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==Production==
==Production==
The studio had considered the idea of making a sequel to ''Frankenstein'' as early as the 1931 preview screenings of the film. Following those screenings, the studio changed the film's original ending to allow for Henry Frankenstein's survival.<ref>Curtis, p. 154</ref> James Whale initially refused to direct ''Bride'', believing he had "squeezed the idea dry"<ref name=vieira80>Vieria, p. 80</ref> on the first film. Following the success of Whale's ''[[The Invisible Man (film)|The Invisible Man]]'', producer [[Carl Laemmle, Jr.]] realized that Whale was the only possible director for ''Bride''; Whale used his realization as leverage to convince the studio to let him make ''[[One More River]]''.<ref>Curtis, p. 234</ref> Whale believed the sequel would not top the original, so he decided instead to make it a memorable "hoot".<ref name=vieira80/> According to a studio publicist, Whale and Universal's studio psychiatrist decided "the Monster would have the mental age of a ten-year old boy and the emotional age of a lad of fifteen".<ref name=vieira80/>
The studio considered making a sequel to ''Frankenstein'' as early as its 1931 preview screenings. Following those screenings, the studio changed the film's original ending to allow for Henry Frankenstein's survival.<ref>Curtis, p. 154</ref> James Whale initially refused to direct ''Bride'', believing he had "squeezed the idea dry"<ref name=vieira80>Vieria, p. 80</ref> on the first film. Following the success of Whale's ''[[The Invisible Man (film)|The Invisible Man]]'', producer [[Carl Laemmle, Jr.]] realized that Whale was the only possible director for ''Bride''; Whale used his realization as leverage to convince the studio to let him make ''[[One More River]]''.<ref>Curtis, p. 234</ref> Whale believed the sequel would not top the original, so he decided instead to make it a memorable "hoot".<ref name=vieira80/> According to a studio publicist, Whale and Universal's studio psychiatrist decided "the Monster would have the mental age of a ten-year old boy and the emotional age of a lad of fifteen".<ref name=vieira80/>


Screenwriter [[Robert Florey]] wrote a [[Film treatment|treatment]] entitled ''The New Adventures of Frankenstein &ndash; The Monster Lives!'' but it was rejected without comment early in 1932.<ref name = dvd>{{cite video
Screenwriter [[Robert Florey]] wrote a [[Film treatment|treatment]] entitled ''The New Adventures of Frankenstein &ndash; The Monster Lives!'' but it was rejected without comment early in 1932.<ref name = dvd>{{cite video

Revision as of 09:50, 27 February 2009

Bride of Frankenstein
File:Brideoffrankposter.jpg
theatrical poster
Directed byJames Whale
Written byMary Shelley (novel)
William Hurlbut (screenplay and adaptation)
John L. Balderston (adaptation)
Produced byCarl Laemmle Jr.
StarringBoris Karloff
Colin Clive
Valerie Hobson
Ernest Thesiger
Elsa Lanchester
Una O'Connor
CinematographyJohn J. Mescall
Edited byTed Kent
Music byFranz Waxman
Distributed byUniversal Pictures
Release date
April 22, Template:Fy (US)
Running time
75 min.
CountryTemplate:FilmUS
LanguageTransclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
BudgetUS$393,750

Bride of Frankenstein (advertised as The Bride of Frankenstein) is a Template:Fy horror film, the first sequel to the influential Frankenstein (1931). Bride of Frankenstein was directed by James Whale and stars Boris Karloff as The Monster, Elsa Lanchester in the dual role of his Mate and Mary Shelley, Colin Clive as Henry Frankenstein, and Ernest Thesiger as Doctor Septimus Pretorius.

The film immediately follows the events of the first film and is rooted in a subplot of the original novel Frankenstein (1818). In the film, a chastened Henry Frankenstein gives up his plans to create life, only to be tempted and finally coerced into constructing the Monster's mate by the Monster and Henry's old mentor, Dr. Pretorius. When the Bride rejects him, the Monster destroys Henry's laboratory, killing Pretorius, the Bride and apparently himself.

