney General's office, Turkish officials found evidence of "tampering" during the inspection, and evidence that supports the belief Khashoggi was killed.[12] Turkish President Erdoğan said that "investigation is looking into many things such as toxic materials and those materials being removed by painting them over".[41]

According to anonymous sources, Turkish police have expanded the search, as Khashoggi's body may have been disposed of in nearby Belgrad Forest or on farmland in Yalova Province, as indicated by the movement of the Saudi vehicles,[42] and DNA tests of samples from the Saudi consulate and the consul's residence are being conducted;[43] Al Jazeera reported that according to anonymous sources, fingerprints of one of the alleged perpetrators, Salah Muhammad al-Tubaigy, were found in the consulate.[44]

On 22 October, six US and Western officials[45] stated they believed that the crown prince Mohammad bin Salman, because of his role overseeing the Saudi security apparatus, was ultimately responsible for Khashoggi's disappearance, and the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Gina Haspel, departed for Turkey to work on the investigation[46] "amid a growing international uproar over Saudi's explanation of the killing".[47] The Governor of İstanbul's office said that Khashoggi's fiancee, Hatice Cengiz, was given 24-hour police protection.[48]

Also on 22 October, CNN aired CCTV law enforcement footage from the Turkish authorities, showing the Saudi agent Mustafa Mohammed Madani, a member of the 15-man team, leaving the consulate by the back door. He was dressed up in Khashoggi's clothes, except for the shoes. Madani had also put on a fake beard that resembled Khashoggi's facial hair, his glasses and his Apple Watch.[49][50][51] Madani, who was of similar age, height, and build to Khashoggi, was later seen at Istanbul's Blue Mosque, where he went to a public bathroom and changed back to his own clothes. Later he was seen dining with another Saudi agent, and the footage shows him smiling and laughing.[52] An anonymous Turkish official believes that Madani was brought to Istanbul to act as a body double and that "You don't need a body double for a rendition or an interrogation. Our assessment has not changed since October 6. This was a premeditated murder, and the body was moved out of the consulate."[53] The use of the body double might have been an attempt to lend credence to the Saudi government's first version of events: that Khashoggi walked out through the back not long after he arrived. But "it was a flawed body double, so it never became an official part of the Saudi government's narrative," a Turkish diplomat told The Washington Post.[54]

The body double footage bolstered Turkish claims that the Saudis always intended either to kill Khashoggi or move him back to Saudi Arabia. Ömer Çelik, a spokesman for Turkey's ruling AKP, stated: "We are facing a situation that has been monstrously planned and later tried to be covered up. It is a complicated murder."[55]

On 24 October, Saudi officials at first refused to let Turkish police search the well in the Saudi consul's garden,[56][57] but granted permission later that day.[58][59] The police emptied the well to search for body parts.[60] Turkish newspaper Hürriyet reported on 26 October that police had found no DNA traces of Jamal Khashoggi in water samples taken from the well.[61][62]

Killing

According to numerous anonymous police sources, the Turkish police believe that Khashoggi was tortured and killed inside the Saudi consulate in Istanbul[63][64] by a 15-member team brought in from Saudi Arabia for the operation.[65][66] One anonymous police source claimed that the dead body was "cut into pieces" and quietly moved out of the consulate, and that all of this was "videotaped to prove the mission had been accomplished and the tape was taken out of the country".[64] Middle East Eye cited an anonymous Saudi who said the Tiger Squad brought Khashoggi's fingers to Mohammad bin Salman in Riyadh as other evidence that the mission was successful.[67]

On 7 October, Turkish officials pledged to release evidence showing that Khashoggi was killed.[66] Yasin Aktay, an adviser to the Turkish president, initially said he believed Khashoggi had been killed in the consulate,[64] but on 10 October he claimed that "the Saudi state is not blamed here", something that a journalist for The Guardian saw as Turkey trying not to harm lucrative trade ties and a delicate regional relationship with Saudi Arabia.[35] Turkey then claimed to have audio and video evidence of the killing occurring inside the consulate.[68] U.S. President Donald Trump said the United States had asked Turkey for the recordings.[69] According to "people familiar with the matter", the audio was shared with Central Intelligence Agency agents; a CIA spokeswoman declined to comment on it publicly.[70]

CNN reported on 15 October that Saudi Arabia was about to admit to the killing, but would claim that it was an "interrogation gone bad", as opposed to a targeted death squad killing.[71][72] This claim drew criticism from some, considering that Khashoggi was reportedly dismembered and that his killing was allegedly premeditated, and the circumstances, including the arrival and departure of a team of 15, included forensic specialists presumed to have been present to hide evidence of the crime, on the same day.[73]

The next day, the Middle East Eye reported that, according to an anonymous Turkish source, the killing took about seven minutes and forensic specialist Salah Muhammed al-Tubaigy, who had brought along a bone saw,[74] cut Khashoggi's body into pieces while Khashoggi was still alive, as he and his colleagues listened to music.[75] The source further claimed that "Khashoggi was dragged from consul general Mohammad al-Otaibi's office at the Saudi consulate ... Tubaigy began to cut Khashoggi's body up on a table in the study while he was still alive," and "There was no attempt to interrogate him. They had come to kill him."[74]

The Turkish pro-government newspaper Daily Sabah reported on 18 October that neighbours to the consul's residence had observed an unusual barbecue party, which the paper suggested might have been to smoke-screen the smell from the incineration of the dismembered corpse: "We have been living here for twelve years but I have never seen them having a barbecue party. That day, they had a barbecue party in the garden."[76]

