Ultras

For other uses, see Ultras (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Football hooliganism.

"Active support" redirects here. For the engineering concept, see Active structure.

Ultras of Levski Sofia

Ultras of Lazio

Ultras are a type of association football fans who are renowned for their fanatical support. The term originated in Italy, but is used worldwide to describe predominantly organised fans of association football teams. The behavioural tendency of ultras groups includes singing football chants, playing musical instruments such as drums, their use of flares and smoke bombs (primarily in tifo choreography), vocal support in large groups and the displaying of flags and banners at football stadiums, all of which are designed to create an atmosphere which encourages their own team and intimidates the opposing players and their supporters. The frequent use of elaborate displays in stadiums is also common.

Ultras groups have been responsible for many cases of football hooliganism and violence, although differently from hooligan firms, ultras do not have the explicit objective of fighting other fans. Ultras groups are also in some cases directly linked to ideologies like neo-Nazism or other forms of either far-right, or far-left politics. In some instances, hooliganism and/or this politicization goes to the point where support for their team is relegated to a secondary feature of the phenomenon.

In recent decades, the culture has become a focal point for the movement against the commercialisation of sports and football in particular. Ultras also have regional variants and analogues, such as hooligans in United Kingdom, barra bravas in Hispanic America and torcidas organizadas in Brazil.

History

Barra bravas of Club Atlético Independiente in the 1960s

The origin of the ultras movement is disputed, with many supporters groups from various countries making claims solely on the basis of their dates of foundation. The level of dispute and confusion is aided by a contemporary tendency (mainly in Europe) to categorise all groups of overtly fanatical supporters as ultras. Supporters groups of a nature comparable to the ultras have been present in Brazil since 1939, when the first torcida organizada was formed (although these groups began to focus on violence in the 1970s). Inspired by the torcidas and the colourful scenes of the 1950 World Cup, supporters of Hajduk Split formed Torcida Split on 28 October 1950. The group is often cited as the oldest torcida style group in Europe. But the first supporters' groups in the world formed to produce violence were barras bravas, originated in Argentina in the 1950s.

Torcida Jovem of Santos in Brazil. An example of a Brazilian Torcida Organizada

One country closely associated with the ultras movement is Italy. The first Italian ultras groups were formed in 1951, including the Fedelissimi Granata of Torino. The 1960s saw the continuing spread and development of the culture with the formation of the Fossa dei Leoni and Boys San groups, the former often regarded in Italy as the first full-fledged ultras group (associated with violence). The term "ultras" was used as a name for the first time in 1969, when supporters of Sampdoria formed the Ultras Tito Cucchiaroni and fans of Torino formed the Ultras Granata. The style of support that would become synonymous with Italian football developed most during the 1970s, as more groups formed, including the radical S.S. Lazio Ultras in 1974, with a strong predominance of fascist slogans and chants amongst other groups such as Hellas Verona supporters. The active support of the ultras became more apparent, in contrast with the "traditional" culture, choreographic displays, signature banners and symbols, giant flags, drums and fireworks became the norm as groups aimed to take their support to higher levels. The decade also saw the violence and unrest of Italian society at the time overlap with the ultras movement, adding a dimension that has plagued it ever since. The ultras movement spread across Europe, Australia, Asia and North Africa during the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, starting with the countries geographically closest to Italy.

Characteristics

Ultras groups are usually centred on a core group of founders or leaders (who tend to hold executive control), with smaller subgroups organised by location, friendship or political stance. Ultras tend to use various styles and sizes of banners and flags bearing the name and symbols of their group. Some ultras groups sell their own merchandise to raise funds for performing displays. An ultras group can number from a handful of fans to hundreds or thousands, with larger groups often claiming entire sections of a stadium for themselves. Ultras groups often have a representative who liaises with the club owners on a regular basis, mostly regarding tickets, seat allocations and storage facilities. Some clubs provide groups with cheaper tickets, storage rooms for flags and banners and early access to the stadium before matches to prepare displays. These types of favoured relationships are often criticised when ultras groups abuse their power.

Hooliganism

Polish football hooligans in violent clash

While ultras groups can become violent, the majority of matches attended by ultras conclude with no violent incidents. Unlike hooligan firms, whose main aim is to fight hooligans of other clubs, the main focus of ultras is generally to support their own team. Some hooligans try to be inconspicuous when they travel; usually not wearing team colours, to avoid detection by the police. Within the ultra or hooligan culture however, those dressing to "blend in" would be referred to as casuals, which is viewed by some as a branch of hooliganism, yet still maintaining its own independence and culture. Ultras tend to be more conspicuous when they travel, proudly displaying their scarves and club colours while arriving en masse, which allows the police to keep a close eye on their movements.