Preparation commenced shortly after the first film premiered but script problems delayed the project for several years. Principal photography began in January 1935, with creative personnel from the original returning in front and behind the camera. Bride of Frankenstein was released to critical and popular success, although it encountered difficulties with some state and national censorship boards. Since its release, the film's reputation has grown and it is hailed as Whale's masterpiece. Modern film scholars, noting the homosexuality of Whale and others involved in the production, have found a gay sensibility in the film, although a number of Whale's associates dismissed the idea.

Plot

On a stormy night, Percy Bysshe Shelley (Douglas Walton) and Lord Byron (Gavin Gordon) praise Mary Shelley (Elsa Lanchester) for her story of Frankenstein and his Monster. Reminding them that her intention was to impart a moral lesson, Mary says she has more of the story to tell. The scene shifts to the end of the 1931 Frankenstein.

Villagers gathered around the burning windmill cheer the apparent death of the Monster (Boris Karloff, credited as "Karloff"). Their joy is tempered by the realization that Henry Frankenstein (Colin Clive) is also apparently dead. Hans (Reginald Barlow), father of the girl the creature drowned in the previous film, wants to see the Monster's bones. He falls into a pit underneath the mill, where the Monster strangles him. Hauling himself from the pit, the Monster casts Hans' wife (Mary Gordon) into it to her death. He next encounters Minnie (Una O'Connor), who flees in terror.

Henry's body is returned to his fiancée Elizabeth (Valerie Hobson) at his ancestral castle home. Minnie arrives to sound the alarm about the Monster but her warning goes unheeded. Elizabeth, seeing Henry move, realizes he still lives.

Nursed back to health by Elizabeth, Henry has renounced his creation but still believes he may be destined to unlock the secret of life and immortality. A hysterical Elizabeth cries that she sees death coming, foreshadowing the arrival of Henry's former mentor, Doctor Septimus Pretorius (Ernest Thesiger). In his rooms, Pretorius shows Henry several homunculi he has created, including a miniature queen, king, archbishop, devil, ballerina and mermaid. Pretorius wishes to work with Henry to create a mate for the Monster and offers a toast to their venture: "To a new world of gods and monsters!"

The Monster saves a young shepherdess (Anne Darling) from drowning; her screams upon seeing him alert two hunters, who shoot and injure the creature. The hunters raise a mob that sets out in pursuit. Captured and trussed to a pole, the Monster is hauled to a dungeon and chained. Left alone, he breaks his chains and escapes.

That night the Monster encounters a gypsy family and burns his hand in their campfire. Following the sound of a violin playing "Ave Maria", the Monster encounters an old, blind hermit (O. P. Heggie), who thanks God for sending him a friend. He teaches the monster words like "friend" and "good" and shares a meal with him. Two lost hunters stumble upon the cottage and recognize the Monster. He attacks them and accidentally burns down the cottage as the hunters lead the hermit away.

Taking refuge from another angry mob in an underground crypt, the Monster spies Pretorius and his cronies Karl (Dwight Frye) and Ludwig (Ted Billings) breaking open a grave. The henchmen depart; Pretorius stays to enjoy a light supper. The Monster approaches Pretorius and learns of his plan to make the Monster a mate.

Henry and Elizabeth, now married, are visited by Pretorius; he is ready for Henry to do his part in their "grand collaboration". Henry refuses and Pretorius calls in the Monster, who demands Henry's help. Henry again refuses and Pretorius orders the Monster out, signaling him to kidnap Elizabeth. Pretorius guarantees her safe return upon Henry's participation. Henry returns to his tower laboratory where, in spite of himself, he grows excited over his work. After being assured of Elizabeth's safety, Henry completes the Bride's body.

A storm rages as final preparations are made to bring the Bride to life. Her bandage-wrapped body is raised through the roof. Lightning strikes a kite, sending electricity through the Bride. Henry and Pretorius lower her and realize their success. "She's alive! Alive!" Henry cries. They remove her bandages and help her to stand. "The bride of Frankenstein!" Doctor Pretorius declares.

The excited Monster sees his mate and reaches out to her. "Friend?" he asks. The Bride, screaming, rejects him. "She hate me! Like others," the Monster says dejectedly. As Elizabeth races to Henry's side, the Monster rampages through the laboratory. "Go! You live!", he tells Henry and Elizabeth. To Pretorius and the Bride he says, "You stay. We belong dead." While Henry and Elizabeth flee, the Monster, shedding a tear as the Bride hisses at him, pulls a lever that destroys the laboratory and tower.

