1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries
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4,105 delegates to the 1988 Democratic National Convention 2,053 (majority) votes needed to win | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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From February 8 to June 14, 1988, voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for president in the 1988 United States presidential election.
Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1988 Democratic National Convention held from July 18 to July 21, 1988, in Atlanta, Georgia.
Background
Having been badly defeated in the 1984 presidential election, the Democrats in 1985 and 1986 were eager to find a new approach to win the presidency. They created the Democratic Leadership Council (DLC), with the aim of recruiting a candidate for the 1988 election.[citation needed]
The large gains in the 1986 mid-term elections (which resulted in the Democrats taking back control of the Senate after six years of Republican rule) and the continuing Iran–Contra affair gave Democrats confidence in the run-up to the primary season.[citation needed]
Candidates
Nominee
Candidate | Most recent office | Home state | Campaign | Popular
vote |
Contests won | Running mate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Michael Dukakis | ![]() |
Governor of Massachusetts (1975–1979, 1983–1991) |
![]() Massachusetts |
![]() (Campaign) |
10,024,101 (42.37%) |
30 NH, MN, ME primary, VT primary FL, HI caucus, ID caucus, MD MA, RI, TX, WA AS caucus, CO caucus, KS caucus CT, WI, AZ caucus, NY, UT caucus, PA, IN OH, NE, OR, CA, MT, NJ, NM, ND |
Lloyd Bentsen |
Withdrew during primaries or convention
Candidate | Most recent office | Home state | Campaign
Withdrawal date |
Popular vote | Contests won | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jesse Jackson | ![]() |
Civil rights leader | ![]() South Carolina |
![]() Eliminated at convention: July 21, 1988 (Campaign) |
6,941,816 (29.34%) |
13 AL, GA, LA, MS, VA AK caucus, SC, PR VT caucus, MI caucus, DE caucus, DC | |
Al Gore | ![]() |
U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1985–1993) |
![]() Tennessee |
![]() Withdrew: April 21, 1988 (Campaign) |
3,190,992 (13.49%) |
7 WY caucus, AR, KY NV caucus, NC, OK, TN | |
Paul Simon | ![]() |
U.S. Senator from Illinois (1985–1997) |
![]() Illinois |
![]() Withdrew: April 7, 1988 |
1,107,692 (4.68%) |
1 IL | |
Dick Gephardt | ![]() |
U.S. Representative from Missouri (1977–2005) |
![]() Missouri |
![]() Withdrew: March 29, 1988 |
1,452,331 (6.14%) |
3 IA caucus, SD, MO | |
Gary Hart | ![]() |
U.S. Senator from Colorado (1975–1987) |
![]() Colorado |
![]() Suspended campaign: May 8, 1987 Re-entered: December 12, 1987 Withdrew: March 12, 1988 |
390,200 (1.65%) |
0 |
Other notable candidates campaigning for the nomination but receiving less than 1% of the national vote included:
- Governor of Arizona Bruce Babbitt (withdrew February 16)
- Activist and conspiracy theorist Lyndon LaRouche
- Former Grand Wizard of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan David Duke (campaign)
- Representative James Traficant of Ohio
- Representative Douglas Applegate of Ohio
Withdrew before primaries
Candidate | Experience | Home state | Campaign
Withdrawal date | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pat Schroeder | ![]() |
U.S. Representative from Colorado (1973–1997) |
![]() Colorado |
Withdrew: September 28, 1987 |
Joe Biden | ![]() |
U.S. Senator from Delaware (1973–2009) |
![]() Delaware |
![]() Withdrew: September 23, 1987 (Campaign) |
Declined
- Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas
- Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts (December 19, 1985)[1]
- Businessman Lee Iacocca (July 16, 1986)
- Governor Mario Cuomo of New York (February 19, 1987)
- Senator Sam Nunn of Georgia (February 21, 1987)
