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Tramways in Île-de-France

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Île-de-France tramway
Tram on Line T3a in front of the Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris
Tram on Line T3a in front of the Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris
Overview
Native nameTramways d'Île-de-France
LocaleÎle-de-France, France
Transit typeLight rail/tram
Number of lines10
Number of stations186[1][2]
Operation
Began operation1992
Operator(s)RATP / SNCF / Transkeo
Technical
System length104.7 km (65.1 mi)[1][2][3]
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge for conventional lines
System map

The Île-de-France tramways (French: Tramways d'Île-de-France) consists of a network of modern tram lines in the Île-de-France region of France. Ten lines are currently operational (counting Lines 3a and 3b as separate lines), with extensions and additional lines in the planning and construction stage. Although the system mainly runs in the suburban regions of Paris, lines T3a and T3b run entirely within Paris city limits, and line T2 also does so for part of its route. While the lines operate independently of each other and are generally unconnected, some connections do exist: between lines T2 and T3a (at the Porte de Versailles station, since 2009), T3a and T3b (at the Porte de Vincennes station, since 2012), T1 and T5 (at the Marché de Saint-Denis station, since 2013), T1 and T8 (at the Saint-Denis train station, since 2014) and T8 and T11 Express (at two stations : Villetaneuse-Université and Épinay-sur-Seine, since 2009). However, the final design of the entire planned tram network is fairly integrated.

Almost all lines (Lines 4 & 11 Express being the sole exceptions) are operated by the Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (RATP), which also operates the Paris Métro and most bus services in the Paris immediate area. Furthermore, while most lines use conventional steel-wheel rolling stock, two lines (T5 and T6) use rubber-tired trams. Moreover, line T4, which uses tram-train technology, is operated by the French national rail operator SNCF as part of its Transilien regional rail network. Line T11 Express, which also uses tram-train technology, is operated by SNCF's subsubsidiary Transkeo.

History

Trams of the former network, seen near the Pont au Change in central Paris

From 1855 to 1938, Paris was served by an extensive tramway network, predating the metro by nearly a half-century.[4] In 1925 the network had a 1,111 km (690 mi) length, with 122 lines.[citation needed] In the 1930s, the oil and automobile industry lobbies put pressure on the Paris Police Prefecture to remove tram tracks and make room for cars.[5] The last of these first generation tram lines inside of Paris, that connected Porte de Saint-Cloud to Porte de Vincennes, was closed in 1937,[6] and the last line in the entire Paris agglomeration, running between Le Raincy and Montfermeil, ended its service on 14 August 1938.[5]

Originally horse-powered, Paris trams used steam, and later pneumatic engines, then electricity. The funicular that operated in Belleville from 1891 to 1924 is sometimes erroneously thought of as a tramway, but was actually a cable car system. The first of the new generation of trams in Paris, the current line T1, opened in 1992, with Line T2 opening in 1997 and Lines T3 and T4 in 2006. Lines T5 and T7, opened in 2013 while T6 and T8 opened in 2014. T11 opened in 2017, while T9 & T10, held back into paper projects for many years, are still under preparative works, now joined by lines T12 & T13, the last parts of the former Grande Ceinture line that aren't covered by T11.

Lines

Line T1
Line T2
Line T3a
Line T4
Line T5
Line T6
Line T7
Line T8
Line T11 Express
Line Opening[7] Length Stations Operator
1992[8] 17 km (11 mi)[citation needed] 36 RATP
1997[8] 17.9 km (11.1 mi)[citation needed] 24 RATP
2006[8] 12.4 km (7.7 mi)[citation needed] 25 RATP
2012[8] 9.9 km (6.2 mi)[citation needed] 18 RATP
2006[2] 7.9 km (4.9 mi)[2] 11[2] SNCF
2013[8] 6.6 km (4.1 mi)[8] 16[8] RATP
2014[3] 14 km (8.7 mi)[3] 21[3] RATP
2013[8] 11.2 km (7.0 mi)[8] 18[8] RATP
2014[3][9] 8.5 km (5.3 mi)[3][9] 17[3][9] RATP
Planned in 2020[10] 10.3 km (6.4 mi) 19 Keolis
Planned in 2023 8.2 km (5.1 mi) 14 ?
2017 11 km (6.8 mi) 7 Transkeo
Planned in 2022 20 km (12 mi) 16 SNCF
Planned in 2021 18.8 km (11.7 mi) 11 SNCF
TOTAL: 173.7 km (107.9 mi) 253

T1

Main article: Île-de-France tramway Line 1

Line T1 currently connects Asnières and Gennevilliers to Noisy-le-Sec, parallel to the Paris city's northern limit. It opened in 1992 from Saint Denis' train/RER station to Bobigny — Pablo Picasso subway station, where is located the Prefecture for the Seine-Saint-Denis department. The extension from Bobigny to Noisy-le-Sec was completed in December 2003. An extension west to Asnières and Gennevilliers, connecting to western branch of subway line 13, opened in November 2012, and a continuation towards Nanterre is planned. An eastwards extension to Montreuil and to the Val de Fontenay RER station is planned.

