Jump to content

Kissena Park

Coordinates: 40°44′42″N 73°48′17″W / 40.74500°N 73.80472°W / 40.74500; -73.80472
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by InternetArchiveBot (talk | contribs) at 04:54, 24 May 2020 (Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0) (Starzoner - 5880). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Kissena Park
A view from the eastern end of the park overlooking the largest aspect of the park, the pond.
Map
TypePublic park
LocationFlushing, New York
Coordinates40°44′42″N 73°48′17″W / 40.74500°N 73.80472°W / 40.74500; -73.80472
Area234.762 acres (95.005 ha)
Operated byNew York City Department of Parks and Recreation

Kissena Park is a 235-acre (95 ha) park located in the neighborhood of Flushing in Queens, New York City. It is located along the subterranean Kissena Creek, which flows into the Flushing River.[1] It is bordered on the west by Kissena Boulevard; on the north by Rose, Oak, Underhill, and Lithonia Avenues; on the east by Fresh Meadow Lane; and on the south by Booth Memorial Avenue. The park contains the city's only remaining velodrome, a lake of the same name, two war memorials, and various playgrounds and sports fields.

The site of Kissena Park was originally part of a tree nursery operated by Samuel Parsons in the late 19th century, though parts of the park were also the site of a Long Island Rail Road line. The lake on Parsons's property was named "Kissena", which comes from the Chippewa language meaning "it is cold", "cold place", or "cool water", and the park was later named after the lake. After Parsons died in 1906, part of his former nursery was incorporated in the modern-day park. The name "Kissena Park" can also refer to a residential section of Flushing just north of the park.

Kissena Park opened in 1910, and it was incorporated into Kissena Corridor Park in the mid-1950s. Various improvement projects have been conducted during Kissena Park's history, including the addition of the velodrome in 1962 and restorations of the lake in 1942 and 1983. Subsequently, the Kissena Velodrome was restored and rededicated in 2004, and a Korean War memorial was dedicated in 2007.

Description

Kissena Park is bounded by Booth Memorial Avenue to the south; Kissena Boulevard to the west; Rose, Oak, Underhill, and Lithonia Avenues to the north; and Fresh Meadows Lane to the east.[2] The south side of the park is mostly meadow land.[3]: 5  Kissena Park contains a small lake, Kissena Lake, on the northeast corner. Formerly a wetland, it was transformed into a "bathtub lake" during a 1942 renovation.[4]: 2 [2][3]: 6  A freshwater marsh is located on the southern shore of the lake.[3]: 6  The Historic Grove is located on a 14-acre (5.7 ha) site on the north end of the park, and contains trees from a nursery that formerly occupied the park site. It contains an old-growth forest that existed prior to the park's creation.[3]: 3, 8 

The 400-meter (1,300 ft) Kissena Velodrome, at the center of the park, is used for track cycling[2] and is the city's only remaining bicycle track.[5] The velodrome hosts multiple bicycling programs, including Star Track.[6] The rest of the park contains various playgrounds, soccer fields, tennis courts, and baseball fields.[1] A Korean War memorial is located at a northern entrance to Kissena Park, at Parsons Boulevard and Rose Avenue.[2][7] Another memorial, a boulder with an inscription dedicated to World War I soldiers from Queens, is located on the southern shore of Kissena Lake.[3]: 9 [8]

Kissena Park is located in the center of the Kissena Corridor Park, a mostly continuous chain of parks several miles long, and is part of the Brooklyn-Queens Greenway. The corridor, in turn, runs along the path of a former Long Island Rail Road line that was originally known as Central Railroad of Long Island.[2] A plaque commemorating the railroad is located at the northwest corner of the park.[9] Bicycle paths connect the park westward to Main Street.[10] The former Long Island Motor Parkway, now a bike path, connects Kissena Park with Cunningham Park and Alley Pond Park via the Kissena Corridor.[2]