- Senator Dale Bumpers of Arkansas (March 20, 1987)
- Governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas (July 15, 1987)
- Senator Bill Bradley of New Jersey (August 2, 1987)
- Former Governor Chuck Robb of Virginia (November 12, 1987)
Polling
Nationwide polling
Before 1987
Poll source | Publication | Sample
size |
Mario Cuomo
|
Gary Hart
|
Lee Iacocca
|
Jesse Jackson
|
Other/Undecided
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gallup[a][2] | Jan 1986 | ? | ? | 23% | 46% | 17% | 15% | 99% |
Gallup[a][2] | April 11–14, 1986 | 615 RV | ±6.0% | 25% | 39% | 14% | 18% | 104%[b] |
Gallup[a][3] | July 11–14, 1986 | 729 RV | ±5.0% | 22% | 34% | 26% | 17% | 101%[c] |
1987
Poll source | Dates | Sample size |
Margin of error |
Bruce Babbitt
|
Joe Biden
|
Michael Dukakis
|
Dick Gephardt
|
Al Gore
|
Gary Hart
|
Jesse Jackson
|
Paul Simon
|
Other/Undecided
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gallup[4] | Apr. 10–13, 1987 | ? | ? | 2% | – | 4% | 3% | 2% | 46% | 18% | – | 25% |
May 8, 1987: Gary Hart suspends his campaign | ||||||||||||
Los Angeles Times | May 7–9, 1987 | 393 RV | ±6.0% | 2% | 3% | 12% | 6% | 6% | – | 7% | 3% | 61%[d] |
December 16, 1987: Gary Hart re-enters the race | ||||||||||||
Washington Post/ABC[5] | Dec. 15–17, 1987 | 318 RV | ±6.0% | 2% | – | 15% | 2% | 5% | 30% | 20% | 8% | 18% |
YCS[6] | Dec. 17–18, 1987 | ? | ? | – | – | 14% | 4% | – | 30% | 22% | 7% | 23% |
Gallup[4][6] | Dec. 17–28, 1987 | ? | ? | – | – | 10% | 2% | – | 31% | 13% | 10% | 25% |
1988
Poll source | Publication | Sample
size |
Bruce Babbitt
|
Michael Dukakis
|
Dick Gephardt
|
Al Gore
|
Gary Hart
|
Jesse Jackson
|
Paul Simon
|
Other/Undecided
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YCS[6] | Jan. 3–6, 1988 | ? | – | 11% | 4% | – | 28% | 17% | 13% | 27% |
CBS News/New York Times[6] | Jan. 17–21, 1988 | ? | 2% | 6% | 4% | 4% | 23% | 17% | 9% | 35% |
Washington Post/ABC[6] | Jan. 17–23, 1988 | ? | 3% | 11% | 4% | – | 23% | 25% | 12% | 22% |
Gallup[4][6] | Jan. 22–24, 1988 | 560 | 3% | 16% | 9% | 6% | 23% | 15% | 9% | 19% |
Harris Interactive[6] | Jan. 7–26, 1988 | ? | – | 15% | 6% | – | 19% | 15% | 8% | 37% |
Gordon Black[6] | Jan. 21–28, 1988 | ? | – | 13% | 9% | – | 17% | 13% | 7% | 41% |
CBS News/New York Times[6] | Jan. 30–31, 1988 | 447 | – | 8% | 4% | – | 18% | 16% | 6% | 48% |
February 8: Iowa caucus | ||||||||||
Washington Post/ABC[7] | Feb. 11–13, 1988 | 383 LV | 6% | 40% | 16% | 7% | 3% | 7% | 17% | 5% |
CBS News[7] | Feb. 12–13, 1988 | 483 LV | 3% | 42% | 18% | 4% | 4% | 4% | 12% | 13% |
Gallup[7] | Feb. 12–13, 1988 | 756 LV | 5% | 39% | 18% | 5% | 3% | 7% | 16% | 7% |
February 16: New Hampshire primary | ||||||||||
CBS News/New York Times[e][8] | Feb. 17–21, 1988 | 933 | 1% | 21% | 12% | 8% | 10% | 13% | 6% | 30% |
March 8: Super Tuesday | ||||||||||
CBS News/New York Times[8] | Mar. 19–22, 1988 | ? | – | 29% | 8% | 14% | – | 22% | 6% | 21% |
Head-to-head polling
Poll source | Publication | Sample
size |
Margin
of error |
Mario Cuomo
|
Gary Hart
|
Lee Iacocca
|
Jesse Jackson
|
Other/Undecided
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gallup[3] | June 9–16, 1986 | 452 RV | ±6.0% | 30% | 55% | – | — | 15% |
– | 59% | 28% | — | 13% | ||||
— | 75% | – | 14% | 11% |
Statewide and regional polling
South
Poll source | Dates | Sample size |
Margin of error |
Bruce Babbitt
|
Joe Biden
|
Mario Cuomo
|
Michael Dukakis
|
Dick Gephardt
|
Al Gore
|
Gary Hart
|
Jesse Jackson
|
Paul Simon
|
Other/Undecided
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atlanta Journal-Constitution[9][f] | Sep. 18–28, 1987 | 6,452 A | ±2.0% | 3% | 3% | – | 9% | 5% | 13% | – | 27% | 5% | 35%[g] |
– | – | 17% | – | – | – | 27% | 11% | – | 45%[h] |
California
Poll source | Dates | Sample size |
Margin of error |
Bruce Babbitt
|
Joe Biden
|
Michael Dukakis
|
Dick Gephardt
|
Al Gore
|
Gary Hart
|
Jesse Jackson
|
Paul Simon
|
Other/Undecided
