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The Man Who Sold the World (album)

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For the song, see The Man Who Sold the World (song).

The Man Who Sold the World
Original 1970 American release
Studio album by
David Bowie
Released4 November 1970 (1970-11-04)
Recorded17 April – 22 May 1970
StudioTrident and Advision, London
Genre
Length40:29
LabelMercury
ProducerTony Visconti
David Bowie chronology
The World of David Bowie
(1970) 		The Man Who Sold the World
(1970) 		Hunky Dory
(1971)
Alternative cover
1971 British release

The Man Who Sold the World is the third studio album by English musician David Bowie. It was originally released by Mercury Records in the United States on 4 November 1970 and in the United Kingdom on 10 April 1971. The album was produced by Tony Visconti and recorded at Trident and Advision Studios in London during April and May 1970. It features the first appearances of guitarist Mick Ronson and drummer Mick Woodmansey on a Bowie record, who would later become famous as members of the Spiders from Mars.

Following the largely acoustic and folk rock sound of Bowie's previous 1969 self-titled album, The Man Who Sold the World marked a shift toward hard rock, with elements of blues rock. The lyrics are also darker than his previous releases, exploring themes of insanity, religion, technology and war. None of the songs from the album were released as official singles, although some tracks appeared as B-sides of singles between 1970 and 1973. Originally titled Metrobolist, a play on Fritz Lang's 1927 film Metropolis, the title was changed at the last minute by Mercury without Bowie's consultation.

The album was released with different cover artwork in the US and the UK. For the US release, the artwork was a cartoon-like drawing of a cowboy in front of an asylum. It was drawn by Michael J. Weller and based on an image of actor John Wayne. Bowie was unenthusiastic about the cover, so he enlisted Keith MacMillan to shoot an alternate cover. The final image, featuring Bowie wearing a blue dress designed by fashion designer Michael Fish, was used as the cover for the UK release. The Man Who Sold the World was reissued by RCA Records in 1972, featuring a black-and-white picture of Bowie's then-current character Ziggy Stardust on the sleeve, but reissues since 1990 have revived the original UK artwork.

The Man Who Sold the World was originally better received by music critics in the US than in the UK. Nevertheless, it was a commercial failure in both countries; however, the 1972 reissue managed to chart in both the US and the UK. Retrospectively, the album has been praised by critics for the band's performance and the unsettling nature of its music and lyrics, being considered by many to be the start of Bowie's "classic period". It has since been reissued multiple times and was remixed in 2020, under its original title Metrobolist, for its 50th anniversary.

Background

Bowie's breakthrough single "Space Oddity" was released in July 1969, bringing him commercial success and attention.[1] However, its parent album, David Bowie (Space Oddity), released later that year, was not as successful, partly due to the failure of Philips Records to promote the album efficiently.[2] By 1970, the attention Bowie had garnered from "Space Oddity" had dissipated and his follow-up single, "The Prettiest Star", failed to chart.[3][4] Realising that his potential as a solo artist was dwindling, Bowie decided to form a band with bassist Tony Visconti, who previously worked with Bowie on Space Oddity,[5] and drummer John Cambridge. Calling themselves Hype, the group still needed a guitarist.[6]

He was quite open to direction and in a way sort of carried out what I wanted done much more than most of the other drummers I have worked with.[7]

– David Bowie discussing Mick Woodmansey, 1994

On 2 February 1970, Bowie met guitarist Mick Ronson following a performance at the Marquee Club in London. The two connected immediately and agreed to work together.[8] Following their meeting, Ronson joined Hype. For the group's performances, the members wore flamboyant superhero-like costumes, made by Bowie's first wife Angela Burnett, whom he married on 20 March 1970, and Visconti's then-girlfriend Liz Hartley.[9] Bowie was Rainbowman (wearing a rainbow-coloured outfit), Ronson was Gangsterman (wearing a "sharp double-breasted suit"), Visconti was Hypeman (sporting a Superman-like outfit with a giant 'H' on the chest), and Cambridge was Cowboyman (wearing a "frilly" shirt and overlarge hat). Hype continued performing in the outlandish costumes for many months; after one performance on 11 March 1970, Visconti's clothes were stolen and he had to return home wearing his Hypeman costume.[9] Bowie halted Hype performances at the end of March that year so he could focus on recording and songwriting, as well as resolve managing disputes with his manager Kenneth Pitt.[10] The new single version of the Space Oddity track "Memory of a Free Festival" and an early attempt at "The Supermen" were recorded during this time.[11]