Etymology

Kissena Park and the adjacent Kissena Corridor Park are named after Kissena Lake. The word "Kissena" is from the Chippewa language meaning "it is cold", "cold place", or "cool water".[11][12][2][13][14][15] The Chippewa (Ojibwe) Native Americans are not native to the New York area, but rather to the Midwestern United States. However, the New York area was inhabited by the Canarsee and Rockaway Lenape groups, who are Algonquian peoples along with the Chippewa.[13][16]: 5 [4]: 2 [17][18] The name was given to the lake by horticulturalist Samuel Bowne Parsons (father of Samuel Parsons Jr.), who operated a nursery near the lake in the late 1800s.[2][11][12][19]: 112 

Kissena and Kissena Corridor Parks share the name with Kissena Boulevard which runs north-to-south between the two parks, and Kissena Creek, which formerly ran through the park.[19]: 110–111  The area of Flushing surrounding the two parks is also informally known as "Kissena Park".[14][20][21]

History

Dusk at Kissena Park

Origins

Kissena Park's natural features were formed during the Wisconsin glaciation, about 20,000 years ago. The site of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, slightly west of Kissena Park, was originally part of the ancestral path of the Hudson River, and the present-day Kissena Lake was located on the eastern shore of the river.[22][3]: 2  The glacier covered much of Long Island, where Queens is located, and formed a terminal moraine through the center of the island. One of these recesses became Kissena Lake.[3]: 1–3 [23] When the glacier receded, it created several recesses in the land, some of which were filled with water. The topography of Flushing and Northeast Queens was formed during this time, including the creation of Kissena Lake. Glaciation also created a natural source of well water for the area.[3]: 1, 3 [23]

Kissena Lake was part of a watercourse called Kissena Creek, previously known as Mill Creek or Ireland Mill Creek, which ran east-to-west through what are now Kissena Park and Kissena Corridor Park.[19]: 109 [22]: 97−101  The creek began at a swamp in the modern Kew Gardens Hills and Pomonok areas south of Kissena Park.[19]: 109 [24] Past the swamp, the creek traveled east parallel to 72nd Avenue,[19]: 109 [25] then turning north in modern Fresh Meadows, traveling parallel to today's Utopia Parkway to the modern Kissena Park Golf Course just south of Flushing Cemetery.[19]: 110–111 [22]: 96−101 [26] The creek then turned west through the modern Kissena Park, Kissena Corridor Park, and Queens Botanical Garden sites before meeting Flushing Creek at what is now the Fountain of Planets / Pool of Industry in Flushing Meadows.[19]: 115 [22]: 96−101  The system included several lakes, including Kissena Lake, as well as a pond in Fresh Meadows now occupied by the Utopia Playground.[19]: 110 [26] The system of waterways was mostly a wetland area.[3]: 6 

The very first people to occupy the area were the Native Americans, though little evidence remains of their settlements. The site was then settled by Dutch and English settlers who founded the town of Flushing.[3]: 3 

Parsons Nurseries

In 1868, Samuel Parsons opened Parsons Nurseries, one of the earliest commercial gardens, near what is now Fresh Meadows Lane.[27] With help of a team of collectors, Parsons Nurseries found exotic trees and shrubs to import into the United States, and its advertisements filled gardening magazines with depictions of these exotic plants.[28][29] During the late 1880s, Parsons Nurseries was importing 10,000 Japanese maples into the United States each year with help from Swiss immigrant John R. Trumpy.[28] Parsons Nurseries also was the first to introduce the California privet in the United States from Japan.[30]

Kissena Lake was initially used as a mill pond.[31] Parsons later used Kissena Lake for ice cutting, where surface ice from lakes and rivers is collected and stored in ice houses and use or sale as a cooling method before mechanical refrigeration was available.[32] However, as recently as the 1900s, both Kissena Lake and Gutman's Swamp served as a habitat for wood duck.[33] Just east of the lake was a water pumping station. It was used first by the College Point Water Works, then by the Citizens Water Supply Company of Newtown, and finally as a city-owned pumping station.[34]

