Jump to content

Lactobacillus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by OAbot (talk | contribs) at 13:04, 5 January 2024 (Open access bot: hdl updated in citation with #oabot.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Not to be confused with Lactobacillales.

Lactobacillus
"Lactobacillus" sp. near a squamous epithelial cell
Lactobacillus sp. near a squamous epithelial cell
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bacillota
Class: Bacilli
Order: Lactobacillales
Family: Lactobacillaceae
Genus: Lactobacillus
Beijerinck 1901 (Approved Lists 1980)[1]
Type species
Lactobacillus delbrueckii
(Leichmann 1896) Beijerinck 1927 (Approved Lists 1980)[1]
Species

See text

Lactobacillus is a genus of gram-positive, aerotolerant anaerobes or microaerophilic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria.[2][3] Until 2020, the genus Lactobacillus comprised over 260 phylogenetically, ecologically, and metabolically diverse species; a taxonomic revision of the genus assigned lactobacilli to 25 genera (see § Taxonomy below).[3]

Lactobacillus species constitute a significant component of the human and animal microbiota at a number of body sites, such as the digestive system, and the female genital system.[4] In women of European ancestry, Lactobacillus species are normally a major part of the vaginal microbiota.[5][6] Lactobacillus forms biofilms in the vaginal and gut microbiota,[7] allowing them to persist during harsh environmental conditions and maintain ample populations.[8] Lactobacillus exhibits a mutualistic relationship with the human body, as it protects the host against potential invasions by pathogens, and in turn, the host provides a source of nutrients.[9] Lactobacilli are among the most common probiotic found in food such as yogurt, and it is diverse in its application to maintain human well-being, as it can help treat diarrhea, vaginal infections, and skin disorders such as eczema.[10]

Metabolism

Lactobacilli are homofermentative, i.e. hexoses are metabolised by glycolysis to lactate as major end product, or heterofermentative, i.e. hexoses are metabolised by the Phosphoketolase pathway to lactate, CO2 and acetate or ethanol as major end products.[11] Most lactobacilli are aerotolerant and some species respire if heme and menaquinone are present in the growth medium.[11] Aerotolerance of lactobacilli is manganese-dependent and has been explored (and explained) in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (previously Lactobacillus plantarum).[12] Lactobacilli generally do not require iron for growth.[13]

The Lactobacillaceae are the only family of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that includes homofermentative and heterofermentative organisms; in the Lactobacillaceae, homofermentative or heterofermentative metabolism is shared by all strains of a genus.[3][11] Lactobacillus species are all homofermentative, do not express pyruvate formate lyase, and most species do not ferment pentoses.[3][11] In L. crispatus, pentose metabolism is strain specific and acquired by lateral gene transfer.[14]

Tryptophan metabolism by human gut microbiota (
)
The image above contains clickable links
This diagram shows the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds (indole and certain other derivatives) from tryptophan by bacteria in the gut.[15] Indole is produced from tryptophan by bacteria that express tryptophanase.[15] Clostridium sporogenes metabolizes tryptophan into indole and subsequently 3-indolepropionic acid (IPA),[16] a highly potent neuroprotective antioxidant that scavenges hydroxyl radicals.[15][17][18] IPA binds to the pregnane X receptor (PXR) in intestinal cells, thereby facilitating mucosal homeostasis and barrier function.[15] Following absorption from the intestine and distribution to the brain, IPA confers a neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia and Alzheimer's disease.[15] Lactobacillaceae (Lactobacillus s.l.) species metabolize tryptophan into indole-3-aldehyde (I3A) which acts on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in intestinal immune cells, in turn increasing interleukin-22 (IL-22) production.[15] Indole itself triggers the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in intestinal L cells and acts as a ligand for AhR.[15] Indole can also be metabolized by the liver into indoxyl sulfate, a compound that is toxic in high concentrations and associated with vascular disease and renal dysfunction.[15] AST-120 (activated charcoal), an intestinal sorbent that is taken by mouth, adsorbs indole, in turn decreasing the concentration of indoxyl sulfate in blood plasma.[15]