Cambridge was dismissed from Hype at the end of March, with a new drummer, Mick "Woody" Woodmansey, joining the group at the suggestion of Ronson.[7][9] According to biographer Kevin Cann, Cambridge was dismissed by Bowie, but according to biographer Nicholas Pegg, Visconti recalled that the dismissal was Ronson's request.[4][7] On his first impression of Bowie, Woodmansey said in 2015: "This guy was living and breathing being a rock & roll star."[12] By April 1970, the four members of Hype were living in Haddon Hall, Beckenham, an Edwardian mansion converted to a block of flats that was described by one visitor as having an ambiance "like Dracula's living room".[13] Ronson and Visconti built a makeshift studio under the grand staircase at Haddon Hall; Bowie recorded many of his early 1970s demos there.[4]

Recording

Recording for The Man Who Sold the World began on 17 April 1970 at Advision Studios in London, with the group beginning work on "All the Madmen". The next day on 18 April, Ralph Mace was hired to play the Moog synthesiser, borrowed from George Harrison,[14] following his work on the single version of "Memory of a Free Festival".[15] At the time, Mace was a 40-year-old concert pianist who was also head of the classical music department at Mercury Records.[14] During this time, Bowie terminated his contract with Pitt and met his future manager Tony Defries, who assisted Bowie in the termination.[16] Recording moved to Trident Studios in London on 21 April 1970 and continued there for the rest of April until mid-May. On 4 May, the band recorded "Running Gun Blues" and "Saviour Machine", the latter of which was originally the working title for the title track, before Bowie reworked the song into a different melody to form the final version of "Saviour Machine". Recording and mixing was moved back to Advision on 12 May and completed ten days later.[17] Bowie recorded his vocal for the title track on the final day.[18][19]

As Bowie was preoccupied with his new wife Angie at the time, as well as his managerial issues,[20] the music was largely arranged by Ronson and Visconti.[21] Ronson used the sessions to learn about many production and arrangement techniques from Visconti.[22] Although Bowie is officially credited as the composer of all music on The Man Who Sold the World, biographer Peter Doggett quoted Visconti as saying that "the songs were written by all four of us. We'd jam in a basement, and Bowie would just say whether he liked them or not." In Doggett's narrative, "The band (sometimes with Bowie contributing guitar, sometimes not) would record an instrumental track, which might or might not be based upon an original Bowie idea. Then, at the last possible moment, Bowie would reluctantly uncurl himself from the sofa on which he was lounging with his wife, and dash off a set of lyrics."[23] Conversely, Bowie was quoted in a 1998 interview as saying, "I really did object to the impression that I did not write the songs on The Man Who Sold the World. You only have to check out the chord changes. No-one writes chord changes like that." "The Width of a Circle" and "The Supermen", for example, were already in existence before the sessions began.[21]

Music and lyrics

The sonic landscape was Visconti's. The band's contribution – how the drums and bass should work together with the guitar – was something [Ronson] got really involved in.[24]

– David Bowie in an interview with Mojo

The Man Who Sold the World was a departure from the largely acoustic and folk rock sound of Space Oddity.[25][26] According to music critic Greg Kot, it marked Bowie's change of direction into hard rock.[27] Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described the album as "almost all hard blues rock or psychedelic folk rock", while Doggett writes that it is "filled with propulsive hard rock".[28][29] Much of the material has a distinct heavy metal edge that distinguishes it from Bowie's other releases, and has been compared to contemporary acts such as Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath.[30][31] According to Marc Spitz, Ronson was intent to make a heavy blues album "worthy of Cream."[20]

Like the music, the lyrics are significantly darker than its predecessor. According to Doggett, they contain numerous themes that Bowie would continue to explore throughout the rest of the 1970s decade, including "madness, alienation, violence, confusion of identity, power, darkness and sexual possession".[32] The lyrics have also been seen as reflecting the influence of such figures as Aleister Crowley, Franz Kafka and Friedrich Nietzsche.[33] Since Bowie wrote most of the lyrics at the last minute, O'Leary writes that The Man Who Sold the World is a more "coherent" concept album than his fifth and eighth albums, Ziggy Stardust (1972) and Diamond Dogs (1974), respectively. He continues, saying that the songs "mirror and answer each other", sharing similar themes and imagery.[34]