Samuel Parsons's children, Samuel Bowne Parsons and Robert Bowne Parsons, later took over running the nursery,[35] and by 1898, Samuel Bowne Parsons's son George H. Parsons, had taken over as superintendent of Parsons Nurseries.[36] Later that year, George was found in the lavatory by his father; he had died of heart failure.[36] Parsons Nurseries closed in 1901.[37]

Creation

The land was acquired for Kissena Park (then called Kissena Lake Park) between 1904 and 1914.[38][26][4]: 2 [39][40] The family of Samuel Bowne Parsons had sold off his nursery following his 1906 death.[14] The nursery was located at the north end of the modern park at Parsons Boulevard and Rose Avenue.[21][38] Real estate developers John W. Paris and Edward McDougal (or MacDougall) bought most of the Parsons land.[21][14] This land was used to create the "Kissena Park" residential development.[14] New York City bought the rest of the Parsons land and a few other land parcels to create Kissena Park.[32][41] A 14-acre (5.7 ha) tract of Parsons's exotic specimens was preserved and is now the Historic Grove.[3]: 3 

In 1907, Paris and McDougal were accused of graft and fraud after they attempted to sell 87 acres (35 ha) of land back to the city at inflated prices,[42] earning $140,000 as a result.[43] A grand jury was convened to investigate the transaction.[44] Joseph Bermel, the Queens borough president at the time, was later found to be involved in the deal, having allegedly received $12,000 from the transaction.[45] In March 1908, the grand jury recommended that those involved be found guilty of graft.[46] Later that month, Bermel was charged with perjury and bribery after he tried to hide his involvement in the scandal.[47] He resigned his post as borough president in April 1908[48] and was subsequently scheduled to give testimony at a grand jury trial, but fled the United States the day before he was to testify.[49] Bermel's lawyer and brother were also charged with perjury.[50][51]

The actual construction of the park involved draining and filling in the marshland that made up the majority of the park's area.[52] Kissena Park opened in 1910,[21][2] while the World War I memorial knoll on the south side of Kissena Lake was dedicated in 1921.[3]: 9 [8] Kissena Park was originally envisioned as the primary park of Queens, similar to Central Park in Manhattan and Prospect Park in Brooklyn.[53] It contained landscaping, similar to both parks: the western end of Kissena Lake drained into the creek and was traversed by a bridge, similar to Central Park's Gapstow Bridge.[19]: 113  The park also included a gazebo and a swimming pool with lake water, both of which were removed.[53]

Incorporation into Kissena Corridor Park

Steward Railroad right-of-way at the northwest corner of Kissena Park

Kissena Park is located on a 19th-century railroad right-of-way. A raised nature trail running through Kissena Park was originally the main line of the Central Railroad of Long Island of A.T. Stewart (later the White Line or Creedmore branch of the Long Island Rail Road. It ran from Flushing to Bellerose and was later extended from Bellerose to Garden City.[2]

In August 1940, the New York City Board of Estimate approved Queens Borough President George U. Harvey's request to acquire the former Stewart Railroad right-of-way from Flushing Meadows at Lawrence Street (College Point Boulevard) east to Fresh Meadow Road (now Utopia Parkway). The right-of-way was acquired into two tracts. The western tract west of Kissena Park and Kissena Boulevard extended 1 mile (1.6 km) with an average width of 500 feet (150 m). The eastern segment also extended one mile past Kissena Park, with an average width of 85 feet (26 m).[54][55] The western stretch of the land west of Kissena Boulevard was to become the Kissena Corridor Park, which would connect Flushing Meadows and Kissena Parks. The eastern stretch of the land would be developed into a second corridor called the "Cunningham Corridor", which would connect Kissena Park with Cunningham Park further southeast.[54][56] The corridors would include playgrounds, sports fields, park trails, and bicycle and bridle paths which would connect to existing paths in Cunningham Park.[54][55][57]