Europe

Scotland

Green Brigade are an ultras group that follow Celtic F.C. and regularly make tifo displays and often voice support for a United Ireland. They are left-wing. On the other side of Glasgow are the Rangers F.C ultra group The Union Bears. The Union Bears are known for their elaborate fan displays and their support for Northern Irish and Scottish unionism within the UK. Block Seven are a supporters group that support Hibernian FC, the Gorgie Ultras support rivals, Heart of Midlothian FC.

England

In England, there are ultras groups at Hartlepool United known as the NWC, Middlesbrough F.C (Red Faction), Crystal Palace F.C. (Holmesdale Fanatics), Ipswich Town F.C (Blue Action), Leicester City F.C (Union FS), Huddersfield Town F.C, and Stockport County (Hatters 83). Several non-league football teams in England have ultras groups that are left-wing, such as the fans of Dulwich Hamlet F.C. who have a group called The Rabble. A Vice article claims Casuals United are at war with anti-fascist football ultras.

In late 2022, an Arsenal F.C. supporters group called "Ashburton Army" gained prominence, taking their name from Ashburton Grove, an historic road upon which the team's Emirates Stadium was built.

Hungary

Singing at sector B Central during the opening ceremonies of the Puskás Aréna on 15 November 2019

Several clubs in Hungary have large ultras groups, such as Ferencváros (Green Monsters), Újpest (Viola Fidelity), Diósgyőr (Ultras Diósgyőr), Honvéd (Ultras Kispest, Északi Kanyar), Fehérvár (Red Blue Devils), Tatabánya (Turul Ultrái), and Debrecen (Szívtiprók Ultras Debrecen). The national team of Hungary has an ultras group known as the Carpathian Brigade. The group was formed in 2009. Hungarian ultras occupy sector B Central at the Puskás Aréna.

Portugal

Portuguese club old group No Name Boys, Lisbon, 2008

Stadium	Club	Name
Estádio do Dragão	FC Porto	– Super Dragões – Colectivo Ultras 95
Estádio do Bessa	Boavista FC	– Panteras Negras
Estádio da Luz	SL Benfica	No groups currently organized
Estádio José Alvalade	Sporting CP	– Juventude Leonina 1976 – Torcida Verde Directivo Ultras XXI – Brigada Ultras Sporting
Estádio D. Afonso Henriques	Vitória SC	– White Angels

Denmark

FC Copenhagen (Sektion 12) and Brøndby IF (Sydsiden) have some of the most renowned ultras groups on the continent, and the derby between the two is also one of the fiercest in Europe.

AaB's ultras group caused a 14-minute delay in the 2020 Danish Cup final for a failure to adhere to COVID-19 social distancing rules. The group was ultimately ejected from the stadium and the game resumed, which was won by Sønderjyske.

Italy

AC Milan ultras in 2006

In Italy, most professional football clubs have an ultras group which attends every match and has dedicated seating areas in either the north or south end of the stadium behind the goals. Each ultras group will have one or more leaders who choreograph chants, and who hand out banners and flags to other people in the stand to wave throughout the match. Ultras have been credited with creating fantastic atmospheres inside the stadium; however they have also come under universal criticism because of ties to various gangs and the mafia, as well as causing violence which often takes place outside the stadium prior to a match. Over the years inappropriate chanting has resulted in the FIGC issuing partial or full stadium bans to clubs. The ultras will choreograph a wide range of chants throughout a match, but some of the most common chants that result in a ban are anti-Southern chants towards clubs which are located in the South of Italy, most notably towards Napoli, as well as racist chants towards opposition players. However, these issues only partially represent parts of the Ultras culture in Italy – Ultras in Italy are also known for fighting criminals and the Mafia, giving housing to immigrants or helping Italian citizens in need, as well as aiding with food and money during the Covid pandemic to their local hospitals.