The Wall Street Journal published reports from anonymous sources that Khashoggi was tortured in front of top Saudi diplomat Mohammad al-Otaibi, Saudi Arabia's consul general.[77][78] Reuters reported that al-Otaibi left Istanbul for Riyadh on 16 October. His departure came hours before his home was expected to be searched in relation to the journalist's disappearance.[79]

On 20 October, the Saudi Foreign Ministry reported that a preliminary investigation showed that Khashoggi had died at the consulate while engaged in a fight, the first Saudi acknowledgement of Khashoggi's death.[80] On 21 October, an anonymous Saudi official said Khashoggi had been threatened with drugging and kidnapping by Maher Mutreb, had resisted and was restrained with a chokehold, which killed him.[50]

On 22 October, Reuters cited a Turkish intelligence source and a high-ranking Arab in reporting that Saud al-Qahtani, the then-top aide for Mohammed bin Salman, had made a Skype call to the consulate while Khashoggi was held in the room. Qahtani reportedly insulted Khashoggi, who responded in kind. According to the Turkish source, Qahtani then asked the team in the consulate to kill Khashoggi and bring him his head. According to both sources, the audio of the Skype call is currently with Erdogan.[81] On 20 October Qahtani (along with Ahmad Asiri) was announced fired by Saudi Arabia for involvement in Khashoggi's killing according to the BBC.[82]

Aftermath

Three weeks to the day after the death of Khashoggi, on 22 October, his son and brother were summoned to a photo op with King Salman and the heir to the throne, at the Palace of Yamamah, in Riyadh. Salah bin Jamal Khashoggi and his uncle Sahel were received by the royals. Pictures of the event went viral, amid reports that Salah, who lives in Jeddah, has been banned from leaving the country since 2017. A family friend, Yehia Assiri, described the event as "a serious assault on the family".[83][84] Nick Paton Walsh, a senior international correspondent, described it as "a remarkable display of the sustained and catastrophic disconnect between Riyadh and the outside world. As if PR is something you shoot yourself in the foot with."[85]

Alleged perpetrators

Al-Waqt news quoted informed sources as saying that Mohammad bin Salman had assigned Ahmad Asiri, the deputy head of the Saudi intelligence agency Riasat Al-Mukhabarat Al-A'amah[3] and the former spokesman for the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen, with the mission to execute Khashoggi inside the Saudi consulate in Istanbul. Another military officer with a great deal of experience in dealing with dissidents was the second candidate for the mission.[4] On the same day, Turkish media close to the President published images of what it described as a 15-member "assassination squad" allegedly sent to kill Khashoggi, and of a black van later traveling from the Saudi consulate to the consul's home.[86] On 17 October the Daily Sabah, a news outlet close to the Turkish president, published the names and pictures of the 15-member Saudi team apparently taken at passport control.[87] Additional details about identities were also reported along with their aliases.[88] According to one report, seven of the fifteen men suspected of killing Khashoggi are Mohammed bin Salman's personal bodyguards.[89] The Daily Sabah outlet named and detailed:

File:Salah Mohammed Al-Tubaiqi at Istanbul airport.jpg
Salah Mohammed Al-Tubaigy at Istanbul Airport
  • Maher Abdulaziz Mutreb (Arabic: ماهر عبد العزيز مطرب) (born 1971): a former diplomat in London, was photographed with Mohammad bin Salman on trips to Madrid, Paris, Houston, Boston and New York.[90][91]
  • Salah Mohammed Al-Tubaigy (Arabic: صلاح محمد الطبيقي) (born 1971): the head of the Saudi Scientific Council of Forensics.[90]
  • Abdulaziz Mohammed Al-Hasawi (Arabic: عبد العزيز محمد الحساوي) (born 1987): works as one of Mohammed bin Salman's personal bodyguards.[90]
  • Thaer Ghaleb Al-Harbi (Arabic: ثائر غالب الحربي) (born 1979): a member of the Saudi Royal Guard.[90]
  • Mohammed Saad Al-Zahrani (Arabic: محمد سعد الزهراني) (born 1988): a member of the Saudi Royal Guard.[90]
  • Meshal Saad Al-Bostani (Arabic: مشعل سعد البستاني) (born 1987, died 2018): according to Al Jazeera, a Lieutenant in the Saudi Air Force.[92] According to Turkish media, he died in a car accident in Riyadh on return to Saudi Arabia.[93][94][95]
  • Naif Hassan Al-Arefe (Arabic: نايف حسن العريفي) (born 1986)
  • Mustafa Mohammed Al-Madani (Arabic: مصطفى محمد المدني) (born 1961): Khashoggi's body double leaving the Saudi consulate by the back door, dressed in Khashoggi's clothes, a fake beard, and his glasses. The same man was seen at the Blue Mosque, in an attempt to show that Khashoggi had left the consulate unharmed.[49][52][51]
  • Mansur Uthman Abahussein (Arabic: منصور عثمان أباحسين) (born 1972)
  • Waleed Abdullah Al-Shehri (Arabic: وليد عبد الله الشهري) (born 1980)
  • Turki Musharraf Al-Shehri (Arabic: تركي مشرف الشهري) (born 1982)
  • Fahad Shabib Al-Balawi (Arabic: فهد شبيب البلوي) (born 1985)
  • Saif Saad Al-Qahtani (Arabic: سيف سعد القحطاني) (born 1973)
  • Khalid Aedh Al-Taibi (Arabic: خالد عايض الطيبي) (born 1988)
  • Badir Lafi Al-Otaibi (Arabic: بدر لافي العتيبي) (born 1973)