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Teichner/Sacramento Bee[10] | May 8–9, 1987 | 510 RV | ±4.0% | 3% | 4% | 5% | 2% | 2% | 34% | 9% | 2% | 39% |
2% | 4% | 8% | 5% | 5% | – | 13% | 3% | 40% |
Maryland
Poll source | Dates | Sample size |
Margin of error |
Bruce Babbitt
|
Joe Biden
|
Michael Dukakis
|
Dick Gephardt
|
Al Gore
|
Gary Hart
|
Jesse Jackson
|
Paul Simon
|
Other/Undecided
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Savitz Research Center[11] | October 9–14, 1987 | 559 RV | ±4.0% | 2% | – | 12% | 5% | 6% | – | 35% | 6% | 35%[i] |
New Hampshire
Poll source | Dates | Sample size |
Margin of error |
Bruce Babbitt
|
Joe Biden
|
Mario Cuomo
|
Michael Dukakis
|
Dick Gephardt
|
Al Gore
|
Gary Hart
|
Jesse Jackson
|
Chuck Robb
|
Paul Simon
|
Other/Undecided
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bannon Research[12] | Sep.–Oct. 1986 | 501 LV | ±5.0% | 1% | 1% | 26% | – | 1% | – | 47% | 6% | 1% | – | 19% |
1% | 1% | 19% | 27% | 1% | — | 33% | 3% | – | – | 17% |
Pre-primary events
The Hart-Rice affair
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gary_Hart_Senator_in_1987_%281%29.jpg/220px-Gary_Hart_Senator_in_1987_%281%29.jpg)
The Democratic front-runner for most of 1987 was former Colorado Senator Gary Hart.[13] Hart had made a strong showing in the 1984 primaries and, after Mondale's defeat in the presidential election, had positioned himself as the moderate centrist many Democrats felt their party would need to win.[14]
However, questions and rumors about possible extramarital affairs and about past debts dogged Hart's campaign.[15] One of the great myths is that Senator Hart challenged the media to "put a tail" on him and that reporters then took him up on that challenge. In fact, Hart had told E. J. Dionne of The New York Times that if reporters followed him around, they would "be bored". However, in a separate investigation, the Miami Herald claimed to have received an anonymous tip from a friend of Donna Rice that Rice was involved with Hart. It was only after Hart had been discovered that the Herald reporters found Hart's quote in a pre-print of The New York Times Magazine.[16]
On May 8, 1987, a week after the Donna Rice story broke, Hart dropped out of the race.[15]
In December 1987, Hart surprised many political pundits by resuming his presidential campaign.[17] He again led in the polls for the Democratic nomination, both nationally and in Iowa. However, the allegations of adultery and reports of irregularities in his campaign financing had delivered a fatal blow to his candidacy, and he fared poorly in the early primaries before dropping out again.[18]
The Hart scandal would later be depicted in the 2018 film The Front Runner, with Hugh Jackman portraying Hart.
Biden plagiarism scandals
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Joe_Biden%2C_official_104th_Congress_photo.png/220px-Joe_Biden%2C_official_104th_Congress_photo.png)
Delaware Senator Joe Biden led a highly competitive campaign which ended in controversy after he was accused of plagiarizing a speech by Neil Kinnock, then-leader of the British Labour Party.[19] Though Biden had correctly credited the original author in all speeches but one, the one of which he failed to make mention of the originator was caught on video and sent to the press by members of the Dukakis campaign. In the video Biden is filmed repeating a stump speech by Kinnock, with only minor modifications. Michael Dukakis later acknowledged that his campaign was responsible for leaking the tape, and two members of his staff resigned.[20]
It was also discovered that Biden had been guilty of plagiarism years before, while a student at the Syracuse University College of Law in the 1960s. Though Biden professed his integrity, the impression lingering in the media as the result of this double punch would lead him to drop out of the race.[20] He formally suspended his campaign on September 28, 1987.