Ireland

Several groups exist in Ireland, as follows:

Shamrock Rovers - SRFC Ultras
St Patrick's Athletic - Shed End Invincibles
Drogheda United - Famous 45 Ultras
Dundalk FC - Shed Side Army
Bohemian FC - Notorious Boo Boys
Shelbourne FC - Briogaid Dearg

Poland

The first Polish ultras groups were formed in 1980s by fans of Legia Warszawa and Arka Gdynia. Those early ultra groups identified as either fascist or national-socialist and opposed communist government of Wojciech Jaruzelski. The 1990s saw the continuing spread and development of the ultra culture with the formation of the Wisła Sharks and Cracovia Jude Gang groups, the former often regarded in Poland as the first full-fledged ultras group. With intimidating and non-stop chanting, they've made their presence felt in the stands. Modern hooligans try to be inconspicuous when they enter the stadium; usually not wearing team colours, to avoid detection by the police and PZPN officials. Some modern Polish ultra groups denounce their neo-Nazi origins, with fans of Legia Warszawa often taking part in pride parades and attending various pro-LGBT happenings.

Spain

Spanish ultraism is generally agreed to have come from Italian and English ultraism and hooliganism at the 1982 World Cup held in Spain. Held only seven years after the death of Franco, the World Cup was an opportunity for Spain to join the world of modern international football. Spanish ultraism is particularly known for its dramatic and polarized distinction across two ideological cleavages: fascism and nationalism. The vast majority of ultra groups identify as either fascist or anti-fascist, and either independentist or nationalist.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosniaks are known for their national ultras group BHFanaticos. Also, they have a few ultras that are connected to a football clubs Manijaci, Horde zla, Lešinari, Red Army, Škripari, Ultrasi and many more.

Cyprus

Gate-9 (Greek:Θύρα 9) is a Cypriot fans' group that supports the football team People's Athletic Club Omonia 1948 and all the sport departments of AC Omonia except football. Omonia supporters are traditionally left wing. A 2009 gallop poll estimated that three out of four Omonia fans vote for the Progressive Party of Working People, the communist party of Cyprus. While the group retains its left wing beliefs, in recent years it has been openly critical of the party's involvement in the club's administrative decisions. The party has denied accusations that it influences club decisions. Gate-9 members are associated with communist beliefs and have been noted for waving banners bearing Che Guevara's portrait, and other communist symbols. The group is also involved in humanitarian work for refugees in Cyprus. The group, besides Nicosia, has fan clubs in Limassol, Athens, Thessaloniki, Larnaka, Paphos, and London.

There are also ultras groups affiliated with the APOEL FC and the Anorthosis Famagusta FC.

Malta

Although small in size, Malta has some notable ultras groups. The main ultras groups in Malta are Birkirkara Ultras 1997, Ultras Beltin 99, and Paola Boys Hibs Ultras, as well as the Maltese national football team ultras group, the South End Core.

Ukraine

Stadium	Club	Name
Chernihiv Stadium	Desna Chernihiv	– Ultras Desna

Romania

Romania's ultras only finds itself in the traditional teams like Steaua București, Dinamo București and Rapid București; but there are some small ultras groups which support their local club. The biggest ultras groups are: Peluza Nord Hunedoara, Peluza Şepcile Roşii, Peluza Nord Steaua, Peluza Sud Steaua, Peluza Cătălin Hîldan, and Peluza Nord Rapid. There are also some honourable mentions like Peluza Marină Farul, Peluza Sud Craiova, Peluza Şepcile Roşii and Peluza Nord Galați.

Türkiye

The three big clubs of Turkey, namely Beşiktaş, Fenerbahçe and Galatasaray, have a dedicated and passionate fanbase. The ultras of these clubs are Çarşı, Genç Fenerbahçeliler and UltrAslan, respectively.

Bulgaria

The most famous ultras in Bulgaria are Sector G (CSKA Sofia), Sector B (Levski Sofia), Bultras (Botev Plovdiv), and Lauta Army (Lokomotiv Plovdiv).