Production

The studio considered making a sequel to Frankenstein as early as its 1931 preview screenings. Following those screenings, the studio changed the film's original ending to allow for Henry Frankenstein's survival.[1] James Whale initially refused to direct Bride, believing he had "squeezed the idea dry"[2] on the first film. Following the success of Whale's The Invisible Man, producer Carl Laemmle, Jr. realized that Whale was the only possible director for Bride; Whale used his realization as leverage to convince the studio to let him make One More River.[3] Whale believed the sequel would not top the original, so he decided instead to make it a memorable "hoot".[2] According to a studio publicist, Whale and Universal's studio psychiatrist decided "the Monster would have the mental age of a ten-year old boy and the emotional age of a lad of fifteen".[2]

Screenwriter Robert Florey wrote a treatment entitled The New Adventures of Frankenstein – The Monster Lives! but it was rejected without comment early in 1932.[4] Universal staff writer Tom Reed wrote a treatment under the title The Return of Frankenstein. The film retained this title until filming began.[5] Following its acceptance in 1933, Reed wrote a full script that was submitted to the Hays office for review. The script passed the Hays office review but Whale, who by then had been attached to direct, said of this script, "it stinks to heaven".[6] L. G. Blochman and Philip MacDonald were next assigned to the script, but Whale found their work unsatisfactory as well. In 1934, Whale set John L. Balderston to work on yet another version. It was Balderston who returned to an incident from the novel in which the creature demands a mate. In the novel Frankenstein creates a mate but destroys it without bringing it to life. Balderston also created the Mary Shelley prologue. After several months, Whale was still not satisfied with Balderston's work and handed the project to playwright William J. Hurlbut and Edmund Pearson. The final script, combining elements of a number of these versions, was submitted for Hays office review in November 1934.[7] Kim Newman reports that Whale planned to make Elizabeth the heart donor for the bride,[8] but film historian Scott MacQueen states that Whale never had such an intention.[4]

Sources report that Bela Lugosi and Claude Rains were considered, with varying degrees of seriousness, for the role of Frankenstein's mentor, Pretorius;[9] others report that the role was created specifically for Ernest Thesiger.[10] Because of Mae Clarke's ill health, Valerie Hobson replaced her as Henry Frankenstein's love interest, Elizabeth.[4] Early in production, Whale decided that the same actress cast to play the Bride should also play Mary Shelley in the film's prologue, to represent how the story – and horror in general – springs from the dark side of one's imagination.[11] He considered Brigitte Helm and Phyllis Brooks before deciding on Elsa Lanchester. Lanchester, who had accompanied husband Charles Laughton to Hollywood, had met with only moderate success while Laughton achieved fame in several films (including Whale's own The Old Dark House) and won an Academy Award for his role in The Private Life of Henry VIII. Lanchester had returned alone to London when Whale contacted her to offer her the dual role.[12] Lanchester modeled the Bride's hissing on the hissing of swans. Whale filmed the hissing sequence from multiple angles and Lanchester gave herself a sore throat, which she treated with codeine.[13]

Colin Clive and Boris Karloff reprised their roles from Frankenstein as creator and creation, respectively. Hobson recalled Clive's alcoholism had worsened since filming the original, but Whale did not recast the role because his "hysterical quality" was necessary for the film.[11] Karloff strongly objected to the decision to allow the Monster to speak. "Speech! Stupid! My argument was that if the monster had any impact or charm, it was because he was inarticulate—this great, lumbering, inarticulate creature. The moment he spoke you might as well ... play it straight."[14] This decision also meant that Karloff could not remove his dental plate, so his cheeks did not have the sunken look of the original film.[4] Whale and the studio psychiatrist selected 44 simple words for the Monster's vocabulary by looking at test papers of ten-year olds working at the studio.[2] Dwight Frye returned to play the doctor's assistant, Karl, having played the hunchback, Fritz in the original. Frye also filmed a scene as an unnamed villager and the role of "Nephew Glutz", a man who murdered his uncle and blamed the death on the Monster.[4] Boris Karloff is credited simply as KARLOFF, which was Universal's custom during the height of his career.[15] Elsa Lanchester is credited for Mary Shelley, but in a nod to the earlier film, the Monster's bride is credited only as "?" just as Boris Karloff had been in the opening credits of Frankenstein.