The Delaware Supreme Court's Board on Professional Responsibility would later clear Biden of the law school plagiarism charges.[21]
After campaigns in 2008 and 2020, Biden was elected Vice President in 2008 and President in 2020.
Endorsements
Michael Dukakis
- Senator Donald Riegle of Michigan[22]
Jesse Jackson
- Senator Ernest Hollings of South Carolina[23]
- Former Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas[24]
- Mayor Bernie Sanders of Burlington, Vermont[25]
- Mayor Harold Washington of Chicago, Illinois[26]
- Mayor Richard Arrington Jr. of Birmingham, Alabama[27]
- Actor and comedian Bill Cosby[28]
- Activist Paul Wellstone[29]
- The Nation[30]
Al Gore
- Georgia House of Representatives Speaker Tom Murphy[31]
- Texas House of Representatives Speaker Gib Lewis[32]
- Florida House of Representatives Speaker Jon L. Mills[33]
Dick Gephardt
- Representative Tony Coelho of California[34]
- Representative Martin Frost of Texas[35]
- Representative Marvin Leath of Texas[36]
- Representative Mike Synar of Oklahoma[37]
- Representative Claude Pepper of Florida[38]
- Representative Sander Levin of Michigan[39]
Gary Hart
- Actor Warren Beatty[40]
Paul Simon
Results
In the Iowa caucuses, Gephardt finished first, Simon finished second, and Dukakis finished third. In the New Hampshire primary, Dukakis finished first, Gephardt finished second, and Simon finished third. Dukakis and Gore campaigned hard against Gephardt with negative ads, and eventually the United Auto Workers retracted their endorsement of Gephardt, who was heavily dependent on labor union backing.
In the Super Tuesday races, Dukakis won six primaries, Gore five, Jackson five and Gephardt one, with Gore and Jackson splitting the southern states. The next week, Simon won Illinois. 1988 is tied with 1992 as the race with the most candidates winning primaries since the McGovern reforms of 1971. Gore's effort to paint Dukakis as too liberal for the general election proved unsuccessful and he eventually withdrew. Jackson focused more on getting enough delegates to make sure African-American interests were represented in the platform than on winning outright.[42] Dukakis eventually emerged as the party's nominee.
Date[43][44] (daily totals) |
Total pledged delegates[45] |
Contest | Delegates won and popular vote | Total | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Michael Dukakis | Jesse Jackson | Al Gore | Paul Simon | Dick Gephardt | Others | ||||
February 8 | 45 | Iowa caucus[46] | 12 27,750 |
11,000 |
80 |
15 33,375 |
18 39,125 |
13,625 | |
February 16 | 16 | New Hampshire[47] | 8 44,112 |
9,615 |
8,400 |
4 21,094 |
4 24,513 |
15,179 | |
February 23 | 68 | Minnesota[48] | 25 8,990 |
15 5,270 |
274 | 13 4,766 |
1,970 |
5,281 | |
17 | South Dakota[48] | 7 22,349 |
3,867 |
5,993 |
3,992 |
10 31,184 |
4,221 | ||
February 28 | 20 | Maine primary[49] | 8 3,170 |
7 2,722 |
139 |
378 |
282 |
2,053 | |
March 1 | 12 | Vermont Caucus[50] | 6 582 |
6 696 |
6 |
— | — | 120 | |
March 5 | 11 | Wyoming caucus[51] | 4 76 |
38 |
4 88 |
6 |
3 61 |
1 | |
March 8 (Super Tuesday) (1099) |
47 | Alabama[52] | 31,206 |
25 176,764 |
22 151,739 |
3,063 |