Other alleged abduction attempts

Following Jamal Khashoggi's killing and mutilation, several other exiled Saudi activists reported that the Saudi regime attempted to lure them into their embassies.[96][97]

Exiled Saudi activist Omar Abdulaziz said he was approached earlier in 2018 by Saudi officials who urged him to visit the Embassy in Canada with them to collect a new passport. The Saudi activist stated that the officials from the Saudi regime, "They were saying 'it will only take one hour, just come with us to the embassy.'" After Omar Abdulaziz refused, Saudi authorities arrested two of his brothers and several of his friends in Saudi Arabia.[97] Abdulaziz secretly recorded his conversations with those officials, which were several hours long, and provided them to The Washington Post.[98]

Opposition Saudi scholar Abdullah Alaoudh said he was subjected to a similar "plot" when he sent in a passport renewal application to the Saudi Embassy in Washington. Alaoudh said, "They offered me a 'temporary pass' that would allow me to return to Saudi Arabia." Alaoudh suspected a trap and just let his passport expire.[96][97]

Prominent Saudi women's rights activist Manal al-Sharif also separately reported a similar event during her exile in Australia, having said: "If it weren't for the kindness of God I would have been [another] victim."[96][97]

Tiger Squad

See also: Tiger Squad

The Middle East Eye published claims from an unnamed source with knowledge of Saudi intelligence agencies that the murder is part of a larger operation of silently murdering critics of Saudi government by a death squad named "Tiger Squad", composed of the most trusted and skilled intelligence agents. The Tiger Squad assassinates dissidents using varying methods such as planned car accidents, house fires, or poisoning clinics by injecting toxic substances into opponents when they attend regular health checkups. The group members are recruited from different branches of the Saudi forces, directing several areas of expertise.[67] Five members were part of the 15-member death squad who were sent to murder Khashoggi.[99][100][101][102][103][104]

The source said the team planned to kill Omar Abdelaziz.[99]

The source also said Prince Mansour bin Muqrin was assassinated by shooting down his personal aircraft as he was fleeing the country on 5 November 2017, but made to appear as an accidental crash.[99]

The Tiger Squad also reportedly killed Suleiman Abdul Rahman al-Thuniyan, a Saudi court judge who was murdered by an injection of a deadly virus into his body when he had visited a hospital for a regular health checkup. "One of the techniques the tiger squad uses to silence dissidents or opponents of the government is to 'kill them with HIV, or other sorts of deadly viruses'".[99]

Reactions

The foreign ministers of the Group of Seven (G7) nations called for a thorough and credible investigation, saying Saudi Arabia must ensure such an incident could never happen again.[105]

 Saudi Arabia

Initial denial of involvement

Saudi Arabia initially denied any involvement in Khashoggi's disappeance. The international community called for more clarity on the case from Saudi authorities. Meanwhile, the Turkish authorities have kept leaking facts from the ongoing investigation of the case.[106]

On 3 October, Saudi officials claimed Khashoggi had left the consulate alive, and that he was neither in the consulate nor in Saudi custody.[107] The Saudis denied having any knowledge of his fate.[108] Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman claimed Khashoggi left the consulate shortly after the visit.[109]

On 8 October, Prince Khalid bin Salman, brother of the Crown Prince and Saudi Ambassador to the U.S., published a letter stating that Khashoggi went missing after leaving the consulate.[107] The English-language Arab News on 10 October 2018 reported that Prince Khalid "condemns 'malicious leaks and grim rumors' surrounding Khashoggi disappearance" and that "the reports that suggest that Jamal Khashoggi went missing in the Consulate in Istanbul or that the Kingdom's authorities have detained him or killed him are absolutely false, and baseless".[110][111] Saudi Arabia threatened to retaliate "if it is [targeted by] any action".[112] Turki Aldakhil, the head of Al Arabiya, the Saudi-owned pan-Arab news network based in Dubai, wrote that "If President Trump was angered by $80 oil, nobody should rule out the price jumping to $100 and $200 a barrel or maybe double that figure." However, the Saudi embassy in Washington said Al Dakhil didn't represent the official position of Saudi Arabia, and Khalid A. Al-Falih, the Saudi energy minister, said his country "will continue to be a responsible actor and keep oil markets stable". Saudi Arabia is the world's largest oil exporter.[113]

On 16 October 2018, Saudi Crown Prince met with Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to discuss the Khashoggi case

Saudi Arabia's Office of Public Prosecution tweeted that "producing rumors or fake news [that Saudi Arabia's government was involved in the disappearance of Khashoggi] that would affect the public order or public security or sending or resending it via social media or any technical means" is punishable "by five years and a fine of 3 million riyals".[114][115] Twitter has suspended a number of bot accounts that appeared to be spreading pro-Saudi tweets about the disappearance of Khashoggi.[116]

Al Arabiya claimed that reports of Khashoggi’s disappearance inside the Saudi consulate have been pushed by Qatar. According to the Saudi daily newspaper Okaz, Qatar has a "50 percent ownership of the [Washington] Post and has influence over its editorial direction". Saudi daily newspaper Al Yaum has claimed that members of the alleged death squad were, in fact, tourists.[117]

Al Jazeera reported on 13 October that "the Arab world stays silent... there's been no official reaction from any Arab government, and hardly any condemnation from Arab media."[118]