Africa

Algeria

Stadium	Club	Name
Douera Sportpark Stadium	MC Alger	– Ultras the Twelfth Player 2011 – Ultras Green Corsaires 2012 – Ultra' Amore E Mentalita 2019
Stade 20 Août 1955, Skikda	JSM Skikda	– Ultras Senza Confine 13 – Ultras Ouled Russicada 2015
Mohamed Hamlaoui Stadium, Constantine	CS Constantine	– Ultras Loca Ragazzi 2010 – Ultras Green Army 2012 – Ultra' Iqbal 2023
April 13, 1958 Stadium, Saida	MC Saida	– Ultras Méga Boys 2007
20 August 1955 Stadium (Algiers),	CR Belouizdad	– Ultras Fanatic Reds 09
Stade 8 Mai 1945, Setif	ES Setif	– Ultras Inferno 10
Stade du 5 Juillet,	USM Alger	– Les Unionistes Algérois – Alger Offender – Oni Orchestra 68 – El Assima – Ribellarsi
Ahmed Zabana Stadium, Oran	MC Oran	– Ultras Red Castle 2011 – Ultras Leones Rey 2009 – Forza Mouloudia
Maghrebi Unity Stadium	MO Bejaia	– Ultras Granchio 09 – Ultras Saldae Kings 2010 – Ultras Free Men 15
May 19, 1956 Stadium	USM Annaba	– Les indepandants de bone 12
1 November 1954 Stadium (Tizi Ouzou)	JS Kabylie	– Ultras Kabylie Boys 09 – Ultras The Leader 2013 – Ultras Samba Boys 2013
20 August 1955 Stadium (Algiers), Algiers	NA Hussein Dey	– Ultra Dey Boys 09 – Ultras Crazy Capital 14
Mohamed Boumezrag Stadium, Chlef	ASO Chlef	– Ultras Polina 10 – Ultras Asnam Boys 1437 – Groupe Djawarih 2014 – Group Armata Rosso 2019
1 November 1954 Stadium (Batna),	CA Batna	– Ultras Aurès Boys 2009 – Ultras Furia Roja 2013
Stade Imam Lyes, Médéa	O Medea	– Ultras Matador 26
February 24, 1956 Stadium, Sidi Bel Abbès	USM Bel Abbès	– Ultras Scorpion Trop Puissant – Ultras Verde Veteranos
1 November 1954 Stadium (Algiers)	USM El Harrach	– Grinta Curva(UGG & UYC) – Ultra' Combattiva
20 August 1955 Stadium, Bordj Bou Arréridj	CA Bordj Bou Arréridj	– Ultras Commandos 2008 – Ultras Monstros 18
El Alia Sports Complex	US Biskra	– Ultras Pandilla Ziban – Groupe Ouled el Ziban
Touhami Zoubir Khelifi Stadium	AS Aïn M'lila	– Red Scorpion – RossoNero
Stade Akid Lotfi	WA Tlemcen	– Ultras Kop 13
Stade 20 Août 1955 (Béchar)	JS Saoura	– Ultras Giallo Verde
Stade Messaoud Zougar	MC El Eulma	– Ultras Vikings 2009 – Ultras Red Army 2013
Maghrebi Unity Stadium	JSM Bejaia	– Ultras Gouraya United – Ultras Marins
1 November 1954 Stadium (Batna),	MSP Batna	– Ultras Pantera Nera 2009
Ismaïl Makhlouf Stadium	RC Arbaâ	– Ultras Blue Vichingo – Ultras Tauras Blue
Stade Tahar Zoughari	RC Relizane	– Ultras Verde Corazon
Stade Mokhtar Abdelatif	Amal Bou Saâda	– Ultras Ouled el Khadra
Habib Bouakeul Stadium	ASM Oran	– Ultras Verde Lupo
Stade Mohamed Reggaz	WA Boufarik	– Ultras Orange W'arriors 2015
Stade Ben Abdelmalek	MO Constantine	– Ultras Libertados – Ultras Ouled Ben Badis
Rouibah Hocine Stadium	JS Djijel	– Ultras Green Gunners – Ultras Free Fans – Ouled el Corniche
Brakni Brothers Stadium	USM Blida	– Ultras Green Killers 2014
Stade Souidani Boujemaa	ES Guelma	– Ultras Rebells Ragazzi
Omar Oucief Stadium	CR Témouchent	– Ultras Red Wolves
Ahmed Kaïd Stadium	JSM Tiaret	– Ultras Cavalier Blue – Ultras Blue Eagles
Stade Amar Benjamaa	ES Collo	– Ultras Los Marinos 23
Stade Mohamed Bensaïd	ES Mostaganem	– Ultras Verde Marinero 12
Stade de l'Unité Africaine	GC Mascara	– Ultras Green Storm 2008
Stade Zerdani Hassouna	US Chaouia	– Ultras Giallo Boys
Mohamed Benhaddad Stadium	RC Kouba	– Ultras Green Fans – Ultras Raed 2015