30,214 |
12,845 | |
32 | Arkansas[53] | 8 94,103 |
7 85,003 |
16 185,758 |
9,020 |
59,711 |
63,949 | ||
101 | Florida[54] | 68 520,868 |
33 254,825 |
161,106 |
27,592 |
182,779 |
121,606 | ||
64 | Georgia[55] | 97,179 |
29 247,831 |
24 201,490 |
8,388 |
41,489 |
26,375 | ||
17 | Hawaii caucus[56] | 10 2,716 |
7 1,739 |
58 |
46 |
98 |
318 | ||
16 | Idaho caucus[57] | 7 144 |
4 73 |
32 |
16 |
3 |
112 | ||
48 | Kentucky[58] | 11 59,433 |
9 49,667 |
27 145,988 |
9,393 |
28,982 |
25,258 | ||
52 | Louisiana[59] | 10 95,661 |
23 221,522 |
18 174,971 |
5,153 |
67,029 |
60,683 | ||
56 | Maryland[60] | 34 242,479 |
22 152,642 |
46,063 |
16,013 |
42,059 |
16,631 | ||
93 | Massachusetts[61] | 71 418,256 |
22 133,385 |
31,631 |
26,176 |
72,943 |
31,552 | ||
40 | Mississippi[62] | 1 29,941 |
24 160,651 |
15 120,364 |
2,118 |
19,693 |
26,650 | ||
71 | Missouri[63] | 61,303 |
18 106,386 |
14,549 |
21,433 |
53 305,287 |
18,857 | ||
12 | Nevada caucus[64] | 3 427 |
3 382 |
4 491 |
20 |
33 |
2 285 | ||
68 | North Carolina[65] | 16 137,993 |
25 224,177 |
27 235,669 |
8,032 |
37,553 |
36,534 | ||
39 | Oklahoma[66] | 9 66,278 |
52,417 |
20 162,584 |
6,901 |
10 82,596 |
21,951 | ||
20 | Rhode Island[67] | 16 34,159 |
4 7,369 |
1,932 |
1,392 |
2,013 |
1,958 | ||
56 | Tennessee[68] | 19,348 |
12 119,248 |
44 416,861 |
2,647 |
8,470 |
9,740 | ||
145 | Texas[69] | 61 579,713 |
46 433,335 |
38 357,764 |
34,499 |
240,158 |
121,576 | ||
62 | Virginia[70] | 15 80,183 |
32 164,709 |
15 81,419 |
7,045 |
15,935 |
15,608 | ||
53 | Washington[71] | 29 3,784 |
24 3,083 |
166 |
300 |
78 |
1,074 | ||
6 | American Samoa caucus[72] | 4 (39%) |
(7%) |
— | — | 2 (22%) |
(32%) | ||
March 10 | 10 | Alaska caucus[73] | 3 774 |
4 882 |
48 |
18 |
15 |
791 | |
March 12 | 36 | Colorado caucus[74] | 17 4,852 |
13 3,720 |
307 |
14 |
— | 6 1,867 | |
37 | South Carolina[75] | 1,018 |
22 8,114 |
7 2,777 |
36 |
307 |
8 2,853 | ||
March 15 | 160 | Illinois[76] | 29 245,289 |
57 484,233 |
77,265 |
74 635,219 |
35,108 |
23,816 | |
March 19 | 34[j] | Kansas caucus[77] | 15 278 |
13 235 |
7 125 |
— | 12 |
114 | |
March 20 | 40 | Puerto Rico[78] | 11 70,733 |
13 87,757 |
7 45,361 |
9 57,639 |
9,159 |
3,753 | |
March 24 | ? | Connecticut[79] | ? (58%) |
(28%) |
(8%) |
(1%) |
— | (5%) | |
March 26 | 127 | Michigan caucus[80] | 45 61,674 |
82 113,777 |
4,253 |
4,466 |
27,222 |
326 | |
April 5 | Wisconsin[81] | (47%) |
(30%) |
(17%) |
(5%) |
— | (1%) | ||
April 16 | Arizona caucus[82] | (54%) |
(38%) |
(5%) |
(1%) |
— | (2%) | ||
April 18 | ? | Delaware caucus[83] | (27%) |
(46%) |
(2%) |
— | — | (25%) | |
April 19 | 243[k] | New York[84] | 142 801,457 |
87 585,076 |
5 157,559 |
17,011 |
– | 14,083 | |
April 25 | ? | Utah caucus[85] | (72%) |
(15%) |
– | – | – | (13%) | |
April 26 | 161 | Pennsylvania[86] | 114 1,002,480 |
47 411,260 |
44,542 |
9,692 |
7,254 |
32,462 | |
May 3 | ? | Indiana[87] | (70%) |
(22%) |
(3%) |
(2%) |
(3%) |
— | |
? | Ohio[88] | (63%) |
(27%) |
(2%) |
(1%) |
– | (7%) | ||
? | Washington, D.C.[89] | (18%) |
(80%) |
(1%) |
(1%) |
– | — | ||
May 10 | ? | Nebraska[90] | (63%) |
(26%) |
(1%) |
(1%) |
(3%) |
(6%) | |
? | West Virginia[91] | (75%) |