Genomes

The genomes of lactobacilli are highly variable, ranging in size from 1.2 to 4.9 Mb (megabases).[3] Accordingly, the number of protein-coding genes ranges from 1,267 to about 4,758 genes (in Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis and Lentilactobacillus parakefiri, respectively).[19][20] Even within a single species there can be substantial variation. For instance, strains of L. crispatus have genome sizes ranging from 1.83 to 2.7 Mb, or 1,839 to 2,688 open reading frames.[21] Lactobacillus contains a wealth of compound microsatellites in the coding region of the genome, which are imperfect and have variant motifs.[22] Many lactobacilli also contain multiple plasmids. A recent study has revealed that plasmids encode the genes which are required for adaptation of lactobacilli to the given environment.[23]

Species

The genus Lactobacillus comprises the following species:[24][25]

Taxonomy

The genus Lactobacillus currently contains 44 species which are adapted to vertebrate hosts or to insects.[3] In recent years, other members of the genus Lactobacillus (formerly known as the Leuconostoc branch of Lactobacillus) have been reclassified into the genera Atopobium, Carnobacterium, Weissella, Oenococcus, and Leuconostoc. The Pediococcus species P. dextrinicus has been reclassified as a Lapidilactobacillus dextrinicus [3][26] and most lactobacilli were assigned to Paralactobacillus or one of the 23 novel genera of the Lactobacillaceae.[3] Two websites inform on the assignment of species to the novel genera or species (http://www.lactobacillus.uantwerpen.be/; http://www.lactobacillus.ualberta.ca/).

The 23 new genera of 2020
Genus Meaning of the genus name Properties of the genus
Lactobacillus Rod-shaped bacillus from milk Type species: L. delbrueckii.

Homofermentative with strain-specific ability to ferment pentoses, thermophilic, vancomycin-sensitive, adapted to vertebrate or insect hosts.

Holzapfelia Wilhelm Holzapfel's lactobacilli Type species: H. floricola.

Homofermentative, vancomycin sensitive, unknown ecology but likely host-adapted.

Amylolactobacillus Starch-degrading lactobacilli Type species: A. amylophilus.

Homofermentative, vancomycin sensitive, extracellular amylases are frequent, unknown ecology but likely host-adapted.

Bombilactobacillus Lactobacilli from bees and bumblebees Type species: B. mellifer.

Homofermentative, thermophilic, vancomycin resistant, small genome size, adapted to bees and bumblebees

Companilactobacillus Companion-lactobacillus, referring to them growing in association with other lactobacilli in cereal, meat and vegetable fermentations Type species: C. alimentarius.

Homofermentative with strain- or species-specific ability to ferment pentoses, vancomycin resistant, unknown ecology, likely nomadic

Lapidilactobacillus Lactobacilli from stones Type species: L. concavus.

Homofermentative with strain- or species-specific ability to ferment pentoses, vancomycin resistant, unknown ecology.

Agrilactobacillus Lactobacilli from fields Type species: A. composti.

Homofermentative, aerotolerant and vancomycin resistant. Genome size, G+C content of the genome and the source of the two species suggest a free-living lifestyle of the genus.

Schleiferilactobacillus Karl Heinz Schleifer’s lactobacilli Type species: S. perolens.

Homofermentative, vancomycin resistant, aerotolerant. Schleiferilactobacillus spp. have a large genome size, ferment a wide range of carbohydrates, and spoil beer and dairy products by copious production of diacetyl.

Loigolactobacillus (Food) spoiling lactobacilli Type species: L. coryniformis.

Homofermentative, vancomycin resistant, mesophilic or psychrotrophic organisms.

Lacticaseibacillus Lactobacilli related to cheese Type species: L. casei.

Homofermentative, vancomycin resistant; many species ferment pentoses, and are resistant to oxidative stress. L. casei and related species have a nomadic lifestyle.

Latilactobacillus Widespread lactobacilli Type species: L. sakei.

Homofermentative, mesophilic free living and environmental lactobacilli. Many strains are psychrotrophic and grow below 8 °C.

Dellaglioa Franco Dellaglio’s lactobacilli Type species: D. algidus.

Homofermentative, vancomycin resistant, aerotolerant and psychrophilic.

Liquorilactobacillus Lactobacilli from liquor or liquids Type species: L. mali.

Homofermentative, vancomycin resistant, motile organisms growing in liquid, plant-associated habitats. Many liquorilactobacilli produce EPS from sucrose and degrade fructans with extracellular fructanases.

Ligilactobacillus Uniting (host adapted) lactobacilli Type species: L. salivarius.

Homofermentative, vancomycin resistant, most ligilactobacilli are host adapted and many strains are motile. Several strains of Ligilactobacillus express urease to withstand gastric acidity.