Side one

The opening track, "The Width of a Circle", is an eight-minute epic that delves into progressive rock.[12][22] Originally debuted in February 1970 at a BBC session,[35] the song is led by Ronson's widely lauded guitar work,[36] using feedback and improvisation throughout.[37][38] The lyrics reference the Lebanese poet Khalil Gibran and in the song's second half, the narrator has a sexual encounter with God in the devil's lair.[13][39][40] Pegg describes the song's sound as reminiscent of Deep Purple and Black Sabbath.[35] The lyrics of "All the Madmen" were inspired by Bowie's half-brother Terry Burns and reflect the theme of institutionalised madness. The song contains a recorder part that creates an atmosphere, which Buckley describes as "childlike dementia".[41] Doggett describes the Moog synthesiser as an integral part of the recording, noting that it gives the track a "stunning conclusion".[42] Spitz calls the track "terrifying".[22]

For "Black Country Rock", Bowie had a small portion of the melody and four quickly-written lines that he gave to Ronson and Visconti, who expanded upon them to create the song.[43][44] A blues rock and hard rock song,[3][45] Bowie impersonates Marc Bolan in his vocal performance.[46] "After All" is musically different than the rest of The Man Who Sold the World, being more akin to folk rock than hard rock.[47] Featuring an "oh, by jingo" chant that is reminiscent of music hall numbers,[37][46] the lyrics follow a group of innocent children who have not experienced the corruptions of adulthood.[48] Similar to "The Supermen", the song references the works of Nietzsche and has been described by Buckley and Pegg as an underrated gem.[37][49]

Side two

The lyrics of "Running Gun Blues" discuss gun-toting assassins and Vietnam War commentary,[30] specifically the Mỹ Lai massacre of 1968.[50] Although the lyrics reflect the themes of Space Oddity, the music reflects the predominant hard rock style of The Man Who Sold the World and points to Bowie's future musical direction.[51][52] Similar to the previous track, "Saviour Machine" is rooted in blues rock and hard rock. The lyrics explore the concept of computers overtaking the human race;[53] Bowie's metallic-like vocal performance enhances the scenario.[43][54] Like the majority of the tracks, "She Shook Me Cold" was mostly created by Ronson, Visconti and Woodmansey without Bowie's input.[23] Spitz compares the song's blues style to Led Zeppelin,[46] while O'Leary and Pegg write that Ronson was attempting to emulate Cream's Jack Bruce.[55][56] The lyrics explores a sexual conquest that is similar to "You Shook Me" (then-recently covered by Jeff Beck) and Robert Johnson's "Love in Vain".[56][57]

The album's title track has been described by multiple reviewers as "haunting".[12][58][59] Musically, it is based around a "circular" guitar riff from Ronson. The lyrics are cryptic and evocative, being inspired by numerous poems, including "Antigonish" (1899) by William Hughes Mearns.[60][61] The narrator has an encounter with a kind of doppelgänger, as suggested in the second chorus where "I never lost control" is replaced with "We never lost control".[62] Bowie's vocals are heavily "phased" throughout and contain none of the, in Doggett's words, "metallic theatrics" that are found on the rest of the album.[59] The song also features güiro percussion, which Pegg describes as "sinister".[60] "The Supermen" prominently reflects the themes of Nietzsche, particularly his theory of Übermensch, or "Supermen".[63][64] Like other tracks on the album, the song is predominantly hard rock.[65] It was described by Bowie in 1973 as a "period piece", and later "pre-fascist".[63]