Morocco

Stadium	Club	Name
Prince Moulay Abdellah Stadium	Association Sportive des FAR	– Ultras Askary 2005 – Black Army 2006
Stade Mohamed V	Wydad Casablanca	– Ultras Winners 2005
Stade Mohamed V	Raja CA	– Ultras Green Boys 2005 – Ultras Eagles 2006
Ibn Batouta Stadium	Ittihad Riadi Tanger	– Ultra Hercules 2007
Complexe sportif de Fès	Maghreb de Fès	– Ultras Fatal Tigers 2006
Complexe sportif de Phosphate	Olympique Club de Khouribga	– Ultras Green Ghost 2007
Stade Municipal (Kenitra)	Kenitra athletic club	– Ultras Helala Boys 2007
Stade Adrar	Hassania Agadir	– Ultras Imazighen 2006
Stade Saniat Rmel	Moghreb Tetouan	– Ultras Los Matadores 2005 – Ultras Siempre Paloma 2006
Stade Municipal de Berkane	RS Berkane	– Ultras Orange Boys 07
Stade Mimoun Al Arsi	Chabab Rif Al Hoceima	– Ultras Rif Boys 2010 – Ultras Los Rifeños 2012
Stade El Massira	Olympic Safi	– Ultras Shark 2006
Stade du 18 novembre	Ittihad Khemisset	– Ultras Cavaliers Family 2009
Stade de Marrakech	Kawkab Marrakech	– Ultras Crazy Boys 2006
Honneur Stadium	MC Oujda	– Ultras Brigade Wajda 2007
Stade Boubker Ammar	AS Salé	– Ultras Red Pirates 06 – Ultras Pirates 07 – Ultras Fanatics 09
Stade Municipal De Khénifra	Chabab Atlas Khénifra	– Ultras Révoltés 2012
Stade D'honneur De Meknès	COD Meknès	– Ultras Red Men 2008 – Ultras Vulcano Rosso 2010
Stade El Abdi	Difaâ Hassani El Jadidi	– Ultras Cap Soleil 2007
Stade Municipal (Oued Zem))	Rapide Oued Zem	– Ultras Martyrs 2007

The Curva Sud in a RCA vs OCS match in 2022

The history of Moroccan ultras can be traced back to the early 2000s, with the formation of the first ultras group, Ultras Tanger, in 2003. However, the first ultras group that still exists today is Ultras Green Boys, which was founded in 2005 to support Raja Casablanca. That same year, Ultras Winners was also founded to support Wydad Casablanca. The Moroccan ultras movement quickly gained momentum and popularity, with other notable groups such as Ultras Eagles (also supporting Raja Casablanca), being formed in 2006. Moroccan ultras groups are heavily influenced by European ultras movements, and are known for their passionate and dedicated support of their favorite football clubs. They are also known for their elaborate displays of choreographed support, including banners, flags, flares, and coordinated chants. Despite facing challenges, such as financial costs and loss of members, Moroccan ultras groups remain an important part of the country's football culture, known for their intense rivalries and unwavering support of their clubs.

Egypt

The clubs in Egypt became a major political force during the uprising against Mubarak in 2011, but were known for long-standing animosity with the police. When 38 members of the Ultras Devils were arrested in "Shebeen al-Kom" for "belonging to an illegal group" plus additional violent offences, it was seen as a crackdown on the organisations by authorities.

In 2013, the Associated Press stated that the Egyptian Ultras network was one of the most organised movements in Egypt after the Muslim Brotherhood.

Stadium	Club	Name
Cairo International Stadium	Al Ahly SC	– Ultras Ahlawy – Ultras Devils
Cairo International Stadium	Zamalek SC	– Ultras White Knights (UWK)
Port Said Stadium	Al-Masry SC	– Ultras Green Eagles
Suez Stadium	Suez Montakhab	– Ultras Suez Fedyan
Ghazl El Mahalla Stadium	Ghazl El Mahalla SC	– Ultras Whales 2008
Ismailia Stadium	Ismaily SC	– Ultras Yellow Dragons – Ultras Rebels
Alexandria Stadium	Al Ittihad Alexandria Club	– Ultras Green Magic
El Mansoura Stadium	El Mansoura SC	– Ultras Orange Dragons
Aswan Stadium	Aswan SC	– Ultras Nile Crocodile
El Minya Stadium	El Minya SC	– Ultras Red Camels
Tanta Stadium	Tanta SC	– Ultras Sons of Sayed El Badawy
Damanhour Stadium	Ala'ab Damanhour SC	– Ultras Blues
Zagazig University Stadium	Sharkia SC	– Ultras Green Horses – Sons of Oraby
Shebin Stadium	Gomhoriat Shebin SC	– Ultras Balck Horses

