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For the Peruvian jockey, see Alan Garcia (jockey).

Template:Spanish name

Alan García Pérez
61st and 64th President of Peru
In office
28 July 2006 – 28 July 2011
Prime MinisterJorge del Castillo
Yehude Simon
Javier Velásquez
José Antonio Chang
Rosario Fernández
Vice PresidentLuis Giampietri
Lourdes Mendoza
Preceded byAlejandro Toledo
Succeeded byOllanta Humala
In office
28 July 1985 – 28 July 1990
Prime MinisterLuis Alva Castro
Armando Villanueva
Luis Alberto Sánchez
Guillermo Larco Cox
Vice PresidentLuis Alberto Sánchez
Luis Alva Castro
Preceded byFernando Belaúnde Terry
Succeeded byAlberto Fujimori
President of the Peruvian Aprista Party
In office
7 June 2004 – 11 April 2016
Preceded byPosition reestablished
Succeeded byTBD
In office
15 July 1985 – 23 December 1988
Preceded byArmando Villanueva
Succeeded byPosition abolished
General Secretary of the Peruvian Aprista Party
In office
9 October 1982 – 15 July 1985
Preceded byFernando León de Vivero
Succeeded byArmando Villanueva
Luis Negreiros
Personal details
Born
Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez

(1949-05-23)23 May 1949
Lima, Peru
Died17 April 2019(2019-04-17) (aged 69)
Lima, Peru
Political partyAmerican Popular Revolutionary Alliance
Other political
affiliations		Popular Alliance (2015-2016)
Height188 cm (6 ft 2 in)[1]
Spouse(s)Carla Buscaglia (Divorced)
Pilar Nores (1978–present)
Alma materPontifical Catholic University of Peru
National University of San Marcos
Complutense University
Pantheon-Sorbonne University
Signature

Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈalaŋ ɡaβˈɾjel luðˈwiɣ ɡaɾˈsi.a]; 23 May 1949 – 17 April 2019)[2] was a Peruvian politician who served as President of Peru from 1985 to 1990 and again from 2006 to 2011.[3] He was the leader of the Peruvian Aprista Party and the only party member ever to have served as President. He was the second member of the party to be elected president after the founder of the party.

His first term was marked by a severe economic crisis, social unrest and violence. He ran unsuccessfully for the presidency in 2001, losing in a run-off to Alejandro Toledo.[4] He ran again in 2006 and was elected to a second term, even though his first term in the 1980s was considered by many to have been disastrous. During García's second term, due to the increase in metal prices, Peru averaged seven percent GDP growth a year, held inflation below three percent annually and collated Peru's foreign exchange reserves at US$47 billion; however, his tenure also resulted in increased environmental damage, according to critics, and increased social conflict, according to the national human rights ombudsman's office.[5]

On 17 April 2019, García shot himself in his right temple as police officials were preparing to arrest him in matters relating to the Odebrecht scandal. He died hours later.[2]

Early life

Born in the American Clinic of the Barranco District into a middle-class family, García met his father for the first time when he was 5 years old, due to his father's imprisonment for being a member of the Peruvian Aprista Party. His mother founded the party's base in the Camaná Province of the Arequipa Region. Since very young, he accompanied his father in party meetings and began acquainted with future leaders of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), such as Luis Alva Castro and Mercedes Cabanillas. At the age of 14, he was already an immensely talented orator when he first gave a speech in honor of patriarch Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, who he admired and followed until his death.

García studied law, first at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, earning his law degree at the National University of San Marcos in 1971. A year later, he left Peru for Spain, where he studied for a PhD. in law. For years Garcia claimed to have earned a PhD; however in 2014, documents from the university proved he never finished his PhD.[6] In 1974, he travelled to France with other members of the APRA to study at the prestigious University of Paris I. After earning a degree in sociology, he was called by Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre to come back to Peru in order to run for the Constituent Assembly election in 1978. García was elected for public office as Member of the Assembly, impressing his colleagues with his oratory and skillful rhetoric. As Secretary of Organization of the APRA, he was assigned to conduct the party's public affairs during the wake of Haya de la Torre's death.