Lactiplantibacillus Lactobacilli related to plants Type species: L. plantarum.

Homofermentative, vancomycin resistant organisms with a nomadic lifestyle that ferment a wide range of carbohydrates; most species metabolise phenolic acids by esterase, decarboxylase and reductase activities. L. plantarum expresses pseudocatalase and nitrate reductase activities.

Furfurilactobacillus Lactobacilli from bran Type species: F. rossiae.

Heterofermentative, vancomycin resistant, with large genome size, broad metabolic potential and unknown ecology.

Paucilactobacillus Lactobacilli fermenting few carbohydrates Type species: P. vaccinostercus.

Heterofermentative, vancomycin resistant, mesophilic or psychrotrophic, aerotolerant, most strains ferment pentoses but not disaccharides.

Limosilactobacillus Slimy (biofilm-forming) lactobacilli Type species: L. fermentum.

Heterofermentative, thermophilic, vancomycin resistant with two exceptions, Limosilactobacillus species are vertebrate host adapted and generally form exopolysaccharides from sucrose to support biofilm formation in the upper intestine of animals.

Fructilactobacillus Fructose-loving lactobacilli Type species: F. fructivorans.

Heterofermentative, vancomycin resistant, mesophilic, aerotolerant, small genome size. Fructilactobacilli are adapted to narrow ecological niches that relate to insects, flowers, or both.

Acetilactobacillus Lactobacilli from vinegar Type species: A. jinshani.

Heterofermentative, vancomycin resistant, grow in the pH range of 3–5; fermenting disaccharides and sugar alcohols but few hexoses and no pentoses.

Apilactobacillus Lactobacilli from bees Type species: A. kunkeei.

Heterofermentative, vancomycin resistant, small genome size, fermenting only few carbohydrates, adapted to bees and/or flowers.

Levilactobacillus (Dough)-leavening lactobacilli Type species: L. brevis.

Heterofermentative, vancomycin resistant, mesophilic or psychrotrophic, metabolise agmatine, environmental or plant-associated lifestyle.

Secundilactobacillus Second lactobacilli, growing after other organisms depleted hexoses Type species: S. collinoides.

Heterofermentative, vancomycin resistant, mesophilic or psychrotrophic, environmental or plant-associated lifestyle. Adapted to hexose-depleted habitats, most strains do not reduce fructose to mannitol but metabolize agmatine and diols.

Lentilactobacillus Slow (growing) lactobacilli Type species: L. buchneri.

Heterofermentative, vancomycin resistant, mesophilic, fermenting a broad spectrum of carbohydrates. Most lentilactobacilli are environmental or plant-associated, metabolise agmatine and convert lactate and/or diols. L. senioris and L. kribbianus form an outgroup to the genus; both species were isolated from vertrebrates and may transition to a host-adapted lifestyle.

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature[24] and the phylogeny is based on whole-genome sequences.[3]

Lactobacillus
outgroup

Holzapfelia

Human health

Vaginal tract

Lactobacillus s.s. species are considered "keystone species" in the vaginal flora of reproductive-age women. Most, but not all, healthy women have vaginal floras dominated by one of four species of Lactobacillus: L. iners, L. crispatus, L. gasseri and L. jensenii. Other women have a more diverse mix of anaerobic microorganisms.[5]

Interactions with pathogens

Lactobacilli produce hydrogen peroxide which inhibits the growth and virulence of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans in vitro and in vivo.[27][28] In vitro studies have also shown that lactobacilli reduce the pathogenicity of C. albicans through the production of organic acids and certain metabolites.[29] Both the presence of metabolites, such as sodium butyrate, and the decrease in environmental pH caused by the organic acids reduce the growth of hyphae in C. albicans, which reduces its pathogenicity.[29] Lactobacilli also reduce the pathogenicity of C. albicans by reducing C. albicans biofilm formation.[29] Biofilm formation is reduced by both the competition from lactobacilli, and the formation of defective biofilms which is linked to the reduced hypha growth mentioned earlier.[29] On the other hand, following antibiotic therapy, certain Candida species can suppress the regrowth of lactobacilli at body sites where they cohabitate, such as in the gastrointestinal tract.[27][28]