(13%) |
(3%) |
(1%) |
(2%) |
(6%) | ||
May 17 | ? | Oregon[92] | (57%) |
(38%) |
(1%) |
(1%) |
(2%) |
(1%) | |
June 7 | 272 | California[93] | 173 1,910,808 |
99 1,102,093 |
56,645 |
43,771 |
– | 25,417 | |
? | Montana[94] | (69%) |
(22%) |
(2%) |
(1%) |
(3%) |
(3%) | ||
100 | New Jersey[95] | 66 414,829 |
34 213,705 |
18,062 |
— | — | 7,706 | ||
? | New Mexico[96] | (61%) |
(28%) |
(3%) |
(2%) |
– | (6%) | ||
June 14 | ? | North Dakota[97] | (85%) |
(15%) |
– | – | – | – | |
Total[98] | 1,427 10,024,101 (42.37%) |
1,046 6,941,816 (29.34%) |
307 3,190,992 (13.49%) |
115 1,452,331 (6.14%) |
98 1,107,692 (4.68%) |
940,431 (3.98%) |
Convention and general election
The Democratic Party Convention was held in Atlanta, Georgia, July 18–21. The Dukakis nominating speech delivered by Arkansas governor and future president Bill Clinton was widely criticized as too long and tedious.[99]
Texas State Treasurer Ann Richards (who two years later became the state governor) delivered a memorable keynote address in which she uttered the lines "Poor George [Bush], he can't help it, he was born with a silver foot in his mouth." Six years later, Bush's son George W. Bush would deny Richards re-election as Texas Governor.
With most candidates having withdrawn and asking their delegates to vote for Dukakis, the tally for president was as follows:[100]
- Michael Dukakis - 2,877 (70.09%)
- Jesse Jackson - 1,219 (29.70%)
- Richard Stallings - 3 (0.07%)
- Joe Biden - 2 (0.05%)
- Dick Gephardt - 2 (0.05%)
- Lloyd Bentsen - 1 (0.02%)
- Gary Hart - 1 (0.02%)
Jesse Jackson's campaign believed that since they had come in a respectable second, Jackson was entitled to the vice presidential spot. Dukakis refused, and gave the spot to Lloyd Bentsen.
Bentsen was selected in large part to secure the state of Texas and its large electoral vote for the Democrats. During the vice-presidential debate, Republican candidate and Senator Dan Quayle ignored a head-on confrontation with Bentsen (aside from the "Jack Kennedy" comparison) and spent his time attacking Dukakis.
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c Poll combines first- and second-choice responses.
- ^ 7% for Tom Bradley, 6% each for Bill Bradley and Jay Rockefeller, 5% for Chuck Robb, 4% for Dianne Feinstein, 2% each for Dale Bumpers, Sam Nunn, Pat Schroeder, and Mark White, 1% each for Bruce Babbitt, Joe Biden, and Dick Gephardt, and <1% for Tony Coelho.
- ^ 7% each for Bill Bradley and Tom Bradley, 6% for Jay Rockefeller, 3% each for Chuck Robb, Dianne Feinstein, and Mark White. Less than 2% each for Sam Nunn, Pat Schroeder, Dale Bumpers, Bill Clinton, Dick Gephardt, Bruce Babbitt, Joe Biden, and Tony Coelho.
- ^ Includes 7% for Mario Cuomo and 3% for Ted Kennedy, neither of whom were included in the suggested responses, 1% each for Bill Bradley, Lee Iacocca, Sam Nunn, John Glenn, Terry Sanford, and Howard Baker (Republican).
- ^ This poll intentionally oversampled voters in border and Southern states in advance of Super Tuesday.
- ^ Poll of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tennessse, Texas, and Virginia.
- ^ Including 5% for Pat Schroeder.