From his first marriage, García has one daughter, Carla, who is also active in Peruvian politics.[7] From his current wife Pilar Nores, with whom he separated from in 2010,[8] Garcia has four children.[7] He also has another child from an extramarital affair with a woman named Roxanne Cheesman.[7]

Already recognized as a young leader with a bright future for the country, he was elected Member of Congress in 1980. Two years later, he was elected General Secretary of the Peruvian Aprista Party, the highest position ever achieved by a member of the party. He was elected as presidential nominee for the 1985 general elections.

First Presidency

Alan García won the presidential election on April 14, 1985 with 45% of the votes. Since he did not receive the 50% of the votes required to win the presidency, García had to enter a run-off against Alfonso Barrantes (the leftist former mayor of Lima) of the United Left party. Barrantes, however, retired and decided not to enter the run-off, saying he did not want to prolong the political uncertainty of the country. García was thus declared President on 1 June and officially took power on 28 July 1985. For the first time in its sixty-year history, the APRA party came to power in Peru. Aged 36, García was dubbed "Latin America's Kennedy", becoming the region's youngest president at the time, and the second youngest president in Peruvian history (the youngest was Juan Crisostomo Torrico in 1842, aged 34).

Alfonso Guerra and Alan García at Moncloa Palace, August 1988.

Despite his initial popularity among Peruvian voters, García's term in office was marked by bouts of hyperinflation, which reached 7,649% in 1990 and had a cumulative total of 2,200,200% over the five years, thereby profoundly destabilising the Peruvian economy. Owing to such chronic inflation, the Peruvian currency, the sol, was replaced by the Inti in mid-1985, which itself was replaced by the nuevo sol ("new sun") in July 1991, at which time the new sol had a cumulative value of one billion (1,000,000,000) old soles. During García's administration, the per capita annual income of Peruvians fell to $720 (below the level of 1960) and Peru's GDP dropped 20%. By the end of his term, national reserves were negative $900 million.

According to studies of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics and the United Nations Development Programme,[9] around the start of his presidency, 41.6% of Peruvians lived in poverty. During his presidency, this percentage increased by 13% (to 55%) in 1991. García also made an attempt to nationalise the banking and insurance industries. The International Monetary Fund and the financial community retracted after the presidency unilaterally declared a limit on debt repayment equal to 10% of the Gross National Product, thereby isolating Peru from the international financial markets.

The economic turbulence exacerbated social tensions in Peru and contributed in part to the rise of the violent rebel movement known as the Shining Path, which launched the internal conflict in Peru and began attacking electrical towers, causing a number of blackouts in Lima. The García administration unsuccessfully sought a military solution to the growing terrorism, allegedly committing human rights violations, which are still under investigation. These include the Accomarca massacre, where 47 campesinos were gunned down by Peruvian armed forces in August 1985, the Cayara massacre (May 1988) in which some thirty people were killed and dozens disappeared, and the summary execution of more than 200 inmates during prison riots in Lurigancho, San Juan Bautista (El Frontón) and Santa Bárbara in 1986. According to an official inquiry, an estimated 1,600 forced disappearances took place during García's presidency. His own personal involvement in these events is not clear. García was allegedly tied to the paramilitary Rodrigo Franco Command, which is accused of carrying out political murders in Peru during García's presidency. A U.S. declassified report, written in late 1987, said that García's party, APRA, and top government officials were running a paramilitary group, responsible for the attempted bombing of the El Diario newspaper, then linked to Shining Path, had sent people to train in North Korea and may have been involved in executions.[10] According to investigative journalist Lucy Komisar, the report made it clear that it believed García had given the orders.[10]

His presidency left the country with hyperinflation, isolated from the international financial community, with negative reserves of US$900 million, continuous subversive activities by the Shining Path, a great increase in poverty levels and a multimillion-dollar investment in an electric train in Lima that was not finished during his first government, and is still under construction as of 2011. His critics claim many poor decisions he made created an environment that led to the rise of an authoritarian leader like Alberto Fujimori. García was accused of multiple charges of corruption during Fujimori's government, during which he remained overseas. Investigations were abandoned and archived without verdict and the statute of limitations has expired. [citation needed] His economic policies were used by economists Rudi Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards to coin the term macroeconomic populism.