In addition to its effects on C. albicans, Lactobacillus sp. also interact with other pathogens. For example, Limosilactobacillus reuteri (formerly Lactobacillus reuteri) can inhibit the growth of many different bacterial species by using glycerol to produce the antimicrobial substance called reuterin.[30] Another example is Ligilactobacillus salivarius (formerly Lactobacillus salivarius), which interacts with many pathogens through the production of salivaricin B, a bacteriocin.[31]

Probiotics

Fermentive bacteria like lactic acid bacteria (LAB) produce hydrogen peroxide which protects themselves from oxygen toxicity. The accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in growth media, and its antagonistic effects on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas, have been demonstrated by researchers. LAB cultures have been used as starter cultures to create fermented foods since the beginning of the 20th century. Elie Metchnikoff won a Nobel prize in 1908 for his work on LAB.[32]

Lactobacilli administered in combination with other probiotics benefits cases of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), although the extent of efficacy is still uncertain.[33] The probiotics help treat IBS by returning homeostasis when the gut microbiota experiences unusually high levels of opportunistic bacteria.[9] In addition, lactobacilli can be administered as probiotics during cases of infection by the ulcer-causing bacterium Helicobacter pylori.[34] Helicobacter pylori is linked to cancer, and antibiotic resistance impedes the success of current antibiotic-based eradication treatments.[34] When probiotic lactobacilli are administered along with the treatment as an adjuvant, its efficacy is substantially increased and side effects may be lessened.[34]

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common condition associated with bile acid-induced oxidative stress and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in esophageal tissues that cause inflammation and DNA damage.[35] In an experimental model of GERD, Lactobacillus species (L. acidophilus, L. plantarum and L. fermentum) facilitated the repair of DNA damage caused by bile-induced ROS.[35] For patients with GERD, there is significant interest in the anti-inflammatory effect of Lactobacilli that may help prevent progression to Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma.[35]

Vaginal squamous cell with normal vaginal flora versus bacterial vaginosis on Pap stain. Normal vaginal flora (left) is predominantly rod-shaped Lactobacilli, whereas in bacterial vaginosis (right) there is an overgrowth of bacteria, which can be of various species.

Also, lactobacilli are used to help control urogenital and vaginal infections, such as bacterial vaginosis (BV). Lactobacilli produce bacteriocins to suppress pathogenic growth of certain bacteria,[36] as well as lactic acid and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide). Lactic acid lowers the vaginal pH to around 4.5 or less, hampering the survival of other bacteria, and H2O2 reestablishes the normal bacterial microbiota and normal vaginal pH.[36] In children, lactobacilli such as Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (previously L. rhamnosus) are associated with a reduction of atopic eczema, also known as dermatitis, due to anti-inflammatory cytokines secreted by this probiotic bacteria.[9] In addition, lactobacilli with other probiotic[37] organisms in ripened milk and yogurt aid development of immunity in the mucous intestine in humans by raising the number of LgA (+).

Oral health

Dental caries

Some lactobacilli have been associated with cases of dental caries (cavities). Lactic acid can corrode teeth, and the Lactobacillus count in saliva has been used as a "caries test" for many years. Lactobacilli characteristically cause existing carious lesions to progress, especially those in coronal caries. The issue is, however, complex, as recent studies show probiotics can allow beneficial lactobacilli to populate sites on teeth, preventing streptococcal pathogens from taking hold and inducing dental decay. The scientific research of lactobacilli in relation to oral health is a new field and only a few studies and results have been published.[38][39] Some studies have provided evidence of certain Lactobacilli which can be a probiotic for oral health.[40] Some species, but not all, show evidence in defense to dental caries.[40] Due to these studies, there have been applications of incorporating such probiotics in chewing gum and lozenges.[40] There is also evidence of certain Lactobacilli that are beneficial in the defense of periodontal disease such as gingivitis and periodontitis.[40]

Food production

Lactobacilli comprise most food fermenting lactic acid bacteria [41][42] and are used as starter cultures in industry for controlled fermentation in the production of wine, yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, pickles, beer, cider, kimchi, cocoa, kefir, and other fermented foods, as well as animal feeds and the bokashi soil amendment. Lactobacillus species are dominant in yogurt, cheese, and sourdough fermentations.[41][42] The antibacterial and antifungal activity of lactobacilli relies on production of bacteriocins and low molecular weight compounds that inhibits these microorganisms.[43][44]

Sourdough bread is made either spontaneously, by taking advantage of the bacteria naturally present in flour, or by using a "starter culture", which is a symbiotic culture of yeast and lactic acid bacteria growing in a water and flour medium.[45] The bacteria metabolize sugars into lactic acid, which lowers the pH of their environment and creates the signature sourness associated with yogurt, sauerkraut, etc.