Elsa Lanchester and Boris Karloff in Bride of Frankenstein. The bride's conical hairdo, with its white lightning-trace streaks on each side, has become an iconic symbol of both the character and the film.

Universal makeup artist Jack Pierce paid special attention to the Monster's appearance in this film. He altered his 1931 design to display the after-effects of the mill fire, adding scars and shortening the Monster's hair.[15] Over the course of filming, Pierce modified the Monster's makeup to indicate that the Monster's injuries were healing as the film progressed.[4] Pierce co-created the Bride's makeup with strong input from Whale, especially regarding the Bride's iconic hair style,[12] based on Nefertiti.[5] Lanchester's hair was given a Marcel wave over a wire frame to achieve the style.[4] Lanchester disliked working with Pierce, who she said "really did feel that he made these people, like he was a god ... in the morning he'd be dressed in white as if he were in hospital to perform an operation."[5] To play Mary Shelley, Lanchester wore a white net dress embroidered with sequins of butterflies, stars and moons, which the actress had heard required 17 women 12 weeks to make.[2]

Kenneth Strickfaden created and maintained the laboratory equipment. Strickfaden recycled a number of the fancifully-named machines he had created for the original Frankenstein for use in Bride, including the "Cosmic Ray Diffuser",[16] and the "Nebularium".[17] A lightning bolt generated by Strickfaden's equipment has become a stock scene, appearing in any number of films and television shows.[18] The man behind the film's special photographic effects was John P. Fulton, head of the special effects department at Universal Studios at the time.[19] Fulton and David S. Horsely created the homunculi over the course of two days by shooting the actors in full-size jars against black velvet and aligning them with the perspective of the on-set jars. The foreground film plate was rotoscoped and matted onto the rear plate. Diminutive actor Billy Barty is briefly visible from the back in the finished film as a homunculus infant in a high chair but Whale cut the infant's reveal before the film's release.[4]

Whale met Franz Waxman at a party and asked him to score the picture. "Nothing will be resolved in this picture except the end destruction scene. Would you write an unresolved score for it?" asked Whale.[13] Waxman created three distinctive themes: one for the Monster; one for the Bride; and one for Pretorius. The score closes, at Whale's suggestion, with a powerful dissonant chord, intended to convey the idea that the on-screen explosion was so powerful that the theater where the film was being screened was affected by it.[20] Constantin Bakaleinikoff conducted 22 musicians to record the score in a single nine hour session.[21]

Shooting began on January 2, 1935[22] with a projected budget of US$293,750 – almost exactly the budget of the original – and an estimated 36-day shooting schedule.[23] On the first day, Karloff waded in the water below the destroyed windmill wearing a rubber suit under his costume. Air got into the suit and expanded it like an "obscene water lilly".[5] Later that day, Karloff broke his hip, necessitating a stunt double.[14] Clive had also broken his leg.[11] Shooting was completed on March 7, 1935. The film was ten days over schedule because Whale shut down the picture for ten days until Heggie became available to play the Hermit.[24] With a final cost of $397,023, Bride was more than $100,000 over budget.[22] As originally filmed, Henry and Elizabeth died fleeing the exploding castle. Whale re-shot the ending to allow for their survival, although Clive and Hobson are still visible on-screen in the collapsing laboratory.[8] Whale completed his final cut, shortening the running time from about 90 minutes to 75 and re-shooting and re-editing the ending, only days before the film's scheduled premiere date.[25]

Censorship

Bride of Frankenstein was subjected to censorship, both during production by the Hays office and following its release by local and national censorship boards. Joseph I. Breen, lead censor for the Hays office, objected to lines of dialogue in the original submitted script in which Henry Frankenstein and his work were compared to that of God. He would continue to object to such dialogue in revised scripts[26] and to a planned shot of the Monster rushing through a graveyard to a figure of a crucified Jesus and attempting to "rescue" the figure from the cross.[27] Breen also objected to the number of murders, both seen and implied by the script and strongly advised Whale to reduce the number.[4] The censor's office, upon reviewing the film in March 1935, required a number of cuts. Whale agreed to delete a sequence in which Dwight Frye's "Nephew Glutz"[4] kills his uncle and blames the Monster,[25] and shots of Elsa Lanchester as Mary Shelley in which Breen felt too much of her breasts were visible. Curiously, despite his earlier objection, Breen offered no objection to the cruciform imagery throughout the film – including a scene with the Monster lashed Christ-like to a pole – nor to the presentation of Pretorius as a coded homosexual.[26] Bride of Frankenstein was approved by the Production Code office on April 15, 1935.[25]