Post-presidency

In 1992, García went into exile in Colombia and later in France after Fujimori's auto-coup during which the military raided his house. The new government re-opened charges against him for corruption. He denied the charges, and in 2001 Peru's Supreme Court ruled that the statute of limitations had run out following a recommendation by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.[11]

His long-time ally Jorge Del Castillo represented him as his lawyer and performed very heavy lobbying to allow García to legally return to Peru. After Castillo was elected to Congress, he had much more leverage for García's defence. The main accuser of the former president, Congressman Fernando Olivera, left Peru after Fujimori's fall. [citation needed]Fernando Olivera still follows his accusations against García and remains an avid critic.

After living eight years and ten months in neighbouring Colombia and in France, he returned to Peru in 2001, following the fall of Fujimori's government. As it had been rumored for many years, García ran for president in the new elections called by transitory president Valentín Paniagua, with Jorge Del Castillo as his campaign manager. García competed against some of his harshest critics and worst political enemies, including Lourdes Flores Nano and Fernando Olivera. [citation needed] His campaign election theme was that he was the most experienced candidate and thus the most prepared, as he had made mistakes before as President, and had learned from them. He attributed the problems of the Peruvian economy in his first presidency to the economic problems of Argentina and Brazil at the time. He distanced himself from accusations that he had been protected by Fujimori during his exile, and he would switch the topic when he was asked about his endorsement of Fujimori in the 1990 election. [citation needed]

Geographic distribution of second-round votes, by winning candidate.
  Alan García, >2/3 of valid votes
  Alan García, <2/3 of valid votes
  Ollanta Humala, >2/3
  Ollanta Humala, <2/3

He finished a distant second in the first round, far behind Alejandro Toledo, but just slightly above Flores Nano (by 1%), enough to take him to a run-off, as Toledo had failed to obtain the 50% majority. During the campaign for the run-off Toledo's popularity decreased, while García's popularity increased with his characteristic rhetoric and classical oratory delivery, which had helped him to get elected in 1985. García managed to obtain 48% of the vote in the run-off, losing by a close margin to Toledo. This was despite the movement "Voto Nulo" ("blank" or void vote), led by Jaime Bayly, a popular writer and TV presenter, and Álvaro Vargas Llosa, son of the famous novelist, in which celebrities asked Peruvian voters to vote for neither candidate and instead intentionally damage their vote cards or leave them blank. After the 2001 election, García, as leader of the APRA party, being Leader of the Opposition (Peru). [citation needed]

García officially started his campaign for the April 2006 presidential election in Lima on 20 April 2005. Ollanta Humala won the initial election with 32.50 % of valid votes, followed by García, who got 24.32% (against Lourdes Flores' 23.81%). As no candidate won a majority, a run-off election was held on 4 June 2006 between Humala and García. Preliminary official results gave García an advantage over his run-off opponent, who conceded defeat. [citation needed]

On 28 April 2006, prior to the run-off, García had become involved in a dispute with Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez. As Chávez, for the second time in the Peruvian Presidential elections, declared his support for Ollanta Humala, García's opponent, and referred to García as a "robber", a "bandit", and "the Carlos Andrés Pérez of Peru". In response, García stated that Chávez was "not acting as a statesman" and challenged Chávez to a debate to be hosted by CNN. García called on the Organization of American States to intervene in the matter.[12][13]

On 31 May 2006, a few days before the run-off election García's economic adviser Enrique Cornejo told the media that if García won in the second round, his government would renew a $422 million aid package with the International Monetary Fund.[14] Anoop Singh, the IMF's Western Hemisphere Director, responded positively by saying he was "impressed by the vision of the president-elected for Peru, especially his commitment to applying prudent economic policy."[15]

Second Presidency

Alan García in Brasilia right after winning his second presidency.