In many traditional pickling processes, vegetables are submerged in brine, and salt-tolerant lactobacilli feed on natural sugars found in the vegetables. The resulting mix of salt and lactic acid is a hostile environment for other microbes, such as fungi, and the vegetables are thus preserved—remaining edible for long periods.[46]

Lactobacilli, especially pediococci and L. brevis, are some of the most common beer spoilage organisms. They are, however, essential to the production of sour beers such as Belgian lambics and American wild ales, giving the beer a distinct tart flavor.[47]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Beijerinck MW. (1901). "Sur les ferments lactiques de l'industrie" [On industrial dairy fermentation]. Archives Néerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles (Section 2) [Dutch Archives of Exact and Natural Sciences (Section 2)]. 6: 212–243.
  2. ^ Makarova K, Slesarev A, Wolf Y, Sorokin A, Mirkin B, Koonin E, et al. (October 2006). "Comparative genomics of the lactic acid bacteria". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (42): 15611–6. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10315611M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607117103. PMC 1622870. PMID 17030793.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Zheng, Jinshui; Wittouck, Stijn; Salvetti, Elisa; Franz, Charles M.A.P.; Harris, Hugh M.B.; Mattarelli, Paola; O’Toole, Paul W.; Pot, Bruno; Vandamme, Peter; Walter, Jens; Watanabe, Koichi (2020). "A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (4): 2782–2858. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004107. hdl:10067/1738330151162165141. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 32293557. S2CID 215771564.
  4. ^ Duar, Rebbeca M.; Lin, Xiaoxi B.; Zheng, Jinshui; Martino, Maria Elena; Grenier, Théodore; Pérez-Muñoz, María Elisa; Leulier, François; Gänzle, Michael; Walter, Jens (August 2017). "Lifestyles in transition: evolution and natural history of the genus Lactobacillus". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 41 (Supp_1): S27 – S48. doi:10.1093/femsre/fux030. ISSN 1574-6976. PMID 28673043.
  5. ^ a b Ma B, Forney LJ, Ravel J (20 September 2012). "Vaginal microbiome: rethinking health and disease". Annual Review of Microbiology. 66 (1): 371–89. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-092611-150157. PMC 3780402. PMID 22746335.
  6. ^ Fettweis JM, Brooks JP, Serrano MG, Sheth NU, Girerd PH, Edwards DJ, Strauss JF, Jefferson KK, Buck GA (October 2014). "Differences in vaginal microbiome in African American women versus women of European ancestry". Microbiology. 160 (Pt 10): 2272–2282. doi:10.1099/mic.0.081034-0. PMC 4178329. PMID 25073854.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ Lin, Xiaoxi B.; Wang, Tuo; Stothard, Paul; Corander, Jukka; Wang, Jun; Baines, John F.; Knowles, Sarah C. L.; Baltrūnaitė, Laima; Tasseva, Guergana; Schmaltz, Robert; Tollenaar, Stephanie (November 2018). "The evolution of ecological facilitation within mixed-species biofilms in the mouse gastrointestinal tract". The ISME Journal. 12 (11): 2770–2784. Bibcode:2018ISMEJ..12.2770L. doi:10.1038/s41396-018-0211-0. ISSN 1751-7370. PMC 6193996. PMID 30013162.
  8. ^ Salas-Jara MJ, Ilabaca A, Vega M, García A (September 2016). "Biofilm Forming Lactobacillus: New Challenges for the Development of Probiotics". Microorganisms. 4 (3): 35. doi:10.3390/microorganisms4030035. PMC 5039595. PMID 27681929.
  9. ^ a b c Martín R, Miquel S, Ulmer J, Kechaou N, Langella P, Bermúdez-Humarán LG (July 2013). "Role of commensal and probiotic bacteria in human health: a focus on inflammatory bowel disease". Microbial Cell Factories. 12 (71): 71. doi:10.1186/1475-2859-12-71. PMC 3726476. PMID 23876056.
  10. ^ Inglin R (2017). Combined Phenotypic-Genotypic Analyses of the Genus Lactobacillus and Selection of Cultures for Biopreservation of Fermented Food. ETHZ research collection (Ph.D. thesis). ETH Zurich. doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000214904. hdl:20.500.11850/214904.
  11. ^ a b c d Gänzle, Michael G (2015-04-01). "Lactic metabolism revisited: metabolism of lactic acid bacteria in food fermentations and food spoilage". Current Opinion in Food Science. Food Microbiology • Functional Foods and Nutrition. 2: 106–117. doi:10.1016/j.cofs.2015.03.001. ISSN 2214-7993.