T2

Main article: Île-de-France tramway Line 2

Line T2 (Trans Val-de-Seine) connects the bridge of Bezons (Pont de Bezons) to the Porte de Versailles (Paris's main exhibit grounds) via La Défense and Issy-les-Moulineaux business districts. It opened in 1997 between La Défense and Issy Val-de-Seine train stations, mostly on a former SNCF line, the Moulineaux line (which closed in 1993). An extension south, from Issy Val-de-Seine to Porte de Versailles opened in 2009, while the second extension, to the north this time, opened in 2012 from La Défense to Pont de Bezons.

T3a and T3b

Main article: Île-de-France tramway Line 3

Line T3 is the first modern tramway line to actually enter Paris itself. It is divided into two sections, called T3a and T3b, separated at the Porte de Vincennes in order not to cut the road traffic there, despite rail and electrical infrastructure being present and operational. The line is also known as the tramway des Maréchaux because it follows the boulevards des maréchaux, a series of boulevards that encircle Paris along the route of the former Thiers Wall (built 1841–44). The boulevards are, with three exceptions, named for Napoleon's First Empire marshals (maréchaux).

T3a connects Pont du Garigliano RER station in the western part of the 15th arrondissement with Porte de Vincennes metro station in the 12th arrondissement. T3b connects Porte de Vincennes with Porte de la Chapelle in the 18th arrondissement, this with an extension to Porte d'Asnières (17th arrondissement), mostly built and set to open in November 2018. The extension opened on 24 November 2018.[11]

T4

Main article: Île-de-France tramway Line 4

Line T4 is an 8-kilometre (5.0 mi), 11-stop[2] tram-train line, operating in part on SNCF lines, connecting Bondy Train/RER station with Aulnay-sous-Bois Train/RER station. It opened on November 18, 2006. Unlike the other tramways in Île-de-France, T4 is operated by SNCF. A new branch of this tram-train line, heading east towards Montfermeil; will open in 2020.

T5

Main article: Île-de-France tramway Line 5

Tramway T5[12] is a Translohr tram-on-tyres[13] running along a mainly segregated "track" on the busy Route Nationale 1 (similar to the systems in Nancy or Caen), replacing the often busy bus lines 168 and 268. The 6.6-kilometre (4.1 mi) route[13] serves 16 stops[13] between Saint-Denis, Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Sarcelles and Garges-lès-Gonesse. It has an interchange with T1 at its southerly terminus marché de Saint-Denis and with RER D at its northern terminus, the Garges-Sarcelles RER station.[14] Line T5 opened in July 2013.[15]

T6

Main article: Île-de-France tramway Line 6

Tramway line 6 is a 14-kilometre (8.7 mi) Translohr tram-on-tyres serving 21 stations, from Châtillon – Montrouge subway station (the southern terminus of metro line 13) to Viroflay-Rive-Droite Transilien station. The 1.6 kilometres (0.99 mi) serving at the western (Viroflay) end, is in a tunnel crossing the city from south to north, including 2 stops, namely the two Train stations the city has, Rive Gauche (train lines C & N) and Rive Droite (line L). The majority of the current line opened in 2014, with said tunnel section opening in 2016. Replaced bus line 295, that became too crowded and slow for proper use.

T7

Main article: Île-de-France tramway Line 7

Tramway line 7 is an 11.2-kilometre (7.0 mi) route serving 18 stations[8] between Villejuif — Louis Aragon (southwestern terminus of Paris Métro Line 7) and Athis-Mons, via Rungis International Market and Orly airport ; which opened on November 16, 2013.[16] in order to both allow a supplemental rail service from Paris to the Orly airport and replace bus line 285, that also became crowded beyond reason.