Cover artwork

The original 1970 US release of The Man Who Sold the World employed a cartoon-like cover drawing by Bowie's friend Michael J. Weller, featuring a cowboy in front of Cane Hill asylum.[66] Weller, whose friend was a patient there, suggested the idea after Bowie had asked him to create a design that would capture the music's foreboding tone. Drawing on pop art styles, he depicted a dreary main entrance block to the hospital with a damaged clock tower. For the design's foreground, Weller used a photograph of actor John Wayne to draw a cowboy figure wearing a ten-gallon hat and holding a rifle, which was meant to be an allusion to the song "Running Gun Blues".[66] Bowie suggested Weller incorporate the "exploding head" signature on the cowboy's hat, a feature he had previously used on his posters while a part of the Arts Lab. He also added an empty speech balloon for the cowboy figure, which was intended to include the line "roll up your sleeves and show us your arms"—a pun on record players, guns, and drug use—but Mercury found the idea too risqué and the balloon was left blank. According to Pegg, "at this point, [Bowie's] intention was to call the album Metrobolist, a play on Fritz Lang's 1927 film Metropolis; the title would remain on the tape boxes even after Mercury had released the LP in America as The Man Who Sold the World".[66][67]

Bowie was enthusiastic about the finished design, but soon reconsidered the idea and had the art department at Philips Records, a subsidiary of Mercury, enlist photographer Keith MacMillan to shoot an alternate cover. The shoot took place in a "domestic environment" of the Haddon Hall living room, where Bowie reclined on a chaise longue in a cream and blue satin "man's dress", an early indication of his interest in exploiting his androgynous appearance.[68] The dress was designed by British fashion designer Michael Fish.[69][70] It has been said that Bowie's "bleached blond locks, falling below shoulder level" in the photo were inspired by a Pre-Raphaelite painting by Dante Gabriel Rossetti.[71] In the United States, Mercury rejected MacMillan's photo and released the album with Weller's design as its cover, much to the displeasure of Bowie, although he successfully lobbied the record label to use the photo for the release in the United Kingdom. In 1972, he said Weller's design was "horrible" but reappraised it in 1999, saying he "actually thought the cartoon cover was really cool".[68]

While promoting The Man Who Sold the World in the US, Bowie wore the Fish dress in February 1971 on his first promotional tour and during interviews, despite the fact that the Americans had no knowledge of the then-unreleased UK cover.[69][70] The 1971 German release's artwork presented a winged hybrid creature with Bowie's head and a hand for a body, preparing to flick the Earth away. The 1972 worldwide reissue by RCA Records used a black-and-white picture of Ziggy Stardust on the sleeve. The image remained the cover art on reissues until 1990 when the Rykodisc release reinstated the UK "dress" cover. The "dress" cover has appeared on subsequent reissues of the album.[72]

In 2011, when the Victoria and Albert Museum in London was putting together the list of Bowie artifacts for the David Bowie Is show, the curators asked for the dress to display, but found that the dress had gone missing from Bowie's collection.[73]

Release

The Man Who Sold the World was released in the US by Mercury on 4 November 1970,[74] with the catalogue number SR-61325.[75] It was subsequently released in the UK on 10 April 1971 by Mercury, with the catalogue number 6338 041.[76][77] Bowie was initially aggravated that Mercury had retitled the album from his preferred title of Metrobolist without his consultation, but following its release in the US, Bowie attempted to persuade the label to retitle the album Holy Holy after his newly released single of the same name. Following the commercial flop of "Holy Holy", the title remained The Man Who Sold the World for the UK release.[76] According to Cann, the album was disliked by Mercury executives. However, it was played on US radio stations frequently and the "heavy rock content" increased interest in Bowie. Cann also writes that The Man Who Sold the World developed an underground following and laid "solid foundations" for Ziggy Stardust.[78]

None of the songs from the album were released as singles at the time, although a promo version of "All the Madmen" was issued in the US in 1970. Mercury released "All the Madmen" as a single, with "Janine" from Space Oddity on the B-side, with the catalogue number Mercury 73173, but withdrew it.[79] The same song appeared in Eastern Europe during 1973, as did "The Width of a Circle". "Black Country Rock" was released as the B-side of "Holy Holy" in the UK in January 1971, shortly before the release of The Man Who Sold the World.[74] The title track appeared as the B-side of both the US single release of "Space Oddity" in 1972 and the UK release of "Life on Mars?" in 1973.[80]

Commercial performance

The Man Who Sold the World was initially a commercial failure. Pegg writes that by the end of June 1971, the album had sold only 1,395 copies in the US.[81] The same year, Bowie stated: "[it] sold like hotcakes in Beckenham, and nowhere else".[12] However, following a 1972 reissue by RCA after the commercial breakthrough of Ziggy Stardust,[82] The Man Who Sold the World peaked at number 24 on the UK Albums Chart, where it remained for 30 weeks, and number 105 on the US Billboard 200, spending 23 weeks on the chart.[83][84] The album's 1990 reissue charted again on the UK Albums Chart, peaking at number 66.[83]