The New York Times reported that on 16 October, Saudi Arabia transferred $100 million to the American government, purportedly for its stabilization efforts in Syria, on the same day U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo arrived in Riyadh for the discussion on Khashoggi with the Saudi king, the crown prince, and the foreign minister. Brett McGurk, the U.S. envoy to the coalition against ISIL, dismissed any connection between the events and had expected the payment in the fall. Saudi Arabia had pledged the money in August without confirming any timelines, and it was unclear to one anonymous official if the payment would ever be made.[119][120] The Washington Post reported that Saudi Arabia has historically made financial largesse to countries with the aim of gaining support for its foreign policy objectives. Western diplomats suspect that Saudi Arabia will be compensating Turkey also, with a large-scale financial package for agreeing to initiate a joint investigation on Khashoggi.[121]

Admission of involvement

On 20 October, after 18 days of the denial of any involvement with Khashoggi’s disappearance, the Saudi government admitted that he had died in the consulate. The Saudi government had issued a press statement after the "preliminary investigations" by the public prosecution office in Saudi Arabia. It stated that the investigations had "revealed that the discussions that took place between [Khashoggi] and the persons who met him... at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul led to a brawl and a fist fight". This led to his death followed by the attempts to conceal the evidence.[122][123][124][125]

An anonymous official added that 15 Saudi officials had been sent to confront Khashoggi, that a confrontation occurred when he saw them, which resulted in him trying to flee, causing a fight that ended with him being strangled or choked, and a cover-up of the death. No evidence was provided at the time to support this explanation of events, and no information was given regarding the whereabouts of Khashoggi's body.[13][126] Five high-ranking officials have been removed from their posts,[127] including Saudi royal court advisor Saud al-Qahtani[128] and deputy intelligence chief Ahmad Asiri,[129] and altogether 18 Saudis have been detained in the kingdom.[14][130][131]

Reuters reported that an anonymous government official provided further detail on the death. He said Khashoggi was allegedly threatened with drugging and kidnapping by Maher Mutreb, resisted and was restrained with a chokehold, which killed him. Mustafa Madani then left through the back door of the consulate dressed in Khashoggi's clothes, with his eyeglasses, with his Apple watch and a fake beard to deceive any observers. Khashoggi's body was rolled up in a carpet and given to a "local cooperator" for disposal. When questioned about Khashoggi's alleged torture and decapitation, the official said preliminary findings did not suggest that happened.[49][50]

The official provided Saudi documents indicating the operation was part of a wider initiative to bring expatriate dissidents home. The original plan was to keep Khashoggi in an Istanbul safe house for a period where he would be persuaded to return home or eventually released, and Mutreb had overstepped by threatening a kidnapping. The team then filed a false report indicating they let Khashoggi leave after he warned of Turkish police interference.[50]

On 21 October Saudi Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir, during an interview with Fox News, for the first time used the term "murder" for the death of Khashoggi. He stated that individuals acted outside the scope of their authority in a "rogue operation". According to him, it was a tremendous mistake, and further attempts to cover it up compounded it.[107] He added that Prince Mohammed knew nothing of any plan to kill Khashoggi and that the whereabouts of his body remained a mystery.[132] He assured Khashoggi's family that those responsible would be held accountable.[133][134]

Saudi Arabian authorities have changed their statements several times and later agreed that Khashoggi was killed in the consulate in a premeditated murder.[135]

On 25 October, Saudi General Attorney Saud al-Mujeb (ar) said information received from Turkish investigators "indicates that the suspects in the incident had committed their act with a premeditated intention".[136][137]

The Saudi government said that it would need another month to investigate the death.[138]

Arrests

Saudi Arabia has arrested 18 people related to the case and has maintained its position denying the involvement of Prince bin Salman or King Salman. Saudi Arabia dismissed five officials of senior rank due to their alleged involvement with the case, including bin Salman's court advisor Saud al-Qahtani, and Ahmed Asiri, the deputy chief of the Saudi intelligence service. [139]

 Turkey

President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan demanded that the Saudi government provide proof for their claims that Khashoggi left the consulate alive, something that police CCTV did not capture.[140] Neil Quilliam, a senior research fellow with Chatham House's Middle East and North Africa program, told Business Insider that "The staccato nature of the Turkish response suggests that they were prepared to offer the Saudis a way out of the crisis — at least provide them with an off-ramp — but given the Saudi response or lack of it, the authorities continue to share more and more details."[141]

The politician Numan Kurtulmuş, of the ruling Justice and Development Party, said that "it's not possible for the Saudi administration to wiggle itself out of this crime if it's confirmed."[142]

On 23 October, President Erdoğan spoke for the first time in public about the assassination of Khashoggi. It was a long-awaited speech to the Turkish Parliament. Erdoğan gave a minute depiction of the crime from the Turkish point of view, from the minute Khashoggi entered the consulate on 2 October. He rejected the Saudi claim of an "accidental killing" and stated that Turkey has strong leads to prove it was a "premeditated political murder"[143] and a "ferocious murder".[144] Erdoğan also made it clear that for him the matter was not settled with the arrest of 18 Saudis, 3 of whom were staff at the Istanbul Consulate: "To blame such a case on some security and intelligence officials would not satisfy us or the international community," he said. He also added the 18 arrested Saudis would have to be tried in Istanbul. He did not doubt the sincerity of King Salman. In his speech, Erdoğan did not once mention the crown prince, who is suspected of ordering the murder. His speech demonstrated that the crisis with Riyadh was far from over.[145]