On 28 July 2006, García was sworn in as the new president of Peru, after winning approximately 53% of the nationwide vote in the elections held on June fourth. He won in the capital city, Lima and the northern coast, a geographical base of the APRA party, but lost on the southern region (mostly impoverished but including major cities as Cuzco and Arequipa) and the rain forest areas, considered Humala's strongholds. A third of the voters said that voting for him was "voting for the lesser of two evils": although many Peruvians had a very negative impression of García after his first term, they were frightened by rumours that Humala would create a government based on Fidel Castro's Cuba and would turn Hugo Chávez, President of Venezuela, into the virtual ruler of Peru, due to Chavez's patronage of Humala's party. These fears were accompanied by declarations of militarization, the re-introduction of the death penalty and criminalization and disrespect for LGBT communities. Humala denied these rumours, but his conflicting statements about his government's vision and Chávez's strong campaigning for him created enough suspicions among voters to cost him the ballotage. With 36 seats, APRA was the second largest bloc in the 120-seat unicameral Congress which was sworn in a couple of days before the President. With 45 seats, Humala's Union for Peru Party was the largest bloc, although it divided itself up into three factions.[16]

On June 28, one month before García was sworn in, his party gave 25 of the 79 votes (almost one third of the votes) that ratified the agreement in the Peruvian Congress, one month prior to the new legislature that included the Union for Peru congressmen, who opposed to the agreement with the USA. The US Congress ratified the agreement by December 4, 2007 and it was put into effect February 1, 2009.

In his first speech as President, García said he would appoint a Finance Minister who was neither "an orthodox market liberal" nor a person "excessively in favour of state intervention in the economy". The position of Prime Minister was given to Jorge Del Castillo. According to the BBC, in private interviews García had stated his interest in a possible future trade agreement with Brazil and considered himself "an admirer" of Brazilian President Lula da Silva.[17]

In press conferences with the foreign press, García acknowledged that the support Humala received in the election "could not be ignored". García, in a recognition of future domestic politics with a UPP controlled Congress, was quoted as saying "Mr. Humala is an important political figure, and a President should consult with different political factions".[17] However, Humala said he wouldn't salute the winner personally, adding that "he and his party will constitute the principal opposition bloc, not to fight Mr. García, but to defend the interests of the State and watch the government".[18]

Alan García at the White House.

President Chávez of Venezuela responded to García's comments on his show Aló Presidente by stating that it was García who owed him an apology saying "the only way relations between the two countries can be restored is if Peru's elected President [García] gives an explanation and offers an apology to the Venezuelan people. He started throwing stones". Chávez questioned the legitimacy of the election, citing 1.2 million invalid ballots and a margin of victory of 600,000 votes, although offering no evidence for his comments.[19] García, attending an invitation to meet Brazilian president Lula da Silva, responded to Chávez: "Accept your defeat in silence. Don't ask me to apologize for something arising from interference and remarks that are unacceptable under international law."[20] Differences with Chávez were left behind after the two ended their controversy at the II South American Community of Nations Summit.[21][22]

On the 20th of July, 2006 García named Luis Carranza as Finance Minister, a former executive at Spain-based Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria and Central Bank director and deputy finance chief from August 2004 to August 2005 in Alejandro Toledo's government. The appointment was welcomed by some detractors of García's fiscal policies during his first administration. But Mario Huamán Rivera, the President of Peru's largest trade union the Confederación General de Trabajadores del Perú (General Workers Confederation of Peru), attacked the appointment stating that "it looks as though Alan García is not going to fulfill his promise to change economic policy".[23][24]

On the day before his inauguration, García formally named his cabinet including former Secretary-General of the APRA party and re-elected Congressman Jorge del Castillo as Prime Minister, Luis Carranza as Minister of Finance and Economy, and José Antonio García Belaúnde as Foreign Affairs Minister.[25] García was inaugurated as President of Peru on 28 July 2006.[26]

During his campaign, García declared that he supported the death penalty for rapists of minors;[27] he has repeated this stance while in office pushing a law on the matter, which would modify the Criminal Code.[28] Although the issue seemed to be stalled, García widened the range of his proposal for the death penalty, by including terrorists in the list of those who could receive it.[29][30]