Critical reception

Retrospective professional reviews
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[28]
Chicago Tribune[27]
Encyclopedia of Popular Music[85]
Music Story[86]
MusicHound Rock4/5[86]
Pitchfork8.5/10[87]
Q[88]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide[89]
Spin[90]
Spin Alternative Record Guide5/10[86]

Upon release, The Man Who Sold the World was generally more well-received critically in the US than in the UK.[30] Music publications Melody Maker and NME originally found The Man Who Sold the World "surprisingly excellent" and "rather hysterical", respectively.[81] Reviewing for Rolling Stone in February 1971, John Mendelsohn called the album "uniformly excellent" and commented that Visconti's "use of echo, phasing, and other techniques on Bowie's voice ... serves to reinforce the jaggedness of Bowie's words and music", which he interpreted as "oblique and fragmented images that are almost impenetrable separately but which convey with effectiveness an ironic and bitter sense of the world when considered together".[91] Mike Saunders from Who Put the Bomp magazine included The Man Who Sold the World in his ballot of 1971's top 10 albums for the first annual Pazz & Jop poll of American critics, published in The Village Voice in February 1972.[92]

Retrospectively, the album has been praised for the band's performance and the unsettling nature of its music and lyrics. In a review for AllMusic, Erlewine complimented its "tight, twisted heavy guitar rock that appears simple on the surface but sounds more gnarled upon each listen".[28] He viewed its music and Bowie's "paranoid futuristic tales" as "bizarre", adding that: "Musically, there isn't much time for innovation ...but there's an unsettling edge to the band's performance, which makes the record one of Bowie's best albums."[28] In a review upon the album's reissue, a writer for Q called it "a robust, sexually charged affair",[88] while a Mojo columnist wrote, "A robust set that spins with dizzying disorientation ... Bowie's armoury was being hastily assembled, though it was never deployed with such thrilling abandon again."[93] Douglas Wolk of Pitchfork called the album the "dark horse" of Bowie's catalogue. Comparing The Man Who Sold the World to its predecessor, he praised the arrangements as tougher and "more effective", and complimented his artistic growth.[87]

Aftermath and legacy

After the completion of The Man Who Sold the World, Bowie became less active in both the studio and on stage. His contract with music publisher Essex had expired and Defries, his new manager, was facing prior contractual challenges.[94][95] In August 1970, Visconti parted ways with Bowie owing to his dislike of Defries and his frustration with Bowie's lack of enthusiasm during the making of The Man Who Sold the World; it was the last time he would see the artist for three or four years. Ronson and Woodmansey also departed due to other personal conflicts with Bowie.[81][96] Despite his annoyance with Bowie during the sessions, Visconti still rated The Man Who Sold the World as his best work with him until his fourteenth studio album Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps) (1980).[33] Although his new single "Holy Holy", recorded in autumn 1970 and released in January 1971, was a commercial flop, the single earned Bowie a contract with music publisher Chrysalis.[94][97] The critical success of the album in the US prompted Mercury to send Bowie on a promotional radio tour of the country in February 1971.[98] Upon his return, he wrote the majority of the material that would appear on the follow-up albums Hunky Dory (1971) and Ziggy Stardust.[99] Bowie also convened with Ronson and Woodmansey, who returned to play on both records.[100][101] Following the commercial disappointment of Hunky Dory, Bowie finally found commercial success with Ziggy Stardust in 1972.[102][103] Ronson and Woodmansey, along with bassist Trevor Bolder, would become famous as the Spiders from Mars.[104]

The Man Who Sold the World has been retrospectively described by Bowie biographers and commentators as the beginning of Bowie's artistic growth, with many also agreeing that it was his first album where he began to find his sound. Buckley has described the album as "the first Bowie album proper",[105] while NME critics Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray similarly stated, "this is where the story really starts".[30] Erlewine cited The Man Who Sold the World as the beginning of Bowie's "classic period".[28] Similarly, Annie Zaleski of The A.V. Club called the album his "career blueprint", writing that it musically was a forerunner to the "swaggering electric disorientation" of Ziggy Stardust and Aladdin Sane (1973), but its greater importance on sequencing and atmosphere, as well as stonger songwriting, predated Hunky Dory.[3] Pegg calls The Man Who Sold the World one of the best and most important albums in the history of rock music.[81]