On 26 October, the prosecutor's office in Istanbul submitted an extradition request for the eighteen suspects in the case. President Erdogan asked Saudis to disclose the location of the dead body. He also argued that the suspects should face trial in Turkey.[139] Foreign minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu told reporters that he wanted to know where Khashoggi’s body is: "There is a crime here, but there is also a humanitarian situation, the family wants to know and they want to perform their last duty", referring to the family and friends hopes to bury Khashoggi’s body.[146]

 United States

President Donald Trump expressed concern about the fate of Khashoggi,[147] and Secretary of State Mike Pompeo called on Saudi Arabia "to support a thorough investigation of Mr. Khashoggi's disappearance and to be transparent about the results of that investigation".[148] After speaking to the Saudi king by phone, he said that Salman "denies any knowledge of whatever may have happened... The denial was very, very strong. It sounded to me like maybe these could have been rogue killers. Who knows?"[38] On 16 October, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo "reiterated U.S. concern over Jamal Khashoggi's disappearance" in a meeting with King Salman in Riyadh, while also thanking the king for his "commitment to a thorough, transparent investigation".[149][150]

The reported killing created a bipartisan uproar in Congress, shaking the foundations of the close American-Saudi relationship with calls for suspension of military sales. Senior Republican senator Lindsey Graham’s reaction was stern, as he said "there would be hell to pay" if Saudi is involved in the murder of Khashoggi. He further added, "If they're this brazen, it shows contempt. Contempt for everything we stand for, contempt for the relationship."[151] Chris Murphy, a junior Democratic senator, wrote that if the reports are true "it should represent a fundamental break in our relationship with Saudi Arabia."[152] Murphy also called for at least a temporary halt in military support for the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[153] The United States Congress can block or modify an arms sale.[154]

Former ambassador to Saudi Arabia Robert Jordan said on 12 October that he is 95 percent certain that Saudi Arabia killed Jamal Khashoggi.[155]

Riyadh summit: On 20 May 2017, President Donald Trump signed the United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal.[156]

Senator Rand Paul said that he would attempt to force a vote on blocking future arms sales to Saudi Arabia.[157] Senator Bob Corker, the chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, sent a letter to Trump over Khashoggi’s disappearance. Signed by the entire Committee other than Senator Paul who prepared his own letter, it "instructs the administration to determine whether Khashoggi was indeed kidnapped, tortured, or murdered by the Saudi government and, as the Global Magnitsky Act requires, to respond within 120 days with a determination of sanctions against individuals who may have been responsible".[111]

Senator Bernie Sanders denounced the Trump administration, saying that "Saudi Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman feels emboldened by the Trump administration’s unquestioning support."[111]

Trump told journalists: "I know [Senators] are talking about different kinds of sanctions, but [the Saudis] are spending $110 billion on military equipment and on things that create jobs for this country."[158] Trump, in responding specifically to the Senate's attempt to block the Saudi arms deal, stated that the blocking of such a deal "would not be acceptable to me".[159] While opposing trade sanctions, Trump remained open to the possibility of other forms of what he described as the "severe punishment" of Saudi Arabia.[112]

Pompeo's visit to Saudi Arabia and Turkey

According to CNN, Pompeo during his visit had told Mohammad Bin Salman that "his future as king depends on his handling of Khashoggi's suspected murder." Pompeo stressed that time is short and went on to tell him "bluntly that if they don't, the US will have to deal with this", and "will take action because the world will demand it and that President Trump's hand will be forced by the global pressure".[160] On 15 October The Washington Post reported that U.S. pressure on Trump has been bipartisan.[161]

Trump said on 19 October that he "would prefer if there was going to be some form of sanction," adding that "we don't use as retribution canceling $110 billion worth of work, which means 600,000 jobs."[162] According to the New York Times, Jamal Khashoggi's disappearance comes "at a fraught moment for the Trump administration, which is expected to reimpose harsh sanctions against Iran on November 5, with the intent of cutting off all Iranian oil exports. But to make the strategy work, the administration is counting on its relationship with the Saudis to keep global oil flowing... and to work together on a new policy to contain Iran in the Persian Gulf."[163]

Confirmation of killing

Commenting on the Saudi explanation that Khashoggi died inside the consulate after a fight, Trump said he considered it credible and called the official statement a "good first step".[14] Several Republican senators, including Marco Rubio, Lindsay Graham, Bob Corker, and Rand Paul, have demanded a definitive response from the Trump administration towards Saudi Arabia, with the Trump administration yet remaining unwilling to impose any specific sanctions on the country.[164][165][166] In response to Trump's apparent faith in the most recently revised official Saudi version of the killing, The Washington Post CEO Fred Ryan stated, "The Saudis cannot be allowed to fabricate a face-saving solution to an atrocity that appears to have been directed by the highest levels of their government."[167]

On 21 October, Trump affirmed to reporters in the White House that he was "not satisfied" with Saudi Arabia's explanation, criticising their requested one month to investigate the situation themselves. He said he had "people over in Saudi Arabia now. We have top intelligence people in Turkey, and we're going to see what we have. I'll know a lot tomorrow." However, he was hesitant to cancel the arms sale deal with Saudi Arabia. [168] CNN reported that, according to sources, CIA director Gina Haspel was traveling to Turkey that day in relation to the Turk's Khashoggi investigation. When asked about this report the CIA did not offer comment. [169]