The Kissena Corridor project was also supposed to include the construction of a major storm sewer through the corridor,[54][56] which the Parks Department said was necessitated as a result of "the great extent of this natural drainage basin."[55] In 1942, the federal War Production Board barred the construction of the Corridor Sewer, due to steel requirements for the World War II effort.[58] Groundbreaking ceremonies for the sewer project were held on April 1, 1947, at the intersection of Lawrence Street and Fowler and Blossom Avenues, near the modern-day Queens Botanical Garden west of Kissena Park.[59][60][61] On February 19, 1948, the final contract for the project, including the trunk line from 188th Street to Francis Lewis Boulevard, was authorized from the Board of Estimate.[62] On February 27, the Queens borough sewer engineer announced that the cost of the sewer project would run to over $10 million, $2.25 million higher than the previous figure.[63] The main trunk of the Corridor Sewer was completed by September 1948, although many of the feeder lines had yet to be constructed.[64][65]

At the end of the 1939–40 New York World's Fair in 1940, debris from the demolition of the fair exhibits was used to fill the section of the future Kissena Corridor west of Main Street (today's Queens Botanical Garden).[66] By 1941, the New York City Department of Sanitation led by Commissioner William F. Carey began planning to fill the Kissena Corridor site between Main Street and Kissena Boulevard with municipal waste as a landfill.[67][68][69] Afterward, the landfill would be excavated to install the sewer, and would act as a cover for the sewer.[66][69] At the time, using garbage to fill the marshlands was considered more economical than filling it with clean dirt.[70][71] In addition, the fill would help mitigate mosquitoes which inhabited the area around Kissena Creek.[72][73] An existing landfill was already present on Rose Avenue in Kissena Park. This dump, which collected ashes, garbage, and refuse from Flushing, began operations in the 1930s.[74] A second Kissena Park landfill on North Hempstead Turnpike (Booth Memorial Avenue) was opened on November 14, 1943 and closed in July 1945.[69][75]

Concurrently with the Kissena Corridor project, Kissena Lake was dredged in 1942 as part of a Works Progress Administration initiative. This transformed Kissena Lake into a "bathtub lake".[4]: 2 [2] Prior to the renovation, Kissena Lake was part of a wetland, which was believed to be a worthless type of land during the 20th century.[3]: 6  A later renovation entailed categorization and major cleanup of the tree groves by Parks Department interns.[2]

In May 1951, Robert Moses announced plans to raise the grade the western stretch of Kissena Corridor Park between Flushing Meadows and 164th Street, including Kissena Park, by using it as a temporary garbage dump.[76][77] Moses had already began filling the sites of other future parks with municipal waste, including Spring Creek Park and Marine Park in Brooklyn.[77][78] The plans were opposed by Queens Borough President Maurice A. FitzGerald.[77] On June 7, 1951, Moses eliminated plans for the dump, as well as an extension of 146th Street that had been planned along with the dump.[79] The western stretch of the Kissena Corridor was eventually landfilled in the 1950s from dirt excavated for the construction of the Long Island Expressway.[19][11][12][80]

Renovations and additions

The Stewart Railroad rail trail in Kissena Park

The Kissena Velodrome, a 400-meter (1,300 ft) velodrome, was constructed in the center of the park in 1962. It was used during the 1964 New York World's Fair and the U.S. team trials for the 1964 Summer Olympics.[2] It is the only remaining bicycle track in New York City.[5][19]: 113 

By the 1980s. the park was being used as an illegal dumping ground.[81] Algae buildup in Kissena Lake necessitated another restoration project, which was undertaken in 1983.[4]: 2  Subsequently, a local naturalist named Charlie Emerson started planting a garden in 1986. The garden and an adjoining nature center were dedicated for Emerson in 1990.[2]

