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List of massacres of Nizari Ismailis

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Numerous massacres are recorded against the minority Nizari Ismaili Shia Muslims, particularly during the Alamut Period.[1]

In many cases, the victims include non-Nizaris; such as supporters of the Nizaris, and people who are falsely accused and killed due to personal enmity.

The Nizari response was often the assassination of the leader behind the massacre.[1]

List

List of massacres of Nizaris
Date Location Perpetrator(s) Deaths Notable victims Notes
1010–1025 Multan and al-Mansura, Sindh Ghaznavids Multiple massacres of Ismailis.[2]
1093 Isfahan's city square, Seljuk Empire local Sunni Muslims All suspected Ismailis in the town were burned alive in the city center.[3]
1101- Seljuk Empire Sultan Barkiyaruq Muhammad ibn Dushmanziyar ibn Ala' al-Dawla (محمد بن دشمنزیار بن علاءالدوله), governor of Yazd; son of Kayqubad, commandant of Tikrit[4] As listed below.
1101 Isfahan's city square, Seljuk Empire local Sunni Muslims, allowed by Barkiyaruq [5][6]
1101- Baghdad and elsewhere in Iraq ordered by Abbasid caliph al-Mustazhir Abu Ibrahim Asadabadi (relative of Bahram al-Da'i) Widespread massacres.[6]
1113 Aleppo Sa'id ibn Badi', ra'is of Aleppo and militia commander, approved by Alp Arslan al-Akhras during Muhammad I Tapar's anti-Nizari campaign ~200 massacred or imprisoned and their properties were confiscated da'i Abu Tahir al-Sa'igh, da'i Isma'il, and a brother of da'i al-Hakim al-Munajjim [7]
1124 Amid, southern Armenia ~700 [8]
1125 Aleppo Ibn al-Khashshab
September 1129 Damascus, Emirate of Damascus Atabeg Taj al-Muluk Buri, the militia (al-ahdath) and the mob 6,000-10,000 Shadhili al-Kadim [9]
1138 Isfahan, Seljuk Empire After the assassination of the Abbasid caliph al-Rashid Billah.[10]
1140s Seljuk Empire Abbas (governor of Rayy) After the assassination of Sultan Da'ud[11]
1204 Lower Iraq
May 1256 Tun (modern Ferdows), Nizari Ismaili state Kitbuqa and Köke Ilgei almost all inhabitants [12]
1257 Mongol Empire Mongke Khan ~100,000 Multiple massacres, as listed below[13][14]
1257 Toungat, Mongol Empire Khurshah's Mongol guard (ordered by Mongke Khan) Rukn al-Din Khurshah and his companions [15][16][17][18]
1257 between Qazvin and Abhar, Mongol Empire Qaraqai Bitikchi (ordered by Mongke Khan) Khurshah's relatives [19][20]
1257 Quhistan, Mongol Empire Ötegü-China (ordered by Mongke Khan) 12,000 [19]
1257? Mongol Empire Bulghan Khatun or Bulghan or Qara-Bulghan, the child of the assassinated Mongol commander Chagatai the Elder 200 or 300 [21]
15 December 1270 Gerdkuh, Ilkhanate Ilkhanate forces (during Abaqa Khan's reign) the garrison of Gerdkuh [19]
1809 Eyalet of Acre, Ottoman Empire (present-day Syria) Nusayris [20]
1392 Tabaristan, Timurid Empire Timur's troops [20]
May 1393 Anjudan, Timurid Empire Timur's troops [20]
1416 Daylam Sayyid Radi Kiya of the Karkiya dynasty Many Isma'ili leaders, including some descendants of the Imam Khudawand Ala al-Din Muhammad [20]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b B. Hourcade, “ALAMŪT,” Encyclopædia Iranica, I/8, pp. 797-801; an updated version is available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/alamut-valley-alborz-northeast-of-qazvin- (accessed on 17 May 2014).
  2. ^ Kassam, Tazim R. (1995). Songs of Wisdom and Circles of Dance: Hymns of the Satpanth Isma'ili Muslim Saint, Pir Shams. SUNY Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-7914-2591-6.
  3. ^ Daftary, Farhad (2007). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. p. 329. ISBN 978-1-139-46578-6.
  4. ^ واحددرآبادی, رقیه; برومند, صفورا. "اتهام به الحاد و مصادیق آن در دوران سلجوقیان" (PDF). پژوهش نامه تاریخ اجتماعی و اقتصادی (in Persian). 4 (1): 83–102. ISSN 2383-1278.
  5. ^ Peacock, A. C. S. (2015). Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-7486-9807-3.
  6. ^ a b Wasserman, James (2001). The Templars and the Assassins: The Militia of Heaven. Simon and Schuster. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-59477-873-5.
  7. ^ Daftary, Farhad (2007). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. p. 334-335. ISBN 978-1-139-46578-6.
  8. ^ Wasserman, James (2001). The Templars and the Assassins: The Militia of Heaven. Simon and Schuster. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-59477-873-5.
  9. ^ Mirza, Nasseh Ahmad (1997). Syrian Ismailism: The Ever Living Line of the Imamate, AD 1100-1260. Psychology Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7007-0505-4.
  10. ^ Lewis, Bernard (2011). The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam. Orion. pp. 54–. ISBN 978-0-297-86333-5.
  11. ^ Wasserman, James (2001). The Templars and the Assassins: The Militia of Heaven. Simon and Schuster. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-59477-873-5.
  12. ^ Daftary, Farhad (1992). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. p. 423. ISBN 978-0-521-42974-0.
  13. ^ Daftary, Farhad. "The Mediaeval Ismailis of the Iranian Lands | The Institute of Ismaili Studies". www.iis.ac.uk. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  14. ^ Willey, Peter (2005). Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 75–85. ISBN 978-1-85043-464-1.
  15. ^ Willey, Peter. Eagle's Nest - Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2005), 83
  16. ^ Juvaini, Ata-Malik; Qazvini, Mirza Muhammad (1997). Genghis Khan: The History of the World Conqueror. Manchester University Press. p. 609, note 9. ISBN 978-0-7190-5145-6. {{cite book}}: Missing |author2= (help)
  17. ^ Ohsson, Constantin Mouradgea d' (1834). Histoire des Mongols (in French). p. 201.
  18. ^ The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal. American Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 310, note 4. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  19. ^ a b c Daftary, Farhad (1992). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. p. 429. ISBN 978-0-521-42974-0.
  20. ^ a b c d e Virani, Shafique N. (2003). "The Eagle Returns: Evidence of Continued Isma?ili Activity at Alamut and in the South Caspian Region Following the Mongol Conquests". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 123 (2): 351–370. doi:10.2307/3217688. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 3217688.
  21. ^ Boyle, John Andrew (1977). The Mongol World Empire, 1206-1370. Variorum Reprints. ISBN 978-0-86078-002-1.
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