- ^ Including 14% for Sam Nunn.
- ^ 12% for "someone else."
- ^ The delegate totals add up to 35.
- ^ The delegate total adds up to 234.
References
- ^ "Kennedy, Citing Senate Goals, Rules Out '88 Presidential Bid". The New York Times. December 20, 1985.
- ^ a b Gallup, George Jr. (4 May 1986). "Cuomo gains as Democratic pick". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. p. 200. Retrieved 19 Sep 2022.
- ^ a b Gallup, George Jr. (7 Aug 1986). "Iacocca gains on Hart as choice of Democrats". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. p. 27. Retrieved 19 Sep 2022.
- ^ a b c "Dukakis surging as Hart weakens". 28 Jan 1988. p. 1. Retrieved 6 Aug 2023.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Poll shows Hart on top; Dole closing in on Bush". The Greenville News. 19 Dec 1987. p. 10. Retrieved 19 Sep 2022.
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- ^ a b c "Politics 88 : Dole Tops Bush in Gallup Poll; Dukakis Leads". The Los Angeles Times. 15 Feb 1988. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
- ^ a b Bartels, Larry M.; Broh, C. Anthony (Winter 1989). "A Review: The 1988 Presidential Primaries". The Public Opinion Quarterly. 53 (4): 563–589. doi:10.1086/269172. JSTOR 2749359 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Mashek, John W. (4 Oct 1987). "Jackson leads, but undecided reigns in South". Atlanta Journal Constitution. p. 1. Retrieved 19 Sep 2022.
- ^ "California poll shows no front-runner". Desert Dispatch. 11 May 1987. p. 11. Retrieved 19 Sep 2022.
- ^ Himowitz, Michael J. (27 Oct 1987). "Jackson, Bush leading now among Marylanders". Baltimore Evening Sun. p. 1. Retrieved 19 Sep 2022.
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- ^ John Dillin for The Christian Science Monitor. 23 February 1987 Cuomo's `no' opens door for dark horses
- ^ E. J. Dionne Jr. (May 3, 1987). "Gary Hart The Elusive Front-Runner". The New York Times, pg. SM28.
- ^ a b Johnston, David; King, Wayne; Nordheimer, Jon (1987-05-09). "Courting Danger: The Fall Of Gary Hart". The New York Times.
- ^ "The Gary Hart Story: How It Happened". The Miami Herald. May 10, 1987. Archived from the original on August 24, 2014. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
- ^ Bob Drogin for the Los Angeles Times. 16 December 1987 Hart Back in Race for President : Political World Stunned, Gives Him Little Chance
- ^ Associated Press, in the Los Angeles Times. 13 March 1988 Quits Campaign : 'The People 'Have Decided,' Hart Declares
- ^ "Biden Is Facing Growing Debate On His Speeches". The New York Times. September 16, 1987.
- ^ a b Thompson, Alex; Pager, Tyler (January 19, 2021). "They failed spectacularly in '88. Now, these Biden aides are getting sweet redemption". Politico.
- ^ "Professional Board Clears Biden In Two Allegations of Plagiarism". The New York Times. May 29, 1989. p. 29.
- ^ Jack W. Germond; Jules Witcover (1989). "19: Illinois and Michigan: Jesse Jackson Peaks". Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars? The Trivial Pursuit of the Presidency 1988. Warner Books. p. 298. ISBN 0-446-51424-1.
Appearing at the press conference were Michigan Senator Don Riegle and three other members of the state's congressional delegation, all endorsing him.
- ^ "Jackson: I Deserve More Superdelegates".
- ^ William Raspberry (1988-04-29). "JESSE JACKSON'S VICTORY". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 1330888409.
- ^ Wagner, John (February 15, 2016). "Bernie Sanders highlights his 1988 support of Jesse Jackson's White House run". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
- ^ Oreskes, Michael (9 September 1987). "Chicago's Mayor Endorses Jackson". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
- ^ Jack W. Germond; Jules Witcover (1989). "18: Super Tuesday: A Super Fiasco". Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars? The Trivial Pursuit of the Presidency 1988. Warner Books. p. 281. ISBN 0-446-51424-1.
The black political leaders who had supported Mondale in 1984, such as Mayor Richard Arrington of Birmingham, were now fully in the Jackson camp.