Meanwhile, the Velodrome had deteriorated over the years, and by 2000, efforts were underway to renovate the track.[82] In 2003, a $2.3 million restoration drained the lake in stages, resulting in its current appearance. The city water was replaced with well water, an aeration system was installed the concrete bulkheads were replaced with natural-looking materials such as rocks and plants, and a small island for birds and turtles was built within the lake.[83] The Kissena Velodrome was also restored, and the track was rededicated in 2004.[82][84] In 2007, the Korean War memorial was unveiled at the park's northern entrance at Parsons Boulevard. The memorial, designed by William Crozier, commemorates Korean War veterans from Queens. Its centerpiece is a bronze sculpture called The Anguish of Experience, which depicts "a solitary soldier whose face portrays the agony of war", followed by five soldiers who carry a stretcher.[2][7]

References

  1. ^ a b "Kissena Park Map : NYC Parks". NYC.gov. The City of New York. Archived from the original on December 9, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Kissena Park". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Feller, Michael (December 1988). "Kissena Park: The Wild Side; A Guide to its Natural Areas" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, Natural Resources Group. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d e Natural Resources Group. "Natural Area Mapping and Inventory of Kissena Park November 1986 Survey" (PDF). New York City Parks Department. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
  5. ^ a b Geier, Stephanie (January 4, 2016). "The Kissena Velodrome In Flushing, NYC: New York's Only Remaining Cycling Track". Untapped Cities. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  6. ^ "Star Track : Bike New York". Bike New York. Archived from the original on November 24, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
  7. ^ a b Lord, Mark (October 4, 2007). "Korean War Memorial Dedicated In Kissena". Queens Chronicle. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  8. ^ a b "Kissena Park Monuments". Kissena Park World War I Monument : NYC Parks. June 26, 1939. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  9. ^ "KISSENA PARK CORRIDOR". Forgotten New York. July 7, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  10. ^ "NYC DOT – Bicycle Maps". Nyc.gov. Retrieved November 11, 2017.
  11. ^ a b c "Kissena Corridor Park: Kissena Corridor West". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
  12. ^ a b c "Kissena Corridor Park: Kissena Corridor East". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
  13. ^ a b "Kissena Lake Received Its Name By Being Cold" (PDF). North Shore Daily Journal. March 5, 1934. p. 12. Retrieved June 2, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  14. ^ a b c d e Shaman, Diana (March 5, 2000). "If You're Thinking of Living In/Kissena Park, Queens; Near Flushing's Bustle, a Quiet Enclave". The New York Times. p. 11.5. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
  15. ^ Evan T. Pritchard (2002). Native New Yorkers: The Legacy of the Algonquin People of New York. Council Oak Books. p. 333. ISBN 978-1-57178-107-9. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
  16. ^ "STAGE 1A ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT; SHEA STADIUM REDEVELOPMENT FLUSHING MEADOWS – CORONA PARK" (PDF). nyc.gov. Historical Perspectives, Inc. October 2001.
  17. ^ Natural Resources Group. "Natural Area Mapping and Inventory of Spring Creek 1988 Survey" (PDF). New York City Parks Department. p. 2. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
  18. ^ Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (1995). The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 462. ISBN 0300055366.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kadinsky, Sergey (2016). Hidden Waters of New York City: A History and Guide to 101 Forgotten Lakes, Ponds, Creeks, and Streams in the Five Boroughs. New York, NY: Countryman Press. ISBN 978-1-58157-566-8.
  20. ^ Mooney, Jake (February 10, 2012). "Flushing's Very Own Time Capsule". The New York Times. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