  12. ^ Archibald FS, Fridovich I (June 1981). "Manganese, superoxide dismutase, and oxygen tolerance in some lactic acid bacteria". Journal of Bacteriology. 146 (3): 928–36. doi:10.1128/JB.146.3.928-936.1981. PMC 216946. PMID 6263860.
  13. ^ Weinberg, E. D. (1997). "The Lactobacillus anomaly: total iron abstinence". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 40 (4): 578–583. doi:10.1353/pbm.1997.0072. ISSN 0031-5982. PMID 9269745. S2CID 36114469.
  14. ^ Li, Qing; Gänzle, Michael G. (December 2020). "Characterization of two extracellular arabinanases in Lactobacillus crispatus". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 104 (23): 10091–10103. doi:10.1007/s00253-020-10979-0. ISSN 1432-0614. PMID 33119797. S2CID 226203002.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i Zhang LS, Davies SS (April 2016). "Microbial metabolism of dietary components to bioactive metabolites: opportunities for new therapeutic interventions". Genome Med. 8 (1): 46. doi:10.1186/s13073-016-0296-x. PMC 4840492. PMID 27102537. Lactobacillus spp. convert tryptophan to indole-3-aldehyde (I3A) through unidentified enzymes [125]. Clostridium sporogenes convert tryptophan to IPA [6], likely via a tryptophan deaminase. ... IPA also potently scavenges hydroxyl radicals
    Table 2: Microbial metabolites: their synthesis, mechanisms of action, and effects on health and disease
    Figure 1: Molecular mechanisms of action of indole and its metabolites on host physiology and disease
  16. ^ Wikoff WR, Anfora AT, Liu J, Schultz PG, Lesley SA, Peters EC, Siuzdak G (March 2009). "Metabolomics analysis reveals large effects of gut microflora on mammalian blood metabolites". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (10): 3698–3703. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.3698W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0812874106. PMC 2656143. PMID 19234110. Production of IPA was shown to be completely dependent on the presence of gut microflora and could be established by colonization with the bacterium Clostridium sporogenes.
    IPA metabolism diagram
  17. ^ "3-Indolepropionic acid". Human Metabolome Database. University of Alberta. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
  18. ^ Chyan YJ, Poeggeler B, Omar RA, Chain DG, Frangione B, Ghiso J, Pappolla MA (July 1999). "Potent neuroprotective properties against the Alzheimer beta-amyloid by an endogenous melatonin-related indole structure, indole-3-propionic acid". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (31): 21937–21942. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.31.21937. PMID 10419516. S2CID 6630247. [Indole-3-propionic acid (IPA)] has previously been identified in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of humans, but its functions are not known. ... In kinetic competition experiments using free radical-trapping agents, the capacity of IPA to scavenge hydroxyl radicals exceeded that of melatonin, an indoleamine considered to be the most potent naturally occurring scavenger of free radicals. In contrast with other antioxidants, IPA was not converted to reactive intermediates with pro-oxidant activity.
  19. ^ Mendes-Soares H, Suzuki H, Hickey RJ, Forney LJ (April 2014). "Comparative functional genomics of Lactobacillus spp. reveals possible mechanisms for specialization of vaginal lactobacilli to their environment". Journal of Bacteriology. 196 (7): 1458–70. doi:10.1128/JB.01439-13. PMC 3993339. PMID 24488312.
  20. ^ Sun Z, Harris HM, McCann A, Guo C, Argimón S, Zhang W, Yang X, Jeffery IB, Cooney JC, Kagawa TF, Liu W, Song Y, Salvetti E, Wrobel A, Rasinkangas P, Parkhill J, Rea MC, O'Sullivan O, Ritari J, Douillard FP, Paul Ross R, Yang R, Briner AE, Felis GE, de Vos WM, Barrangou R, Klaenhammer TR, Caufield PW, Cui Y, Zhang H, O'Toole PW (September 2015). "Expanding the biotechnology potential of lactobacilli through comparative genomics of 213 strains and associated genera". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 8322. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8322S. doi:10.1038/ncomms9322. PMC 4667430. PMID 26415554.
  21. ^ France MT, Mendes-Soares H, Forney LJ (December 2016). "Genomic Comparisons of Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus iners Reveal Potential Ecological Drivers of Community Composition in the Vagina". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 82 (24): 7063–7073. Bibcode:2016ApEnM..82.7063F. doi:10.1128/AEM.02385-16. PMC 5118917. PMID 27694231.