On 23 October, Trump's Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced that the US was taking action against 21 Saudi individuals they believed were involved in Khashoggi's death, who will have their visas revoked or will be made ineligible for one. He also said he talked to the Treasury Department about the applicability of sanctions against those involved.[170] That day when questioned by reporters at the oval office, Trump said of the Saudis' actions after Khashoggi's death that "They had a very bad original concept, it was carried out poorly, and the cover-up was the worst in the history of cover-ups. They had the worst-cover up ever".[171] In an interview with The Wall Street Journal Trump said that Mohammad bin Salman may have been behind Khashoggi's death.[172][173][174] US officials have stated that the killing could not have been done without having the authorization of Prince bin Salman who is the de facto ruler.[139]

 UN

Secretary-General of the United Nations Antonio Guterres stated that the confirmation of the death of prominent dissident journalist has “deeply troubled” him. An official statement said "The Secretary-General is deeply troubled by the confirmation of the death of Jamal Khashoggi. He extends his condolences to Mr. Khashoggi’s family and friends,”. “The Secretary-General stresses the need for a prompt, thorough and transparent investigation into the circumstances of Mr. Khashoggi’s death and full accountability for those responsible".[175]

 Canada

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has said that he has "real concerns" about the disappearance of Khashoggi.[176] Foreign Affairs Minister Chrystia Freeland "reaffirmed (Canada's) commitment to defending freedom of expression and protection of the free press" and raised the issue directly with her Saudi counterpart, calling for "a thorough, credible and transparent investigation into the serious allegations about Mr. Kashoggi's disappearance". She added that "Canada remains very troubled by (his) disappearance."[177]

On 22 October, after preliminary findings of the Saudi investigation emerged, Global Affairs Canada said "The explanations offered to date lack consistency and credibility." It reiterated Canada's condemnation of the killing and condolence to the family and urged investigators to work with Turkey toward justice.[178]

When asked about a pending sale of 742 Light Armoured Vehicles to Saudi Arabia in light of Khashoggi's death and the Yemeni war during question period in Parliament on 22 October, Trudeau said: "We have frozen export permits before when we had concerns about their potential misuse and we will not hesitate to do so again."[179] The contract, with London, Ontario's General Dynamic Land Systems Canada, is estimated at $15 billion.[180] Canadian ministers and embassy staff had skipped attending the business summit in Riyadh due to the incident.[181]

Joint statement
  • On 24 October, Trudeau had a telephonic conversation with German Chancellor Merkel after which they released a joint statement reaffirming "their shared commitment to freedom of the press,". Both leaders "strongly agreed on the need for transparency and accountability for those who committed this act,"[181]

Europe

  •  Austria: Foreign Minister Karin Kneissl described the case as "profoundly shocking" and an unprecedented violation of the law and said that the European Union should halt arms sales to Saudi Arabia.[182]
  •  France and the European Union requested a detailed investigation of the incident.[183]
  •  Germany: Observers have lashed out at Trump for refusing to punish the Saudis. Norbert Röttgen, chairman of the German parliamentary foreign affairs committee, criticized Donald Trump’s comments: "The decisive factor now is the behaviour of the U.S. president, who basically told the crown prince, we are giving you free rein as long as you buy enough weapons and other things from us."[184]
Germany described the Saudi explanation as "inadequate", and Foreign Minister Heiko Maas questioned if weapons should be sold to Saudi Arabia by countries. [183] On 21 October, German Chancellor Angela Merkel stated that Germany will not export arms to Saudi Arabia until the questions related to the case are resolved, and the persons responsible in the case are held accountable.[185]
  •  Norway: Due to political divisions, Norway reached a consensus that the Saudi explanation was "ridiculous".[186]
  •  Spain: The foreign ministry said it was also "upset" by the statements of Saudi Arabia regarding the killing of Khashoggi, according to a written statement from Spain's Ankara Embassy on Monday. The statement said the perpetrators of the incident should pay the price of it before justice "after a wide-scoped and transparent investigation" and also offers their condolences to Khashoggi's family.[187]
  •  United Kingdom: Foreign Secretary Jeremy Hunt met the Saudi ambassador and warned Saudi Arabia that the long-term friendship between the UK and Saudi Arabia depends on "shared values".[188] The Labour Party's Shadow First Secretary of State, Emily Thornberry, criticized Theresa May's government's response to Khashoggi's disappearance as 'too little, too late'.[189] Thornberry was critical of UK-Saudi relations, saying: "Imagine how this government would have reacted if either Russia or Iran had abducted – and in all likelihood murdered – one of their dissident journalists within the sovereign territory of another country."[190]
The Labour Party's leader Jeremy Corbyn and Shadow Secretary of State for International Trade Barry Gardiner called for the suspension of UK arms sales to Saudi Arabia.[191] Corbyn also called for an international investigation into the murder of Khashoggi and Saudi’s war crimes in Yemen.[192] Liberal Democrats leader Vince Cable said: "This situation gets murkier and murkier. The Government should have already suspended arms export licences to Saudi Arabia given the outrages in Yemen. This reinforces the argument for loosening the bonds to the regime."[142]
On 19 October the former chief of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), John Sawers, told the BBC that all the evidence suggested Crown Prince Salman was behind the death of Khashoggi, and that the theory that rogue elements in the Saudi military were responsible was "blatant fiction".[193][194] British foreign minister Hunt, spoke to his Saudi counterpart Adel al-Jubeir, on 21 October to convey the British view that the explanation provided was not entirely credible.[195] On 23 October 2018 Hunt wrote he was "deeply concerned" to hear Erdoğan's describe Khashoggi's murder as "premeditated": "The world is still waiting for answers".[196]
Joint statements
  • : On 21 October responding to the statement from Saudi Arabia confirming the death of Khashoggi in a fist fight, France, Germany and the UK issued a joint statement expressing shock and condemning the killing of Khashoggi, saying there is an "urgent need for clarification of exactly what happened".[197][198] The statement mentioned the Saudi explanation of the events and added: "There remains an urgent need for clarification of exactly what happened... beyond the hypotheses that have been raised so far in the Saudi investigation, which need to be backed by facts to be considered credible."[199]