Tunisia

Stadium	Club	Name
Stade Olympique de Radès	ES Tunis	Curva Sud Tunis – Ultras Lemkachkhines 2002 – Supras Sud 2004 – Blood & Gold 2005 – Zapatista Esperanza 2007 – Fedayn Espérantistes 2009 – matadors 2008
Stade Olympique de Radès	Club Africain	Curva Nord Tunis – African Winners – Leaders Clubistes 2003 – North Vandals 2007 – Dodgers Clubistes 2007
Stade Taïeb Mhiri	CS Sfaxien	Curva Nord Sfax – Black & White Fighters 2003 – Raged Boys 2007 – Ultras Sfaxiens 2007 – Leoni Bianconeri 2007 – Drughi Bianconeri 2013
Stade Olympique de Sousse	ES Sahel	Curva Nord Sousse – Brigade Rouge 2001 – Ultras Fanatics 2003 – Ultras Saheliano 2007
Stade 15 October	CA Bizertin	– Ultras Big Boss 2010 – Ultras Marines 2005
Stade Abdelaziz Chtioui	AS Marsa	– Vikings Marsois 2011

Libya

Stadium	Club	Name
The Tripoli International Stadium	Al-Ittihad Club (Tripoli)	– Ultras Teha Boys 2010
The Tripoli International Stadium	Al Ahli SC (Tripoli)	– Ultras Flame Boys 2010
Martyrs of February Stadium	Al-Ahly SC (Benghazi)	– Ultras Jazzara 2010
Martyrs of February Stadium	Al-Nasr SC (Benghazi)	– Ultras Carboniera 2013
Al Bayda Stadium	Al Akhdar SC	– Ultras Dour 2018
Misurata Stadium	Asswehly SC	– Ultras Misrata Knights 2010
Misurata Stadium	Alittihad Misurata SC	– Ultras Misurata Ghost 2017
Zuwara Stadium	Aljazeera SC	– Ultras Yellow Army
Martyrs of February Stadium	Al Ta'awon SC	– Ultras Sa7ara 2018
Derna Stadium	Darnes SC	– Ultras Tribuna Ragazzi

Sudan

Stadium	Club	Name
Al-Merrikh Stadium	Al-Merrikh SC	–Ultras Jawareh 2008 –Ultras Olympus Mons 13
Al-Hilal Stadium	Al-Hilal SC	– Ultras Blue Lions 2008

Asia

Malaysia

In Malaysia, the ultras scene is characterized by the presence of "Ultras Malaya," the largest supporter club dedicated to the Malaysia national football team. "Ultras Malaya" made its debut in 2007 during the AFC Asian Cup campaign when Malaysia co-hosted the competition along with Thailand, Indonesia, and Vietnam.

"Ultras Malaya" boasts a diverse membership with fans from different ethnic backgrounds, states, and clubs across Malaysia. The group represents fans from all 14 states and other subdivisions within Malaysia. One of the most significant rivalries in Southeast Asian football is between "Ultras Malaya" and the fans of the Indonesia national football team. This rivalry is famously known as the "Nusantara derby" and has witnessed several intense clashes before, during, and after matches between the two nations, both on and off the field.

"Ultras Malaya" witnessed a gradual increase in its membership over the years, reaching its zenith during the AFF Suzuki Cup in 2014, when the number of members soared into the tens of thousands, although exact figures are not confirmed.