  22. ^ Basharat Z, Yasmin A (December 2015). "Survey of compound microsatellites in multiple Lactobacillus genomes". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 61 (12): 898–902. doi:10.1139/cjm-2015-0136. hdl:1807/69860. PMID 26445296.
  23. ^ Davray D, Deo D, Kulkarni R (November 2020). "Plasmids encode niche-specific traits in Lactobacillaceae". Microbial Genomics. 7 (3). doi:10.1099/mgen.0.000472. PMC 8190607. PMID 33166245.
  24. ^ a b Euzéby JP, Parte AC. "Lactobacillus". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  25. ^ "Lactobacillus". NCBI taxonomy. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  26. ^ Haakensen, Monique; Dobson, C. Melissa; Hill, Janet E.; Ziola, Barry (2009). "Reclassification of Pediococcus dextrinicus (Coster and White 1964) Back 1978 (Approved Lists 1980) as Lactobacillus dextrinicus comb. nov., and emended description of the genus Lactobacillus". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 59 (3): 615–621. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65779-0. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 19244449.
  27. ^ a b Wang ZK, Yang YS, Stefka AT, Sun G, Peng LH (April 2014). "Review article: fungal microbiota and digestive diseases". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 39 (8): 751–66. doi:10.1111/apt.12665. PMID 24612332. S2CID 22101484. In addition, GI fungal infection is reported even among those patients with normal immune status. Digestive system-related fungal infections may be induced by both commensal opportunistic fungi and exogenous pathogenic fungi. ...
    In vitro, bacterial hydrogen peroxide or organic acids can inhibit C. albicans growth and virulence61
    In vivo, Lactobacillus sp. can inhibit the GI colonisation and infection of C. albicans62
    In vivo, C. albicans can suppress Lactobacillus sp. regeneration in the GI tract after antibiotic therapy63, 64
  28. ^ a b Erdogan A, Rao SS (April 2015). "Small intestinal fungal overgrowth". Current Gastroenterology Reports. 17 (4): 16. doi:10.1007/s11894-015-0436-2. PMID 25786900. S2CID 3098136. Small intestinal fungal overgrowth (SIFO) is characterized by the presence of excessive number of fungal organisms in the small intestine associated with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Candidiasis is known to cause GI symptoms particularly in immunocompromised patients or those receiving steroids or antibiotics. However, only recently, there is emerging literature that an overgrowth of fungus in the small intestine of non-immunocompromised subjects may cause unexplained GI symptoms. ... Fungal-bacterial interaction may act in different ways and may either be synergistic or antagonistic or symbiotic [29]. Some bacteria such as Lactobacillus species can interact and inhibit both the virulence and growth of Candida species in the gut by producing hydrogen peroxide [30]. Any damage to the mucosal barrier or disruption of GI microbiota with chemotherapy or antibiotic use, inflammatory processes, activation of immune molecules and disruption of epithelial repair may all cause fungal overgrowth [27].
  29. ^ a b c d Vilela SF, Barbosa JO, Rossoni RD, Santos JD, Prata MC, Anbinder AL, Jorge AO, Junqueira JC (February 2015). "Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 inhibits biofilm formation by C. albicans and attenuates the experimental candidiasis in Galleria mellonella". Virulence. 6 (1): 29–39. doi:10.4161/21505594.2014.981486. PMC 4603435. PMID 25654408.
  30. ^ Axelsson, L. T.; Chung, T. C.; Dobrogosz, W. J.; Lindgren, S. E. (April 1988). "Production of a Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Substance by Lactobacillus reuteri". Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease. 2 (2): 131–136. doi:10.3109/08910608909140210.
  31. ^ Brink, B. ten; Minekus, M.; van der Vossen, J.M.B.M.; Leer, R.J.; Huis in't Veld, J.H.J. (August 1994). "Antimicrobial activity of lactobacilli: preliminary characterization and optimization of production of acidocin B, a novel bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus M46". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 77 (2): 140–148. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1994.tb03057.x. PMID 7961186.