Following its release with the Code seal of approval, the film was challenged by the censorship board in the state of Ohio.[26] Censors in England and China objected to the scene in which the monster gazes longingly upon the as yet unanimated body of the Bride, citing concerns that it looked like necrophilia.[28] Universal voluntarily withdrew the film from Sweden because of the extensive cuts demanded, and Bride was rejected outright by Trinidad, Palestine and Hungary. One unusual objection, from Japanese censors, was that the scene in which Pretorius chases his miniature Henry VIII with tweezers constituted "making a fool out of a king".[26]

Reception

Bride of Frankenstein was profitable for Universal, with a 1943 report showing that to date the film had earned approximately $2 million for the studio, roughly double its initial costs.[29] The film was critically praised upon its release, although some reviewers did qualify their opinions based on the film's being in the horror genre. The New York World-Telegram called the film "good entertainment of its kind".[30] The New York Post described it as "a grotesque, gruesome tale which, of its kind, is swell".[30] The Hollywood Reporter similarly called the film "a joy for those who can appreciate it".[30]

Variety did not so qualify its review. "[It is] one of those rare instances where none can review it, or talk about it, without mentioning the cameraman, art director, and score composer in the same breath as the actors and director." Variety also praised the cast, writing that "Karloff manages to invest the character with some subtleties of emotion that are surprisingly real and touching...Thesiger as Dr Pretorious [is] a diabolic characterization if ever there was one...Lanchester handles two assignments, being first in a preamble as author Mary Shelley and then the created woman. In latter assignment she impresses quite highly."[31]

In another unqualified review, Time wrote that the film had "a vitality that makes their efforts fully the equal of the original picture.... Screenwriters Hurlbut & Balderston and Director James Whale have given it the macabre intensity proper to all good horror pieces, but have substituted a queer kind of mechanistic pathos for the sheer evil that was Frankenstein."[32] The Oakland Tribune concurred it was "a fantasy produced on a rather magnificent scale, with excellent stagecraft and fine photographic effects".[33] While the Winnipeg Free Press thought that the electrical equipment might have been better suited to Buck Rogers, nonetheless the reviewer praised the film as "exciting and sometimes morbidly gruesome", declaring that "All who enjoyed Frankenstein will welcome his Bride as a worthy successor."[34] The New York Times called Karloff "so splendid in the role that all one can say is 'he is the Monster.'"[35] The Times praised the entire principle cast and Whale's direction in concluding that Bride is "a first-rate horror film"[35] and presciently suggesting that "The Monster should become an institution, like Charlie Chan."[35] Bride was nominated for one Academy Award, for Best Sound Recording.[36]

The film's reputation has persisted and grown in the decades since its release. In 1998, the film was added to the United States National Film Registry, having been deemed "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant".[37][38] Frequently identified as James Whale's masterpiece,[39] the film is lauded as "the finest of all gothic horror movies".[40] Time rated Bride of Frankenstein in its "ALL-TIME 100 Movies", with critics Richard Corliss and Richard Schickel overruling the magazine's original review to declare the film "one of those rare sequels that is infinitely superior to its source."[41] In 2008, the Boston Herald named it the second greatest horror film after Nosferatu.[42]

Christian imagery

Christian imagery is "hidden in plain sight" throughout the film. In addition to the scenes of the Monster trussed in a cruciform pose and the crucified figure of Jesus in the graveyard, the hermit has a crucifix on the wall of his hut (which, to Whale's consternation, editor Ted Kent made glow during a fade-out[4]) and the Monster consumes the Christian sacraments of bread and wine at his "last supper" with the hermit. Horror scholar David J. Skal suggests that Whale's intention was to make a "direct comparison of Frankenstein's monster to Christ".[43] Film scholar Scott MacQueen, noting Whale's lack of any religious convictions, disputes the notion that the Monster is a Christ-figure. Rather, the Monster is a "mockery of the divine" since, having been created by Man rather than God, it "lacks the divine spark". In crucifying the Monster, he says, Whale "pushes the audience's buttons" by inverting the central Christian myth of the death of Christ followed by the resurrection. The Monster is raised from the dead first, then crucified.[4]