  21. ^ a b c d James Driscoll (2005). Flushing: 1880–1935. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 18, 101–110. ISBN 978-0-7385-3842-6. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  22. ^ a b c d "Queens Botanical Garden Master Plan" (PDF). Queens Botanical Garden, Conservation Design Forum, Atelier Dreiseitl. 2002. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
  23. ^ a b "Kissena Lake Site for Proposed Park; Valuable Source of Pure Water Supply That Should Be Secured by City". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Flushing, Queens. May 15, 1904. p. 46. Retrieved July 7, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  24. ^ Kadinsky, Sergey (January 3, 2018). "Likely Namesake Of KGH's Aguilar Avenue? An English Jewish Poetess". Queens Jewish Link. Archived from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
  25. ^ Herbert, Lionel (April 13, 1933). "200-Year-Old Flushing-Hillcrest House Links Motor Age With Colonial Days" (PDF). Greenpoint Daily Star. p. 18. Retrieved July 7, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  26. ^ a b c "Flushing Creek Bridge to Open: Big Celebration Planned for Tomorrow, When New $400,000 Span Is Commissioned; To Commemorate City' Gaining Kissena Park; Seventy-Five Acre Tract, Including Lake, Acquired and Prominent Officials Will Dedicate It" (PDF). New York Evening Telegram. October 16, 1906. p. 15. Retrieved June 2, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  27. ^ "Long Island: Our Story / Our Towns / Queens". Newsday. February 22, 1998. p. H5. ProQuest 279099066.
  28. ^ a b Higgins, Adrian (August 31, 2017). "Forgive this 1800s plant collector who brought us a mega-weed". The Washington Post. p. 11. ProQuest 1985630417.
  29. ^ Hanc, John (July 9, 2003). "Open Secrets: The Hidden Pleasures of Our Parks: Kissena Park". Newsday. p. B3. ProQuest 279692657.
  30. ^ Wells, Nelson M. (November 12, 1939). "Good Habits of Hardy Privets Prove Their Value in the City; Privet Grown As a Specimen". The New York Times. p. 65. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
  31. ^ Daniel Carter Beard (1915). The American boys' book of bugs, butterflies and beetles. Lippincott. pp. 289–293. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
  32. ^ a b Hanc, John (December 9, 2001). "Kissena's Oasis". Newsday. p. H7. ProQuest 279544089.
  33. ^ "Game Bag and Gun; Why Not Breed Our Own Wild Ducks". Forest and Stream. 70 (13): 494. March 28, 1908. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
  34. ^ New York (N.Y.). Dept. of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity; Delos Franklin Wilcox; Citizens Water Supply Co. of Newtown (1916). Report of Delos F. Wilcox, deputy commissioner: to the Commissioner of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity : in relation to the Citizens Water Supply Company of Newtown : October 7, 1916. pp. 171–174, 219–220, 323. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
  35. ^ "Renewing Central Park". The New York Times. October 10, 1886. p. 4. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
  36. ^ a b "Obituary Notes" (PDF). The New York Times. April 15, 1898. p. 7. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
  37. ^ "Flushing's Claim to Floral Fame; French Huguenots Made It the Garden Spot of America in the Eighteenth Century". The New York Times. January 10, 1926. p. E21. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
  38. ^ a b "Kissena Park: History". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved July 8, 2018.
  39. ^ "Title to Kissena Lake; City Now Owns a Beauty Spot at Flushing-Will Make a Park of It". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 13, 1907. p. 20. Retrieved July 7, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  40. ^ "City Acquires Kissena Park: Pays Nearly $10,000 an Acre, for Part of Property-Record Price for Queens Realty". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 16, 1907. p. 18. Retrieved July 7, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  41. ^ "In the Park Or Not". The New York Times. April 28, 1989. p. C34. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