García faced his first major political defeat of his second term in office on January 11, 2007 when his proposal to introduce the death penalty as a punishment for captured Shining Path rebels was rejected by Congress in a vote of 49 to 26. García had promised to introduce the death penalty for Shining Path rebels during the 2006 Presidential election. Following the defeat of the proposal, García suggested a national referendum on the issue but it was blocked by Congress. Legislators who voted against the bill stated that it would be a breach of the American Convention on Human Rights to which Peru is a signatory. Approximately 3000 supporters of the proposal marched in Lima holding up photos of victims of attacks by the Shining Path.[31]

On the 5th of June 2009, García ordered Peruvian Police and military forces to stop Amazonian Indigenous protesters from blocking roads in the Bagua region. They had been demonstrating against the signing by Alan García of special decrees that allowed foreign corporations to enter Indigenous lands for oil drilling, mining and logging. As a result of the protests and armed military incursion, more than 100 native civilians[32] and 14 policemen were killed.[33] The government claimed, in a redacted television commercial, that several policemen were killed after being taken prisoner,[34] while protesters claimed the bodies of the murdered amazon Natives have been dumped into the river.[35][36]

With the passage of time, studies of human rights violations in Peru have discovered a close relationship between Garcia and the forces within Peru who promote impunity for human rights violators. Garcia was involved in colonizing the bench by placing inside the judiciary judges who would be sympathetic to perpetrators of human rights violations. Additionally, Garcia was supportive of efforts to punish judges who handed down indictments of perpetrators. Garcia himself was in the presidency during many gross violations of human rights and he has been quite hostile to human rights organizations and to judicial actors who seek justice for victims of human rights violations. During his presidency Garcia sought to tilt the legal playing field in favor of the military and against victims. He also tried to make life difficult for NGOs seeking to help victims. For example, he offered extensive resources to defendants and military officers while creating new laws that would make it difficult for human rights NGOs to do their jobs, receive necessary resources, and pursue the advance of judicial action that attempted to bring human rights violators to justice.[37]

Foreign affairs

García with President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev in Lima on 24 November 2008.

After being elected, in the months prior to his inauguration, García sought to heal the relationship with Chile, which was stressed due to the differences between the governments of Alejandro Toledo and Ricardo Lagos and severely impaired by the former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori's extradition affair.[38] García's intentions were well received by Michelle Bachelet, President of Chile, as she and García met and struck some pre-agreements.[39][40] These conversations eventually led to the final draft of a landmark economic agreement with Chile a month after García was sworn in.[41][42]

On 9 November 2006, three months after being elected, García signed 12 commercial agreements with President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil,[43][44] strengthening the relationship between the two countries. As part of the IIRSA program and continuing integration efforts -including the August 2006 negotiations between Petrobras and Petroperú-,[45] these new agreements seek to further bilateral cooperation.[46] García offered Peruvian hydropower to meet Brazil's growing energy needs, although further details were not disclosed.[47]

Second Post-Presidency and fourth presidential campaign

García left office on July 28, 2011, with a 42% of popular approval. He became one of Ollanta Humala's harshest critics, leading the opposition, conjointly with Keiko Fujimori. Aside from politics, García has served as Director of the Institute of Government and Public Administration of the Universidad de San Martín de Porres in Lima, appointed by his former Minister of Education, José Antonio Chang, the university's president.

After years of media speculation that if García would seek a third term as President, he officially launched his campaign on October 30, 2015. In December 2015, after a mutual agreement with his former arch-rival Lourdes Flores, he announced that he would run allied with the Christian People's Party, naming the coalition "Popular Alliance (Peru)".

The election's exit polls gave García a 6% of the popular vote, without a chance to make it to the runoff, that eventually took place between Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Keiko Fujimori. He tendered his resignation to the office of President of the Peruvian Aprista Party on April 11, 2016, after 12 years in the position. He has called for the renovation of the party, reaffirming Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre's legacy and ideology to the youth.