Homosexual interpretations

In the decades since its release, modern film scholars have noted the possible gay reading of the film. Director James Whale was openly gay and others associated with the cast, including Ernest Thesiger and Colin Clive,[44] were alleged to be gay or bisexual. Although Whale's biographer rejects the notion that Whale would have identified with the Monster from a homosexual perspective,[45] scholars have identified a gay sensibility suffused through the film, especially a camp sensibility,[46] particularly embodied in the character of Pretorius and his relationship with Henry.

Gay film historian Vito Russo, in considering Pretorius, stops short of identifying the character as gay, instead referring to him as "sissified"[47] ("sissy" itself being Hollywood code for "homosexual"). Pretorius serves as a "gay Mephistopheles",[10] a figure of seduction and temptation, going so far as to pull Frankenstein away from his bride on their wedding night to engage in the unnatural act of creating non-procreative life. A novelization of the film published in England made the implication clear, having Pretorius say to Frankenstein "'Be fruitful and multiply.' Let us obey the Biblical injunction: you of course, have the choice of natural means; but as for me, I am afraid that there is no course open to me but the scientific way."[48]

The Monster, whose affections for the male hermit and the female Bride he discusses with identical language ("friend") has been read as sexually "unsettled" and bisexual.[44] Writes gender studies author Elizabeth Young: "He has no innate understanding that the male-female bond he is to forge with the bride is assumed to be the primary one or that it carries a different sexual valence from his relationships with [Pretorius and the hermit]: all affective relationships are as easily 'friendships' as 'marriages'."[49] Indeed, his relationship with the hermit has been interpreted as a same-sex marriage that heterosexual society will not tolerate: "No mistake—this is a marriage, and a viable one...But Whale reminds us quickly that society does not approve. The monster—the outsider—is driven from his scene of domestic pleasure by two gun-toting rubes who happen upon this startling alliance and quickly, instinctively, proceed to destroy it." writes cultural critic Gary Morris for Bright Lights Film Journal.[44] The creation of the Bride scene, Morris continues, is "Whale's reminder to the audience—his Hollywood bosses, peers, and everyone watching—of the majesty and power of the homosexual creator".[44]