The album has since been cited as inspiring the goth rock, dark wave and science fiction elements of work by artists such as Siouxsie and the Banshees, the Cure, Gary Numan, John Foxx and Nine Inch Nails.[33] It has been claimed that glam rock began with the release of The Man Who Sold the World,[106] though this is also attributed to Bolan's appearance on the UK television programme Top of the Pops in March 1971 wearing glitter.[107] In his journal, Kurt Cobain of Nirvana listed it at number 45 on his top 50 favourite albums list.[108] The title track provided an unlikely hit for Scottish pop singer Lulu, which was produced by Bowie and Ronson,[80] and would be covered by many artists over the years, including Richard Barone in 1987, and Nirvana in 1993 for their live album MTV Unplugged in New York.[109][110]

Reissues

The Man Who Sold the World was first released on CD by RCA in 1984. The album was reissued by Rykodisc/EMI in 1990 with bonus tracks, including a 1974 rerecording of "Holy Holy" that was originally issued as a B-side (but incorrectly identified as the 1971 original).[111] "Holy Holy" was incorrectly described in the liner notes as the original single version. Bowie vetoed inclusion of the earlier recording, and the single remained the only official release of the 1970 recording until 2015, when it was included on Re:Call 1, part of the Five Years (1969–1973) compilation.[112] Similarly, the liner notes incorrectly listed the personnel for "Lightning Frightening" as those who played with Bowie during the Space Oddity period, when in fact the personnel were members of the Arnold Corns sessions proto-group.[113]

In 1999, The Man Who Sold the World was reissued again by Virgin/EMI, without the bonus tracks but with 24-bit digitally remastered sound.[114] In 2015, the album was remastered for the Five Years (1969–1973) box set.[112] It was released on CD, vinyl and digital formats, both as part of the compilation and separately.[115]

On 6 November 2020, the album was reissued by Parlophone under its working title of Metrobolist to commemorate its 50th anniversary. The reissue featured an updated version of the original Weller artwork as its official cover. For this release, Visconti has remixed every song, except "After All", because he felt the original mix (as remastered in 2015) was "perfect as is".[116][117]

Track listing

All tracks are written by David Bowie.[75]

Side one
  1. "The Width of a Circle" – 8:05
  2. "All the Madmen" – 5:38
  3. "Black Country Rock" – 3:32
  4. "After All" – 3:52
Side two
  1. "Running Gun Blues" – 3:11
  2. "Saviour Machine" – 4:25
  3. "She Shook Me Cold" – 4:13
  4. "The Man Who Sold the World" – 3:55
  5. "The Supermen" – 3:38
Bonus tracks (1990 Rykodisc/EMI)[4]
  1. "Lightning Frightening" (1971 outtake from the Arnold Corns sessions) – 3:38
  2. "Holy Holy" (1974 B-side rerecording of A-side from non-LP single) – 2:20
  3. "Moonage Daydream" (1971 Arnold Corns version) – 3:52
  4. "Hang On to Yourself" (1971 Arnold Corns version) – 2:51

Personnel

Adapted from The Man Who Sold the World liner notes.[75]

Charts

1972–73 chart performance
Chart (1972–73) Peak
position
UK Albums (OCC)[118] 24
US Billboard 200[119] 105
1990 chart performance
Chart (1990) Peak
position
UK Albums (OCC)[118] 66
2016 chart performance
Chart (2016) Peak
position
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[120] 62
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)[121] 48
French Albums (SNEP)[122] 149
Italian Albums (FIMI)[123] 49
UK Albums (OCC)[118] 21
US Top Pop Catalog Albums (Billboard)[124] 38
2020 chart performance (Metrobolist re-issue)
Chart (2020) Peak
position
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[125] 22
UK Albums (OCC)[83] 72

References

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  9. ^ a b c Pegg 2016, pp. 533–536.
  10. ^ Cann 2010, p. 188.
  11. ^ Cann 2010, pp. 188–190.
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Bibliography

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