Odebrecht scandal

Main article: Odebrecht scandal

In 2016 and 2017, five of his ex-ministers are accused of corruption by the Peruvian justice system : Yehude Simon (Chairman of the Council of Ministers), Rosario Fernández (Minister of the Justice), Mercedes Cabanillas (Minister of the Interior), Antero Flores-Aráoz (Minister of the Defence) and Luis Nava (Minister of the Production).[48]

In November 2018, García was banned from leaving Peru by the court as a result of Odebrecht scandal investigation. Alan García entered the residence of the Uruguayan ambassador on 17 November, requesting asylum. However, on 3 December his request was denied. According to the Peruvian foreign minister, Alan García subsequently left the ambassador's residence.[49]

Death

On the morning of 17 April 2019, García allegedly shot himself in the temple as he was being presented with a preliminary arrest warrant related to the scandal in Lima.[50] Initial reports stated that officers violated protocol and allowed García to be alone to speak to his lawyer, resulting in the incident. He died later from his self-inflicted injuries pop. [51]

Public image

García returned in 2006 to the presidency of Peru on 28 July, sixteen years after his first term in office ended.[52]

Peru was ranked as Latin America's third-best country for business on the 2008 Latin Business Index from the Latin Business Chronicle.[53]

Electoral history

Parliamentary elections (1978-1980)

Peruvian Constituent Assembly election, 1978

Party Votes %
Peruvian Aprista Party 1,240,674 35.4
Christian People's Party 835,285 23.8
Worker Peasant Student and Popular Front 433,413 12.3
Revolutionary Socialist Party 323,520 6.6
Peruvian Communist Party 207,612 5.9
Popular Democratic Unity 160,741 4.5
National Front of Workers and Peasants 135,552 3.8
Christian Democratic Party 83,075 2.3
National Union Party 74,137 2.1
Pradist Democratic Movement 68,619 1.9
Socialist Revolutionary Action 20,164 0.5
Reformist Democratic Party 19,594 0.5
Invalid/blank votes 661,576 –
Total 4,172,962 100
Registered voters/turnout 4,978,831 83.7
Source: Nohlen

Congress of the Republic of Peru, Lima, 1980

Presidential elections (1985-2016)

Peruvian presidential election, 1985

Candidate Party Votes Percentage
Alan García Pérez Peruvian Aprista Party 3,457,030 53.110%
Alfonso Barrantes Lingán United Left 1,606,914 24.687%
Luis Bedoya Reyes Democratic Convergence 773,705 11.886%
Javier Alva Orlandini Popular Action 472,627 7.261%
Roger Cáceres Velásquez National Left 91,986 1.413%
Francisco Morales Bermúdez Democratic Front of National Unity 54,560 0.838%
Jorge Campos Arredondo National Progressive Party 26,757 0.411%
Ricardo Napurí Schapiro Socialist Workers Party 15,607 0.240%
Peter Uculmana National Civic Movement 7th June 10,020 0.154%
Invalid/blank votes 1,047,976 –
Total 7,557,182 100
Registered voters/turnout 8,341,734 90.595%
Source: Infogob

Peruvian presidential election, 2001

Candidate Party First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
Alejandro Toledo Possible Peru 3,871,167 36.515% 5,548,556 53.079%
Alan García Pérez Peruvian Aprista Party 2,732,857 25.777% 4,904,929 46.921%
Lourdes Flores National Unity 2,576,653 24.304%
Fernando Olivera Independent Moralizing Front 1,044,207 9.849%
Carlos Boloña People's Solution 179,243 1.691%
Ciro Gálvez Andean Renaissance 85,436 0.806%
Marco Arrunategui Project Country 79,077 0.746%
Ricardo Noriega All for Victory 33,080 0.312%
Invalid/blank votes 1,662,629 – 1,675,484 –
Total 12,264,349 100 12,128,969
Registered voters/turnout 14,906,233 82.277% 14,906,233 81.368%
Source: Infogob

Peruvian presidential election, 2006 Template:Peruvian presidential election, 2006

Peruvian presidential election, 2016

Candidate Party First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
Keiko Fujimori Popular Force 6,115,073 39.86 8,555,880 49.88
Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Peruvians for Change 3,228,661 21.05 8,596,937 50.12
Verónika Mendoza Broad Front 2,874,940 18.74
Alfredo Barnechea Popular Action 1,069,360 6.97
Alan García Pérez Popular Alliance 894,278 5.83
Gregorio Santos Direct Democracy 613,173 4.00
Fernando Olivera Hope Front 203,103 1.32
Alejandro Toledo Possible Peru 200,012 1.30
Miguel Hilario Developing Peru 75,870 0.49
Antero Flores Aráoz Order Party 65,673 0.43
Invalid/blank votes 3,393,987 – 1,190,079 –
Total 18,734,130 100 18,342,896 100
Registered voters/turnout 22,901,954 81.80 22,901,954 80.09
Source: Infogob