Filmmaker Curtis Harrington, a friend and confidant of Whale's, dismissed this as "a younger critic’s evaluation. All artists do work that comes out of the unconscious mind and later on you can analyze it and say the symbolism may mean something, but artists don’t think that way and I would bet my life that James Whale would never have had such concepts in mind."[50] Specifically in response to the "majesty and power" reading, Harrington stated, "My opinion is that’s just pure bullshit. That’s a critical interpretation that has nothing to do with the original inspiration."[50] He concludes, "I think the closest you can come to a homosexual metaphor in his films is to identify that certain sort of camp humor."[50] Whale's companion David Lewis stated flatly that Whale's sexual orientation was "not germane" to his filmmaking, saying, "Jimmy was first and foremost an artist, and his films represent the work of an artist—not a gay artist, but an artist."[51]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Curtis, p. 154
  2. ^ a b c d e Vieria, p. 80
  3. ^ Curtis, p. 234
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l MacQueen, Scott. DVD commentary, Bride of Frankenstein Legacy Collection edition (DVD). Universal Studios. {{cite AV media}}: Unknown parameter |year2= ignored (help)
  5. ^ a b c d Vieira, p. 85
  6. ^ Curtis, p. 134
  7. ^ Curtis, pp. 234–6
  8. ^ a b Newman, Kim (December 2004). "Rewind Masterpiece #18". Empire. p. 181.
  9. ^ Lennig, p. 92
  10. ^ a b Skal, p. 185
  11. ^ a b c Vieira, p. 82
  12. ^ a b Curtis, pp. 243–4
  13. ^ a b Vieira, p. 86
  14. ^ a b Gifford, p. 55
  15. ^ a b Curtis, p. 237
  16. ^ Goldman, p. 165
  17. ^ Goldman, p. 183
  18. ^ Picart, et. al., p. 40
  19. ^ Picart, et. al., p. 39
  20. ^ Curtis, p. 246
  21. ^ Curtis, p. 249
  22. ^ a b Mank, p. xvii
  23. ^ Curtis, p. 241
  24. ^ Curtis, pp. 248–9
  25. ^ a b c Curtis, p. 250
  26. ^ a b c d Skal, p. 187–91
  27. ^ Curtis, p. 247
  28. ^ Johnson, p. 166
  29. ^ Curtis p. 251
  30. ^ a b c Curtis, pp. 250–1
  31. ^ Variety staff (January 1, 1935). "Bride of Frankenstein". Variety. Retrieved January 6, 2008. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  32. ^ "The New Pictures". Time. April 29, 1935. Retrieved January 6, 2008. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  33. ^ Soanes, Wood (1935-05-25). "Frankenstein stalks again in Roxie play". Oakland Tribune. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  34. ^ "Lyceum screens "Monster" sequel". Winnipeg Free Press. 1935-05-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  35. ^ a b c F.S.N. (May 11, 1935). "Bride of Frankenstein At the Roxy". The New York Times. Retrieved February 1, 2009. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  36. ^ "Bride of Frankenstein Awards". Allmovie. Retrieved January 9, 2008. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  37. ^ "'Easy Rider' now listed on National Film Registry". CNN. November 17, 1998. Retrieved January 6, 2008. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  38. ^ "Films Selected to The National Film Registry, Library of Congress 1989-2007". Library of Congress. Retrieved January 8, 2008. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  39. ^ Graham, Bob (October 9, 1998). "`Bride' Is as Lovely as Ever". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 8, 2008. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  40. ^ French, Philip (December 2, 2007). "Films of the Day: The Bride of Frankenstein". The Observer. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  41. ^ Corliss, Richard. "ALL-TIME 100 Movies". Time. Retrieved January 6, 2008. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ James Verniere (October 27, 2008). "Creepy countdown: The Herald ranks the 10 scariest flicks in film history". Boston Herald. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
  43. ^ Skal. p. 189
  44. ^ a b c d Morris, Gary (July 1997). "Sexual Subversion: The Bride of Frankenstein". Bright Lights Film Journal (19). Retrieved January 7, 2008. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  45. ^ Curtis, p. 144
  46. ^ Skal, p. 184
  47. ^ Russo, p. 50
  48. ^ Egremont, Michael, quoted in Skal, p. 189
  49. ^ Young, p. 134
  50. ^ a b c Del Valle, David (August 7, 2008). "Curtis Harrington on James Whale". Films in Review. Retrieved February 1, 2009. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  51. ^ Quoted in Curtis, p. 144

References

  • Curtis, James (1998). James Whale: A New World of Gods and Monsters. Boston, Faber and Faber. ISBN 0571192858.
  • Gelder, Ken (2000). The Horror Reader. New York, Routledge. ISBN 041521355X.
  • Gifford, Denis (1973) Karloff: The Man, The Monster, The Movies. Film Fan Monthly.
  • Goldman, Harry (2005). Kenneth Strickfaden, Dr. Frankenstein's Electrician. McFarland. ISBN 0786420642.
  • Johnson, Tom (1997). Censored Screams: The British Ban on Hollywood Horror in the Thirties. McFarland. ISBN 0786403942.
  • Lennig, Arthur (1993). The Immortal Count: The Life and Films of Bela Lugosi. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813122732.
  • Mank, Gregory W. (1994). Hollywood Cauldron: Thirteen Films from the Genre's Golden Age. McFarland. ISBN 0786411120.
  • Picart, Carolyn Joan, Frank Smoot and Jayne Blodgett (2001). The Frankenstein Film Sourcebook. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313313504.
  • Russo, Vito (1987). The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies (revised edition). New York, HarperCollins. ISBN 0060961325.
  • Skal, David J. (1993). The Monster Show: A Cultural History of Horror. Penguin Books. ISBN 0140240020.
  • Vieira, Mark A. (2003). Hollywood Horror: From Gothic to Cosmic. New York, Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0810945355.
  • Young, Elizabeth. "Here Comes The Bride". Collected in Gelder, Ken (ed.) (2000). The Horror Reader. Routledge. ISBN 0415213568.

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