T8

Main article: Île-de-France tramway Line 8

Formerly known as "Tram'y" due to its opening day Y-shape, this 8.46-kilometre (5.26 mi) line goes from Saint-Denis — Porte de Paris subway station to Épinay-sur-Seine — Orgemont, with a branch to the university of Villetaneuse, where it connects to the new T11 line. An extension is also planned south, to Paris itself, at the Rosa Parks RER station. Construction began in 2010, and service began in 2014.[16]

T11 Express

Main article: Île-de-France tramway Line 11 Express

First "Express" tram line of the parisian network — due to reusing the long-closed Grande Ceinture, with only a handful of stations in — , Tramway line 11 is actually the most recent tramway line of the Parisian network, serving as the first of 3 lines to cover the former Grande Ceinture rail line and offering in fine a second circular railroad service around Paris, something the Paris public transport system sorely lacked for many years

T11 line opened in 2017 between Épinay-sur-Seine and Le Bourget RER/Train stations, the middle part of its expected full route between Sartrouville & Noisy-le-Sec RER/Train Stations .

Planned lines

T9

Main article: Île-de-France tramway Line 9

T9 is a tram line currently under construction between Porte de Choisy Paris Métro station and the centre of Orly with a length of 10.3 km (6.4 mi) and 19 stops.

T10

T10 is a planned tram route from Antony to Clamart in the southwestern suburbs of Paris with a length of 8.2 km (5.1 mi) and 14 stops.

T12 Express

T12 Express is a tram-train line currently under construction between Évry-Courcouronnes station (RER D) and Massy-Palaiseau station (RER B and C) via Épinay-sur-Orge station (RER C), with a length of 20 km (12 mi) and 16 stops.

T13 Express

T13 Express is a tram-train line currently under construction between Saint-Germain-en-Laye station (RER A) and Saint-Cyr station (RER C and Transilien lines N and U) with a length of 18.8 km (11.7 mi) and 11 stops.

TVM

The Trans-Val-de-Marne bus line, which runs in a designated bus lane and is intended to provide high-capacity, rapid transit southeast of Paris in the department of Val-de-Marne, is operated by RATP unlike most suburban bus lines. Despite beginning with a T, it is not a tramway. The RATP however considers it to be part of the T network, and is currently drawing plans for more BRT lines.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "RATP's tram network in Île-de-France". RATP. Archived from the original on 2014-04-26. Retrieved 2014-04-25.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "BIENVENUE SUR LA LIGNE T4" [WELCOME TO THE T4 LINE]. sncf.com (in French). SNCF Transilien. 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "2014, the next year of the tram". RATP. Archived from the original on 2014-12-25. Retrieved 2014-12-16.
  4. ^ LE CHEVAL A PARIS DE 1850 a 1914 (in French). Librairie Droz. pp. 84ff. ISBN 978-2-600-04536-0.
  5. ^ a b Dominique Larroque; Michel Margairaz; Pierre Zembri; Association pour l'histoire des chemins de fer en France (2002). Paris et ses transports: XIXe-XXe siècles, deux siècles de décisions pour la ville et sa région. Recherches. p. 131. ISBN 978-2-86222-042-0.
  6. ^ Ralf Roth; Colin Divall (28 March 2015). From Rail to Road and Back Again?: A Century of Transport Competition and Interdependency. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 351ff. ISBN 978-1-4094-7115-8.
  7. ^ "RATP's tram network in Île-de-France". RATP. Archived from the original on 2014-10-26. Retrieved 2014-12-16.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "2013, another year of the tram". RATP. Archived from the original on 2014-10-26. Retrieved 2014-12-16.
  9. ^ a b c "Paris opens tram Route T8". Railway Gazette International. 16 December 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-16.
  10. ^ "Paris opens tram Route T9". Railway Gazette International. 16 December 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-16.
  11. ^ http://www.leparisien.fr/info-paris-ile-de-france-oise/transports/paris-le-tramway-jusqu-a-porte-d-asnieres-c-est-parti-23-11-2018-7951791.php
  12. ^ "Tramway 5 - le T5 en ligne" [Tramway 5 - The T5 line] (in French). RATP. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
  13. ^ a b c "le T5 en ligne - Le projet - L'essentiel" [The T5 line - the project - essentials] (in French). RATP. Archived from the original on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
  14. ^ http://www.anous.fr/paris/traffic/un-nouveau-tram-en-banlieue/3897.html[dead link]
  15. ^ "Home - In Ile-de-France - Extending the network - Tramway - Créations : T5". Archived from the original on 2013-04-20. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
  16. ^ a b "Citadis remains popular in Paris". Railway Gazette International. 28 January 2011. Retrieved 2014-07-12.
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