As time passed, UM07, the parent organization of "Ultras Malaya," expanded its reach by establishing subsidiary groups at the state and club levels across Malaysia. These subsidiary supporter groups are passionate in their support for both their local clubs and the national team. Here are some of the main ultras and supporters groups associated with specific states and clubs:

• Johor Darul Ta'zim FC: "Boys of Straits" (Super League, formed in 2010)
• Kedah Darul Aman FC: "Ultras Kedah 09" (Super League, founded on December 29, 2009)
• Kelantan FC: "Gate H Boys" (Premier League, established in 2010)
• Kuala Lumpur City FC: "Citiboys Ultras" (Super League, founded on February 28, 2011)
• Melaka United: "Taming Sari Ultras" (Super League, established on January 11, 2011)
• Negeri Sembilan FC: "Ultras Nogori 9" (Super League, formed on May 15, 2010)
• Penang FC: "Ultras Panthers" (Super League, emerged in 2011)
• Perak FC: "Silver State Ultras" (Premier League, established in April 2009)
• Perlis FA: "Brigate Gialloblu Perlis" (Malaysia M3 League, formed around 2010 or 2011)
• Sabah FC: "North Borneo Ultras" (Super League, founded on April 5, 2011)
• Sarawak United: "GB13" (Super League, established in 2011)
• Selangor FC: "UltraSel Curva" (Super League, formed in 2010)
• Pahang Sri Pahang FC: "Elephant Army" (Super League, founded on February 3, 2010)
• Terengganu FC: "Ultras Tranung" (Super League, established in 2010)

Within "Ultras Malaya," the role of the Capo is crucial in leading the chanting and energizing the crowd inside the stadium. One of the most well-known Capos of "Ultras Malaya" is Mohd Ridzuan Ahmad, also known as Lekir Haji Ahmad. His leadership and coordination skills have contributed to the vibrant and passionate atmosphere during Malaysia's football matches, making him a respected figure among the ultras community.

Lebanon

The ultras scene was introduced to Lebanon in February 2018, with Nejmeh's "Ultras Supernova" and White ultras for racing Beirut 2019. Their rivals Ansar quickly followed with their own ultras group, "I Tifosi", one month later. Ahed formed their own ultras group, called "Ultras Yellow Inferno", the same year. Prior to the Arab Club Champions Cup game between Nejmeh and Al-Ahly of Egypt, played on 13 August 2018, seven "Ultras Supernova" fans were arrested by the Egyptian national security because of the negative connotations the word "Ultras" has in Egypt. The fans have been returned to Lebanon by request of the Lebanese Ambassador to Cairo.

Jordan

Stadium	Club	Name
Amman International Stadium	Al-Faisaly SC	–Ultras Al Faisaly 2013
King Abdullah II Stadium	Al-Wehdat SC	– Wehdaty Group 2012 –Ultras Green Knights 2018

United Arab Emirates

Al-Wasl SC

Ultras Junoon is an Emirati group that was founded in 2010 by the fans of Al-Wasl Club. This club is considered to have the largest fan base in the Emirates, and Al-Wasl Club fans are considered the first club that came up with the idea of Ultras in the Gulf region. It is mentioned that Al Wasl fans were the main reason for increasing excitement in the region and increasing the viewership of the league in the Emirates, in particular. The Ultras Junoon have a great ability to preserve the history of this club, and they are close to making any decision in the interest of this club.

The (Death Note) Tifo Made by (Ultras Junoon)

India

East Bengal ultras

The 3D Blue Tiger tifo displayed by Blue Pilgrims in June 2018

The ultras scene in India was introduced by East Bengal Ultras, the ultras group of East Bengal FC, in 2013, and since then it grew slowly, as ultras groups of various clubs started to form and display of "Tifo's" and "Pyro" shows became very much a part of the ultras scene in Indian football.

Blue Pilgrims is an organised group of football fans who support the India national football men's team, women's team, and all the other age – group national teams at every home and away game, formed by a group of football fans of several club fan bases of football clubs from India. Founded in 2017 before the commencement of the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup, which was held in India, the group based their name on the nickname of the national team, the "Blue Tigers". They consider travelling with the national teams, to wherever the teams play, as their pilgrimage. They often display flags, banners, and tifos in support of the national team.

Stadium	Club	Name
Salt Lake Stadium, Kolkata	East Bengal FC	– East Bengal Ultras
Salt Lake Stadium, Kolkata	East Bengal FC	– East Bengal the Real Power
Salt Lake Stadium, Kolkata	Mohun Bagan AC	– Mariners Dé Xtreme
Salt Lake Stadium, Kolkata	Mohun Bagan AC	– Mariners' Base Camp
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi	Kerala Blasters FC	– Manjappada
Sree Kanteerava Stadium, Bengalore	Bengaluru FC	– West Block Blues
Mumbai Football Arena, Mumbai	Mumbai City FC	– West Coast Brigade
G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium, Hyderabad	Hyderabad FC	– Deccan Legion