Published works

García is the author of several books on the Peruvian reality and Latin America. Most of them may be found in the National Library of Peru. His published works include the following:

  • 1981  A la Inmensa Mayoría: Discursos
  • 1982  El Futuro Diferente
  • 1987  El Desarme Financiero: Pueblo y Deuda en América Latina
  • 1990  La Revolución Regional
  • 1991  La Defensa de Alan García
  • 1992  El Nuevo Totalitarismo
  • 1994  El Mundo de Maquiavelo
  • 1997  La Falsa Modernidad
  • 1997  Siete Tesis Erróneas del Neoliberalismo en América Latina
  • 1999  Mi Gobierno Hizo la Regionalización
  • 2000  La Década Infame: Deuda Externa 1990–1999
  • 2003  Modernidad y Política en el Siglo XXI: Globalización con Justicia Social
  • 2005  Sierra Exportadora: Empleo, Modernidad y Justicia en Los Andes
  • 2011  Contra el Temor Económico: Creer en el Perú
  • 2012  Pida la Palabra: Por la Libertad, la Plenitud y el Exito
  • 2012  Pizarro, el Rey de la Baraja: Política, confusión y dolor en la Conquista
  • 2013  Noventa años de aprismo: Hay, hermanos, muchísimo que hacer
  • 2013  Confucio y la globalización: Comprender China y crecer con ella