Arab world

  • Middle East Eye reported on 15 October that "Largely silent until Sunday, Arab leaders come out publicly in support of the kingdom after US President Donald Trump threatens 'severe punishment'."[200] According to the Arab League, "It is totally unacceptable, in the context of relations between countries, to wave economic sanctions as a policy or tool to achieve political goals."[200]
  •  Bahrain: The foreign ministry released a statement that Saudi Arabia is "the essential foundation for the security and stability of the Arab and Islamic worlds and the solid foundation and strong pillar of stability in the region".[200]
  •  Egypt: Ahmed Hafidh, a foreign ministry spokesman, said that "Egypt reaffirms its support for the kingdom in its efforts and positions dealing with this event."[200]
  •  Djibouti: The Republic of Djibouti expressed its full solidarity with the brotherly Kingdom and condemned the media campaign against Saudi Arabia.[201]
  •  Lebanon: Prime Minister Saad Hariri, who himself was in 2017 allegedly kidnapped and forced to resign in Saudi Arabia,[202][203] said in a statement that he stood in solidarity with Saudi Arabia "in the face of the campaigns targeting it".[200] According to Rami George Khouri, a professor of journalism at the American University of Beirut, "The case of Jamal Khashoggi, unfortunately, is only the tip of the iceberg... it would only be the most dramatic example of a trend that has been ongoing for at least 30 to 40 years, but which has escalated under [Saudi crown prince Mohammad bin Salman]".[204]
  • Hezbollah: Hezbollah leader, Hassan Nasrallah said in a speech: "I tell the Saudi rulers that now is the right time to take a bold and brave stance and stop the war on Yemen... The international cover for their war on Yemen has started to crumble, especially after Khashoggi incident. The kingdom's image in the world has never been worse throughout 100 years."[205][206]
  •  Jordan: Information Minister Jumana Ghunaimat said in a press statement that Jordan stands with Saudi Arabia in the face of any rumors and campaigns aimed at it without relying on facts.[207][208]
  •  Kuwait: "Kuwait stands in opposition against all the accusation and unlawful campaigns targeting the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in relation to the case of journalist Jamal Khashoggi", said a statement by the Kuwaiti cabinet on 15 October.[209] On 24 October Kuwait's Deputy Foreign Minister Khaled al-Jarallah reiterated Kuwait support of Saudi Arabia. "So we support our brothers in the Kingdom, and denounce the unjust campaign and slander it's being subjected to", he said.[210]
  •  Mauritania: Mauritanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement in which "confirmed the deep relations binding it with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, describing them as brotherly and well-established and strongly condemned a campaign of malicious allegations against Saudi Arabia".[211] The Islamic Republic confirmed "its confidence in the Saudi judiciary and its ability and willingness to reach the disclosure of all the circumstances surrounding the incident, and hold those involved accountable".[212]
  •  Oman: "The Sultanate has followed the statement given by the brotherly Kingdom of Saudi Arabia regarding preliminary results of the tragic incident that occurred with citizen Jamal Khashoggi, may he rest in peace, and the Sultanate welcomes the transparency of the kingdom's procedures in the matter," Oman's Ministry of Foreign Affairs said in a statement on 21 October.[213]
  •  Palestine: President Mahmoud Abbas said in a statement that "Palestine was – and shall remain – on the side of Saudi Arabia."[200]
  •  Qatar: Spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Lolwah Rashid al-Khater said that the murder of Jamal Khashoggi should act as a wake-up call: "No matter how much we tried to explain, somehow it was not going through, but now especially after this spat with Canada, and before that with [the kidnapping of] the Lebanese prime minister, people started realizing that this has become a pattern somehow and they started understanding what we have been going through. And that's why I'm saying [the Khashoggi case] is a wake-up call for everyone."[214][215]
  •  United Arab Emirates: Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Anwar Gargash advised against destabilizing and politically targeting Saudi Arabia and the effect it may cause in the region and tweeted "the repercussions of the political targeting of Saudi Arabia will be dire for those who fuel it. It remains that the success of Saudi Arabia is what the region and its people want."[200] The UAE government commended the admission of Khashoggi's death from Saudi Arabia and the actions of apprehending those responsible and bringing them to justice. [216]
  •  Yemen: President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, who has been living in exile in Saudi Arabia since 2015, said that "The cheap political and media targeting of Saudi Arabia will not deter it from continuing its leading role in the Arab and Islamic worlds."[200]