Oceania

Australia

Melbourne Victory FC supporters at the 2007 A-League Grand Final

Stadium	Club	Name
Coopers Stadium, Adelaide	Adelaide United FC	– Red Army
Suncorp Stadium, Brisbane	Brisbane Roar FC	– The Den
Industree Group Stadium, Gosford	Central Coast Mariners FC	– Yellow Army
Campbelltown Sports Stadium, Sydney	Macarthur FC	– The Bullpen
AAMI Park, Melbourne	Melbourne Victory FC	– Original Style Melbourne
AAMI Park, Melbourne	Melbourne City FC	– Yarra End Collective
McDonald Jones Stadium, Newcastle	Newcastle Jets FC	– Squadron Novocastria
HBF Park, Perth	Perth Glory FC	– The Shed
Allianz Stadium, Sydney	Sydney FC	– The Cove
CommBank Stadium, Parramatta	Western Sydney Wanderers FC	– Red and Black Bloc
AAMI Park, Melbourne	Western United FC	– Western Service Crew

New Zealand

Stadium	Club	Name
Wellington Regional Stadium, Wellington	Wellington Phoenix	– Yellow Fever

North America

Canada

Stadium	Club	Name
Stade Saputo	CF Montréal	– Collectif Impact Montréal, Bolos Crew, Brigade, 132crew
BMO Field	Toronto FC	– Block 114
Wanderers Grounds	HFX Wanderers FC	– Block 108 Ultras
Tim Hortons Field	Forge FC	- Barton St. Battalion

United States

Audi Field	D.C. United	– District Ultras
PayPal Park	San Jose Earthquakes	– San Jose Ultras
Red Bull Arena	New York Red Bulls	– Torcida 96
Subaru Park	Philadelphia Union	– Sons of Ben
CenturyLink Field	Seattle Sounders FC	– Emerald City Supporters
Dignity Health Sports Park	Los Angeles Galaxy	– Ghosts Ultras Galaxy
Providence Park	Portland Timbers	– Timbers Army
Banc of California Stadium	Los Angeles Football Club	– The 3252
Children's Mercy Park	Sporting Kansas City	– Fountain City Ultras
Yankee Stadium	New York City Football Club	– Ultras NYC – Los Templados
Keyworth Stadium	Detroit City FC	– Northern Guard Supporters

See also

• Curva
• Hooligan
• List of association football rivalries
• List of hooligan firms
• Torcida organizada

Further reading

• Guerra Nicola (2014). "Il discorso e la lingua speciale del calcio, una definizione inclusiva. I meccanismi di creazione dei neologismi e le dinamiche di contatto e interferenza" Annals of the University of Craiova Guerra, Nicola (January 2013). "Dalla strada alla letteratura, le spericolate e propizie vicende del forestierismo A.C.A.B.. Il contatto linguistico tra italiano e inglese nelle sottoculture Skinhead e Ultras". Analele Universităţii Din Craiova, Seria Ştiinţe Filologice Linguistică Nr. 1-2.
• Guerra Nicola (2011). "Meccanismi e significati linguistici di un'identità contemporanea: analisi dello spazio linguistico di una tifoseria ultras di calico". Annals of the University of Craiova.
• Guerra Nicola, Valentina Imperi, Claudia Vardanega (2010). "I Poeti della Curva: Un'analisi sociolinguistica degli striscioni allo stadio". Aracne.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Prof. Dr. Gunter A. Pilz: "International Conference on Ultras. Overview of the Ultra culture phenomenon in the Council of Europe member states in 2009" (PDF). (195 KB) Leibniz University Hanover, 18 January 2010.
• Testa, A. and Armstrong, G. (2008). "Words and actions: Italian ultras and neo-fascism" Social Identities, vol. 14 (4), pp. 473 – 490
• Testa, A. (2009) "UltraS: an Emerging Social Movement", Review of European Studies, vol. 1 (2), 54–63
• Testa, A. (2010). Contested Meanings: the Italian Media and the UltraS. Review of European Studies, vol 2(1), 15–24
• Testa, A. and Armstrong, G. (in press; November 2010). Football, Fascism and Fandom: The UltraS of Italian Football, A&C (Bloomsbury), London, Black Publishers.
• "Violence Threats to Italian Iconic Landmarks and Stadiums". 5 March 2017.TAL Global Corporation.d

External links

• Media related to Ultras at Wikimedia Commons