  32. ^ 'Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Uses in Animal Feeding to Improve Food Safety' in Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, Volume 50 (Elsevier),
  33. ^ Ford AC, Quigley EM, Lacy BE, Lembo AJ, Saito YA, Schiller LR, Soffer EE, Spiegel BM, Moayyedi P (October 2014). "Efficacy of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in irritable bowel syndrome and chronic idiopathic constipation: systematic review and meta-analysis". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 109 (10): 1547–61, quiz 1546, 1562. doi:10.1038/ajg.2014.202. PMID 25070051. S2CID 205100508.
  34. ^ a b c Ruggiero P (November 2014). "Use of probiotics in the fight against Helicobacter pylori". World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology. 5 (4): 384–91. doi:10.4291/wjgp.v5.i4.384. PMC 4231502. PMID 25400981.
  35. ^ a b c Bernard, J.N.; Chinnaiyan, V.; Almeda, J.; Catala-Valentin, A.; Andl, C.D. Lactobacillus sp. Facilitate the Repair of DNA Damage Caused by Bile-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species in Experimental Models of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 1314. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12071314
  36. ^ a b Cribby S, Taylor M, Reid G (March 9, 2009). "Vaginal microbiota and the use of probiotics". Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases. 2008: 256490. doi:10.1155/2008/256490. PMC 2662373. PMID 19343185.
  37. ^ Ashraf, Shah, Rabia, Nagendra P (2014). "Immune system stimulation by probiotic microorganisms". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 54 (7): 938–56. doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.619671. PMID 24499072. S2CID 25770443.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ Twetman S, Stecksén-Blicks C (January 2008). "Probiotics and oral health effects in children". International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 18 (1): 3–10. doi:10.1111/j.1365-263X.2007.00885.x. PMID 18086020.
  39. ^ Meurman JH, Stamatova I (September 2007). "Probiotics: contributions to oral health". Oral Diseases. 13 (5): 443–51. doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2007.01386.x. PMID 17714346.
  40. ^ a b c d Grenier, Daniel; et al. (October 2009). "Probiotics for Oral Health: Myth or Reality?" (PDF). Professional Issues. 75 (8): 585–590. PMID 19840501 – via Google.
  41. ^ a b Gänzle, Michael (2019), "Fermented Foods", Food Microbiology, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 855–900, doi:10.1128/9781555819972.ch33, ISBN 978-1-68367-047-6, S2CID 242940113, retrieved 2020-11-28
  42. ^ a b Hutkins, Robert W., ed. (2018). Microbiology and Technology of Fermented Foods, 2nd edition. Ames, Iowa, USA: Blackwell Publishing. doi:10.1002/9780470277515. ISBN 978-0-470-27751-5.
  43. ^ Inglin RC, Stevens MJ, Meile L, Lacroix C, Meile L (July 2015). "High-throughput screening assays for antibacterial and antifungal activities of Lactobacillus species". Journal of Microbiological Methods. 114 (July 2015): 26–9. doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2015.04.011. PMID 25937247.
  44. ^ Inglin, Raffael (2017). PhD Thesis - Combined Phenotypic-Genotypic Analyses of the Genus Lactobacillus and Selection of Cultures for Biopreservation of Fermented Food (Doctoral Thesis). ETH Zurich. doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000214904. hdl:20.500.11850/214904.
  45. ^ Gänzle, Michael G.; Zheng, Jinshui (2019-08-02). "Lifestyles of sourdough lactobacilli - Do they matter for microbial ecology and bread quality?". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 302: 15–23. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.08.019. ISSN 1879-3460. PMID 30172443. S2CID 52143236.
  46. ^ Priyanka, V; Ramesha, A; Gayathri, D; Vasudha, M (June 2021). "Molecular characterization of non-biogenic amines producing Lactobacillus plantarum GP11 isolated from traditional pickles using HRESI-MS analysis". Journal of Food Science and Technology. 58 (6): 2216–2226. doi:10.1007/s13197-020-04732-8. PMC 8076391. PMID 33967318.
  47. ^ Carriglio, John; Budner, Drew; Thompson-Witrick, Katherine A. (November 2022). "Comparison Review of the Production, Microbiology, and Sensory Profile of Lambic and American Coolship Ales". Fermentation. 8 (11): 646. doi:10.3390/fermentation8110646. ISSN 2311-5637.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lactobacillus&oldid=1193755036"