- ^ "User Clip: Bill Cosby for Jesse Jackson | C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
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- ^ Our Campaigns - GA US President - D Primary Race - Mar 08, 1988
- ^ Jack W. Germond; Jules Witcover (1989). "18: Super Tuesday: A Super Fiasco". Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars? The Trivial Pursuit of the Presidency 1988. Warner Books. p. 286. ISBN 0-446-51424-1.
...Gore was moving around the South gathering endorsements - particularly from prominent state politicians such as Speaker Tom Murphy of Georgia, Speaker Gib Lewis of Texas, Speaker Jon Mills of Florida
- ^ Jack W. Germond; Jules Witcover (1989). "18: Super Tuesday: A Super Fiasco". Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars? The Trivial Pursuit of the Presidency 1988. Warner Books. p. 286. ISBN 0-446-51424-1.
...Gore was moving around the South gathering endorsements - particularly from prominent state politicians such as Speaker Tom Murphy of Georgia, Speaker Gib Lewis of Texas, Speaker Jon Mills of Florida
- ^ Jack W. Germond; Jules Witcover (1989). "16: Iowa: Dick Gephardt's Hour". Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars? The Trivial Pursuit of the Presidency 1988. Warner Books. p. 255. ISBN 0-446-51424-1.
Congressman Tony Coelho paid a visit and also came back with the view that Gephardt needed a much sharper focus to his message that Iowa voters could identify with
- ^ Jack W. Germond; Jules Witcover (1989). "18: Super Tuesday: A Super Fiasco". Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars? The Trivial Pursuit of the Presidency 1988. Warner Books. p. 282. ISBN 0-446-51424-1.
The backing of allies such as Representatives Martin Frost and Marvin Leath in Texas...
- ^ Jack W. Germond; Jules Witcover (1989). "18: Super Tuesday: A Super Fiasco". Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars? The Trivial Pursuit of the Presidency 1988. Warner Books. p. 282. ISBN 0-446-51424-1.
The backing of allies such as Representatives Martin Frost and Marvin Leath in Texas...
- ^ Jack W. Germond; Jules Witcover (1989). "18: Super Tuesday: A Super Fiasco". Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars? The Trivial Pursuit of the Presidency 1988. Warner Books. p. 282. ISBN 0-446-51424-1.
The backing of allies such as Representatives Martin Frost and Marvin Leath in Texas, Mike Synar in Oklahoma...
- ^ Jack W. Germond; Jules Witcover (1989). "18: Super Tuesday: A Super Fiasco". Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars? The Trivial Pursuit of the Presidency 1988. Warner Books. p. 282. ISBN 0-446-51424-1.
The backing of allies such as Representatives Martin Frost and Marvin Leath in Texas, Mike Synar in Oklahoma and Claude Pepper in Florida was a valued credential.
- ^ Jack W. Germond; Jules Witcover (1989). "19: Illinois and Michigan: Jesse Jackson Peaks". Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars? The Trivial Pursuit of the Presidency 1988. Warner Books. p. 299. ISBN 0-446-51424-1.
Congressman Sander Levin of Michigan, a Gephardt supporter...
- ^ Jack W. Germond; Jules Witcover (1989). "13: Too Much Damage to Control". Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars? The Trivial Pursuit of the Presidency 1988. Warner Books. p. 195. ISBN 0-446-51424-1.
There were other phone calls, too, including repeated ones from actor Warren Beatty, a longtime supporter and friend going back to the McGovern campaign of 1971-72
- ^ Jack W. Germond; Jules Witcover (1989). "16: Iowa: Dick Gephardt's hour". Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars? The Trivial Pursuit of the Presidency 1988. Warner Books. p. 263. ISBN 0-446-51424-1.
Simon got a lift from the endorsement of the Des Moines Register, influential with the sort of political activists who attended the caucuses.
- ^ Williams, Juan (1988-07-17). "Waiting for The Jackson Reaction; Will Jesse End His Crusade With a Bang or a Whimper?". The Washington Post. p. C1.
- ^ "Clipped from Chicago Tribune". Chicago Tribune. 11 March 1992. p. 14.
- ^ "1992 Presidential Primary Calendar".
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- ^ a b Robert S. Boyd; Susan Bennett (February 24, 1988). "Dole scores impressive victories". Google News Search Archive. Spartanburg, SC: Spartanburg Herald-Journal. pp. 1, 4. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
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