Asia

  •  Indonesia: President, Joko Widodo said he was "deeply concerned" about the killing of Khashoggi and that he wanted a transparent investigation. Widodo met with Saudi Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir at the presidential palace in the West Java city of Bogor. Widodo's concerns were relayed by Indonesia's foreign minister following the meeting. The minister, Retno Marsudi, told reporters that "the president is deeply concerned with the Khashoggi case and Indonesia hopes that the ongoing investigation will be transparent and meticulous."[217]
  •  Iran: President Hassan Rouhani said that Saudi Arabia would not have murdered prominent journalist Jamal Khashoggi without American protection: "Nobody would imagine that in today’s world, we witness such an organised murder and I don’t think without getting support from the United States a country would dare to commit such a crime"[218][219][220] Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif accused the United States Department of the Treasury of announcing new sanctions on Iran to "deflect" attention from the killing of the journalist.[221][222] Parliament's General Director for International Affairs Hossein Amir-Abdollahian stressed that Saudi Arabia as a violator of human rights must be dropped from the UN Human Rights Council.[223] Member of parliament Alaeddin Boroujerdi said that Saudi leadership should face trial before international tribunal for their alleged role in the crime.[224] Grand Ayatollah Naser Makarem Shirazi said: "the murder of the journalist by the Western-backed al-Saud family proves that claims of respect for human rights by the West are just a mirage".[225]
  •  Japan: Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga told a press conference that the death of Jamal Khashoggi is "extremely regretful", according to Japanese news agency Kyodo. Suga stated that Japan "strongly hopes for an early discovery of the truth and fair, transparent responses" through Turkey's investigation of the case.[187]
  •  Malaysia: Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad has labelled the killing of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi as an act of "extreme cruelty" and was unacceptable. Malaysia, he said, does not support the killing of government critics. Mahathir said "This is extreme cruelty, and it is not acceptable. We too have people that we do not like, but we don't kill them."[226]
  •  Russia: Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov stated that Russia's official position was set out by President Putin. The Saudi royal family's statement condemning the incident and stating that the royal family was not involved makes everything else a matter of investigation. He also stated that there is no reason not to believe the statement.[139]

Oceania

  •  Australia: Prime Minister Scott Morrison condemned the death and announced that the Australian diplomats would not attend the business summit in Riyadh. He stated "We deplore the killing of Jamal Khashoggi. We expect the Saudi government to cooperate fully with Turkish authorities regarding the investigation of this matter. Australia will stand with all other like-minded countries in condemning this death, this killing, and we expect there to be full cooperation. Those who have been arrested will go through the proper process. And we expect the truth to be determined through that process and those responsible to be held accountable,".[227]
  •  New Zealand: The Government of New Zealand has officially condemned the killing. In a statement, Minister of Foreign Affairs Winston Peters said, "With the confirmation of the death we express our deepest condolences to Mr. Khashoggi’s family and friends. Those responsible for his death must be held accountable." In the same statement, Trade Minister David Parker announced that New Zealand would not be taking part in the Future Investment Initiative in Riyadh.[228]

Commercial interests

Masayoshi Son, leader of SoftBank Group, which runs the world's largest technology fund, and which has been a large conduit for high-tech investments of the Saudi Crown Prince, pulled out of his scheduled speech at the "Davos in the Desert" conference.[229]

British business magnate Richard Branson issued a statement on 11 October that he was suspending his advisory role for the two Saudi Vision 2030-related projects he is involved with amidst the Khashoggi controversy.[230]

JPMorgan Chase CEO Jamie Dimon,[231] BlackRock CEO Larry Fink, The Blackstone Group CEO Stephen Schwarzman,[232] Google Cloud Chief Executive Diane Greene,[233] Viacom CEO Robert Bakish, Uber CEO Dara Khosrowshahi, AOL co-founder Steve Case, Richard Branson's Virgin Group, World Bank President Jim Yong Kim, the Financial Times, Bloomberg, CNN, The New York Times, The Economist, CNBC, Brookfield Asset Management, Canada Pension Plan Investment Board, and Ford Motor chairman Bill Ford all withdrew their participation in the Saudi Future Investment Initiative (FII), which is in its second year.[234][235][181] Y Combinator CEO Sam Altman announced that he is suspending his "involvement with the NEOM advisory board until the facts regarding Jamal Khashoggi’s disappearance are known".[236] Siemens CEO Joe Kaeser pulled out the day before conference start.[237][238]

The French finance minister Bruno Le Maire, Dutch finance minister Wopke Hoekstra, British Secretary of State for International Trade Liam Fox, United States Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin, and International Monetary Fund Managing Director Christine Lagarde withdrew their participation in the FII conference as well.[239] The Government of Canada has also indicated that they have no intention of sending anyone to the conference.[240]

Bahrain's foreign minister Khalid bin Ahmed Al Khalifa called for a boycott of Uber in Bahrain and Saudi Arabia,[241] urging to "boycott anyone who boycotts Saudi Arabia". The Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia invested $3.5 billion in Uber in 2016.[231]

Four American senators, including two members of the Committee on Foreign Relations, urged professional wrestling company WWE (which involves sitting Administrator of the Small Business Administration Linda McMahon) to reconsider its business relationship with Saudi Arabia, particularly its upcoming event, Crown Jewel.[242] Knox County Mayor Glenn Jacobs, who wrestles for WWE under the ring name Kane, is scheduled to take part in the show. His spokesman said: "Mayor Jacobs won't speculate on Mr. Khashoggi's disappearance. However, he and his family are in the mayor's thoughts and prayers."[243] The on-sale ticket date for Crown Jewel (previously 19 October) was removed from WWE.com, and no venue is specified.[244] However, WWE announced on 25 October that the Crown Jewel will go on as planned. [245]

On 18 October, Twitter suspended a number of suspected bot accounts constructed to support Mohammed bin Salman and appearing to smear Khashoggi.[246][247]

See also

References

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