  42. ^ "Larceny In Park Land Purchase Involves Controller's Office" (PDF). New York Daily Press. August 19, 1907. p. 1. Retrieved February 3, 2019 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  43. ^ "MADE PROFIT OF $140,000: New Light on the Sale of Kissena Park to City". New-York Tribune. September 14, 1907. p. 3. ProQuest 572009201.
  44. ^ "GRAND JURY QUIZZES METZ; On Purchase of Kissena Park Swamp -- Indictments Expected Soon". The New York Times. September 25, 1907. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  45. ^ "BERMEL'S REMOVAL URGED ON HUGHES; Queens County Grand Jury Brings Criminal Charges Against Borough President. FRAUD IN KISSENA PARK Accusation Based on the City's Purchase of Land Near Flushing -- He May Resign". The New York Times. February 9, 1908. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  46. ^ "Plain Talk of Bermel Gratf [sic]" (PDF). New York Sun. March 1, 1908. p. 4. Retrieved February 3, 2019 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  47. ^ "BERMEL ACCUSED, HIS REMOVAL ASKED; Borough President of Queens Charged with Perjury in Kissena Park Scandal. BRIBERY IS ALSO ALLEGED Said to Have Blocked Grand Jury Investigation --Governor Will Name Commissioner to Hear Charges". The New York Times. March 31, 1908. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  48. ^ "BERMEL, UNDER FIRE, RESIGNS HIS POST; Quits Queens Borough Presidency in Haste and Prepares to Sail for Europe To-day. SUBPOENA MAY STOP HIM Report That He May Even Be Arrested on a Warrant if He Attempts to Leave". The New York Times. April 30, 1908. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  49. ^ "BERMEL SAILS AWAY; GRESSER IN HIS JOB; Ex-President of Queens Breaks His Promise to Stay for Kissena Park Inquiry. HE WAS UNDER SUBPOENA But Ignored Grand Jury Summons and Went to Europe -- Lively Fight Over His Successor". The New York Times. May 1, 1908. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  50. ^ "LAWYER GLASER TO BE TRIED.; He Is Charged with Perjury in the Kissena Park Investigation". The New York Times. July 7, 1909. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  51. ^ "BERMEL'S BROTHER HELD FOR PERJURY; Charge Based on His Testimony Before the Grand Jury in the Kissena Park Scandal". The New York Times. December 8, 1910. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  52. ^ "MARSH IN KISSENA PARK: Fifteen Acres, Costing $7,500 Each, Must Be Drained and Filled In". New-York Tribune. October 2, 1908. p. 1. ProQuest 572148856.
  53. ^ a b Kadinsky, Sergey (February 1, 2016). "What Remains of Kissena Creek". Hidden Waters blog. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
  54. ^ a b c d "Moses Backs Corridor to Link Parks: Approves Harvey Plan for Kissena – Flushing Meadow Strip" (PDF). Long Island Daily Press. August 19, 1940. Retrieved May 28, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  55. ^ a b c "For Release: Monday, August 19, 1940" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. August 19, 1940. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
  56. ^ a b "Park Corridor Condemnation is Requested: Harvey Goes to Board of Estimate as Planning Board Approves" (PDF). Long Island Daily Press. September 19, 1940. p. 8. Retrieved May 28, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  57. ^ "'Shoestring' Park to Connect Flushing Meadow and Kissena". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 19, 1940. p. 12. Retrieved May 31, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  58. ^ "WPB Rules Out Park Corridor Sewer Project: Home Owners Are Told They'll Have to Wait Till After War" (PDF). Long Island Star-Journal. August 10, 1942. p. 3. Retrieved May 31, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  59. ^ "Burke to Start Huge Corridor Sewer Tuesday" (PDF). Long Island Star-Journal. March 29, 1947. p. 1. Retrieved May 31, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  60. ^ "Largest Sewer in World Is Started As Burke Launches Corridor Project" (PDF). Long Island Star-Journal. April 2, 1947. p. 1. Retrieved May 31, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  61. ^ "Largest Sewer in World Is Started As Burke Launches Corridor Project" (PDF). Long Island Star-Journal. April 2, 1947. p. 2. Retrieved May 31, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  62. ^ "Final Contract Ordered For Corridor Sewer" (PDF). Long Island Star-Journal. February 20, 1948. p. 1. Retrieved May 31, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  63. ^ "Corridor Sewer Cost Upped by $2,250,000" (PDF). Long Island Star-Journal. February 28, 1948. p. 1. Retrieved May 31, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  64. ^ "Corridor Drain Trunk Ready for Feed Lines" (PDF). Long Island Star-Journal. September 2, 1948. p. 9. Retrieved May 31, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  65. ^ "Corridor Sewer" (PDF). Long Island Star-Journal. September 4, 1948. p. 4. Retrieved May 31, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  66. ^ a b "Way Cleared For Corridor 'Land Fill' Job" (PDF). Long Island Star-Journal. June 5, 1943. p. 5. Retrieved May 30, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  67. ^ "Borough Hall Will Check Carey Dump: Inspectors to Visit 'Corridor' Regularly to Protec Sewer Routes" (PDF). Long Island Daily Press. March 27, 1941. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
  68. ^ "Kissena Dump: Mr. Moses Promises a Good Job" (PDF). Long Island Star-Journal. March 27, 1942. p. 4. Retrieved May 30, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  69. ^ a b c "More Garbage Cemeteries: Finishes-One Dump and Starts Another" (PDF). Long Island Daily Press. July 25, 1945. p. 1. Retrieved May 30, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  70. ^ "Garbage Dumps" (PDF). Long Island Daily Press. January 27, 1945. p. 14. Retrieved May 31, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  71. ^ "Mere Dumps" (PDF). Long Island Star-Journal. August 31, 1945. p. 10. Retrieved May 31, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  72. ^ "Kissena Dump: Is Carey Running Out of Sites?" (PDF). Long Island Star-Journal. October 9, 1943. p. 4. Retrieved June 2, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  73. ^ "Kissena Landfill: It's Not Another Lefferts Dump" (PDF). Long Island Daily Press. October 2, 1943. p. 18. Retrieved June 2, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  74. ^ "Ash-Garbage Mixture Is Stopped In Four Areas" (PDF). North Shore Daily Journal. January 23, 1933. p. 1. Retrieved May 30, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  75. ^ "More Garbage Cemeteries; Carey Starts New Garbage Cemetery" (PDF). Long Island Daily Press. July 25, 1945. p. 2. Retrieved May 30, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  76. ^ "Moses Urges Dumping To Fill Kissena Corridor" (PDF). Long Island Star-Journal. May 21, 1951. p. 1. Retrieved May 28, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  77. ^ a b c "FitzGerald Says: Corridor Park Garbage Dump Unnecessary; 146th St. Can Be Taken Off Map to Leave Present Grade, He Contends" (PDF). Long Island Star-Journal. May 22, 1951. p. 1. Retrieved May 28, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  78. ^ Sullivan, Michael (January 4, 1962). "Garbage Dump Today, Park Tomorrow" (PDF). Long Island Star-Journal. Retrieved January 7, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  79. ^ "Kissena Dump Dropped; Moses Alters His Plans For Corridor Park; 146th Street to Be Taken Off Map So Garbage Fill Won't Be Needed" (PDF). Long Island Star-Journal. June 7, 1951. p. 1. Retrieved May 28, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  80. ^ "Funds Lacking: Kissena Park Leveling Job Off 'Til '58" (PDF). Long Island Star-Journal. April 8, 1957. p. 2. Retrieved May 28, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  81. ^ Carmody, Deirdre (July 31, 1982). "Queens Fighting Dumping in Its Parks". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  82. ^ a b "Velodrome rehab puts cyclists back on track". New York Daily News. April 25, 2004. p. 110. Retrieved February 2, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  83. ^ "Kissena Lake Project Ahead Of Schedule In Flushing Park". Queens Chronicle. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
  84. ^ Fuchs, Marek (July 19, 2004). "A New Day for 'Big Bumpy'; Recycling a Cycling Haven in Queens". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kissena Park.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kissena_Park&oldid=958502881"