See also

References

  1. ^ "Alan Garcia". BBC News. 5 June 2006. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  2. ^ a b "Fallece expresidente peruano Alan García tras dispararse para evitar detención por caso Odebrecht". teleSUR (in Spanish). 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  3. ^ García wins to become Peru president al-Jazeera, 5 June 2006
  4. ^ "The risk of throwing it all away". The Economist. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  5. ^ [1][dead link]
  6. ^ EC, Redacción (23 July 2014). "Se resolvió el misterio: Alan García no es doctor". Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  7. ^ a b c https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www2.latercera.com/noticia/hija-de-alan-garcia-irrumpe-con-programa-politico-en-peru/&prev=search
  8. ^ https://peru.com/2012/08/13/actualidad/mi-ciudad/alan-garcia-sobre-pilar-nores-aun-no-estoy-divorciado-solo-separado-video-noticia-80551
  9. ^ Perú Archived 2005-04-11 at the Wayback Machine, Atlas Internet (Spanish)
  10. ^ a b Lucy Komisar, Peru: US Gov’t Document Links García to 1980s Death Squads, Inter Press Service, 5 December 2007.
  11. ^ "Peru court lifts García corruption charge", 19 January 2001. BBC
  12. ^ García reta a Chávez a polemizar por CNN, El Universal, 28 April 2006 (Spanish)
  13. ^ Alan García in Dispute with Hugo Chávez Archived 2006-05-04 at the Wayback Machine, University of British Columbia—Peru Elections 2006, 28 April 2006
  14. ^ "Peru's García Pledges to Renew IMF Loan Agreement (Update2)", Bloomberg, 31 May 2006
  15. ^ "IMF says "impressed" with Peru's García's vision", 14 June 2006 (Reuters).
  16. ^ Exit Poll Results: Alan García in First Place Archived 2006-06-18 at the Wayback Machine University of British Columbia profile of the 2006 Peruvian election. 4 June 2006.
  17. ^ a b "García desestima roces con Chávez", 6 June 2006 BBC Mundo.
  18. ^ "Humala says he won't give García truce", El Comercio, 8 June 2006.
  19. ^ "Peru President-Elect García Owes Venezuela Apology, Chavez Says", 11 June 2006, Bloomberg
  20. ^ "Peru's García refuses to apologize to Chavez"[permanent dead link], 13 June 2006. Reuters
  21. ^ "Peru's García cozies up to Ecuador, Venezuela", December 9, 2006 International Herald Tribune
  22. ^ "García and Hugo Chavez set differences aside", 9 December 2006. Living in Peru
  23. ^ "García Names Carranza Peru's Next Finance Minister", 20 July 2006. Bloomberg
  24. ^ Hal Weitzman, "García's choice of finance minister cheered", 22 July 2006. Financial Times
  25. ^ "Noticias de Prensa Latina". 2016-03-10. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2018-03-23. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ Tyler Bridges, "Alan García inaugurated as president of Peru"[permanent dead link], 28 July 2006. The Miami Herald
  27. ^ "Alan García envía al Congreso propuesta para pena de muerte" Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine, 21 September 2006. Los Tiempos
  28. ^ Cecilia Rosales Ferreyros, "García plantea volver a aplicar pena de muerte", 9 August 2006. El Comercio
  29. ^ "Peru's President in favor of death penalty for terrorists", 2 November 2006 Living In Peru
  30. ^ "Alan García: guerra avisada, señores, no mata gente", 2 November 2006 El Comercio
  31. ^ "Presidente García insiste en aplicar la pena de muerte", 19 January 2007 El Comercio
  32. ^ "Up to 100 dead in Amazon clashes: activist". 8 June 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  33. ^ "Peru polarised after deadly clashes". 10 June 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2018 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  34. ^ Romero, Simon (11 June 2009). "Protesters Gird for Long Fight Over Opening Peru's Amazon". Retrieved 10 March 2018 – via NYTimes.com.
  35. ^ "Avatar Director James Cameron Returns from a Visit to Belo Monte Dam Site on the Xingu River". Amazon Watch. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  36. ^ "Peruvian Police Accused of Massacring Indigenous Protesters in Amazon Jungle". Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  37. ^ Ezequiel A. Gonzalez-Ocantos, 'Shifting Legal Visions: Judicial Change and Human Rights Trials in Latin America, Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 2016, Chap 4 esp pp 169-172.
  38. ^ "Will Chile send Aparicio to Peru?", 5 January 2006. The Economist
  39. ^ "Alan García se reunió con Bachelet", 23 June 2006. (BBC).
  40. ^ Noriega, Carlos "Del odio al amor hay sólo un paso", 24 June 2006. Página 12
  41. ^ "Chile y Perú firman primer TLC entre países sudamericanos", 22 August 2006. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Chile
  42. ^ "Perú y Chile suscriben un 'histórico' acuerdo comercial" Archived 2007-06-25 at archive.today, 24 August 2006. La Última
  43. ^ "García: Peru and Brazil trust in the power of its people" November 9, 2006 Living in Peru
  44. ^ "Brazil, Peru sign 12 cooperation agreements". 10 November 2006. People's Daily.
  45. ^ "Peru - Agreement with state companies from Peru" Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine Petrobras - Investor News
  46. ^ Andrade, Juliana "Após encontro, Lula e García firman acordos de cooperação bilateral", 9 November 2006 Agência Brasil
  47. ^ Clendenning, Alan "Peru president offers energy to Brazil", 10 November 2006. Business Week
  48. ^ LR, Redacción (5 July 2017). "Caso Odebrecht: Cinco ministros de Alan García son citados por la Fiscalía - LaRepublica.pe". Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  49. ^ "Peru corruption: Ex-President Alan García denied asylum". BBC. 3 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  50. ^ Cite error: The named reference suicide was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  51. ^ "El ex presidente peruano Alan García se disparó en la cabeza tras recibir una orden de arresto y está en grave estado". Infobae (in European Spanish). 17 April 2019. Retrieved 2019-04-17. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  52. ^ "Peru's Outlook" Archived 2010-11-28 at the Wayback Machine, 23 June 2006. (Latin Business Chronicle).
  53. ^ "Special Report" Archived 2008-12-31 at the Wayback Machine, 23 December 2008. (Latin Business Chronicle) by Joachim Bamrud.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Alan García.
Party political offices
Preceded by General Secretary of the Peruvian Aprista Party
1982–1985 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of the Peruvian Aprista Party
1985–present 		Incumbent
Political offices
Preceded by President of Peru
1985–1990 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of Peru
2006–2011 		Succeeded by
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Chairperson of APEC
2008 		Succeeded by
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