Jump to content

Prabowo Subianto

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 36.79.250.187 (talk) at 04:53, 24 June 2020 (→2019 presidential debate). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Prabowo Subianto
Prabowo as Minister of Defense (2019)
26th Minister of Defence
Incumbent
Assumed office
23 October 2019
PresidentJoko Widodo
Preceded byRyamizard Ryacudu
Leader of Gerindra
Incumbent
Assumed office
20 September 2014
Preceded bySuhardi
22nd Commander of Kostrad
In office
20 March 1998 – 22 May 1998
PresidentSuharto
Preceded bySoegijono
Succeeded byJohny Lumintang
15th General Commander of Kopassus
In office
1 December 1995 – 20 March 1998
PresidentSoeharto
Preceded bySubagyo Hadi Siswoyo
Succeeded byMuchdi Purwopranjono
Personal details
Born
Prabowo Subianto

(1951-10-17) 17 October 1951 (age 73)
Jakarta, Indonesia
Political partyGerindra
Other political
affiliations		Golkar (until 2008)
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1983; div. 1998)​
ChildrenDidit Hediprasetyo
Alma materIndonesian Military Academy
Signature
Websiteweb.archive.org/web/20111119014448/http://prabowosubianto.web.id/
Military service
Allegiance Indonesia
Branch/service Indonesian Army
Years of service1974–1998
Rank Lieutenant General
UnitKopassus
CommandsKopassus
Kostrad
Battles/warsIndonesian invasion of East Timor
Insurgency in East Timor
Insurgency in West Papua

Prabowo Subianto Djojohadikusumo (born 17 October 1951) is an Indonesian politician, businessman and former Army lieutenant General who is the currently-appointed Minister of Defence of the Republic of Indonesia.[1][2] He is the son of Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, an Indonesian economist, and Dora Sigar. He is the former husband of Titiek Suharto, the late President Suharto's second daughter. They were married in 1983 and divorced in 1998 during the Indonesian political crisis.[3]

Prabowo graduated from the Indonesian Military Academy in 1970 and served in the Special Forces (Kopassus) until his appointment as chief of the Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad) in 1998. That same year, he was dishonorably discharged from the military and subsequently banned from entering the United States because of alleged human rights violations.[4][5]

In early 2008, Prabowo's inner circle, including Fadli Zon, established the Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra). In the 2009 presidential election, he ran unsuccessfully for the vice-presidency as Megawati Sukarnoputri's running mate.[6] He contested the 2014 presidential election[7] and was defeated by Jakarta Governor Joko Widodo, which he initially disputed.[8] He made another unsuccessful run for the presidency in 2019 with Sandiaga Uno as his running mate and with the support of Gerindra, the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS), the National Mandate Party (PAN), the Democratic Party and Berkarya Party.[9][10] His refusal to accept the result saw his followers stage protests that sparked deadly riots in Jakarta.[11]

Family background

Prabowo, 12 years old (standing right), with his siblings and grandparents, Margono Djojohadikusumo and Siti Katoemi Wirodihardjo

Prabowo's father, Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, was an economist who served as former President Suharto's minister for the economy and minister for research and technology.[12] Sumitro named Prabowo after his own younger brother, a martyr hero who died in a battle against the Japanese in Lengkong, Tangerang during the Indonesian National Revolution.[13] Prabowo's mother, Dora Maria Sigar, was a Protestant Christian of Minahasan descent, who originated from the Maengkom family in Langowan, North Sulawesi.[14]

Prabowo has two older sisters, Bintianingsih and Mayrani Ekowati, and one younger brother, Hashim Djojohadikusumo. Hashim's pribumi conglomerate business interests stretch from Indonesia to Canada and Russia.[15] Between 1966 and 1968, the family lived in London, where Prabowo attended and graduated from The American School in London.[16] Sumitro subsequently encouraged his son to attend military academy. One of Prabowo's role models was Turkish military figure Atatürk, and according to peers and observers, Prabowo was talented with a passion for stratagems and had an appetite for political power.[13]

Prabowo's grandfather, Margono Djojohadikusumo, was the founder of Bank Negara Indonesia, the first leader of Indonesia's Provisional Advisory Council (Dewan Pertimbangan Agung Sementara), and Committee for Preparatory Work for Indonesian Independence (Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia).[17]

Prabowo married Suharto's daughter, Siti Hediati Hariyadi, in 1983. They have a son, Didit Hediprasetyo, who lived in Boston before settling in Paris to pursue a career in design.[18]

Military career

Prabowo enrolled in Indonesia's Military Academy in Magelang in 1970.[19] He graduated in 1974 with others who would gain senior leadership positions such as Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.[19]

In 1976, Prabowo served in the Indonesian National Army Special Force Kopassus and was assigned as the commander of Group 1 Komando Pasukan Sandhi Yudha (Kopassandha), which was one of the Indonesian Army's Nanggala commando units in East Timor, the former Portuguese territory that Indonesia had invaded the previous year.[19] Prabowo, then 26 years old, was the youngest Nanggala commander.[19] Prabowo led the mission to capture the vice president of Fretilin, who was the first Prime Minister of East Timor, Nicolau dos Reis Lobato.[19] Guiding Prabowo was Antonio Lobato – Nicolau's younger brother. On 31 December 1978, Prabowo's company found and fatally shot Nicolau in the stomach as he was being escorted in Maubisse, fifty kilometres south of Dili.[19]

In 1985 Prabowo attended the Advanced Infantry Officers Course at Fort Benning, in the United States for commando training.[20] In the early 1990s, as the commander of Kopassus Group 3, the now Major General Prabowo attempted to crush the East Timorese independence movement by using irregular troops (hooded "ninja" gangs dressed in black and operating at night) and, in main towns and villages, militias trained and directed by Kopassus commanders. Human rights abuses rose. The Army's 1997 campaign was called Operation Eradicate.[21]

In 1996, Prabowo led the Mapenduma Operation in the mountainous terrain of Papua, Indonesia. The goal of the operation was the release of 11 scientific researchers, who had been taken hostage by the Free Papua Movement (OPM). The researchers were five Indonesians, four Britons, one Dutchman and his pregnant German wife. Two of the Indonesian male hostages were killed shortly before the rescue operation. The mission involved covert support from British Military Attache and SAS veteran Colonel Ivor Helberg.[22] Following the hostage transfer, Kopassus under Prabowo began a reprisal campaign against villages perceived to support OPM, in one incident at Geselema village attacking the villagers with a military helicopter disguised as a Red Cross helicopter.[23]

On 20 March 1998, Prabowo was appointed head of the 27,000-strong Army Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad), that Suharto had commanded in 1965.[24]

Role in 1998 riots and the Fall of Suharto

Less than three months after his appointment as head of Kostrad, on the first day of the May 1998 riots, Prabowo urged the commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, Wiranto, to let him bring his Strategic Reserve units from outside Jakarta into the city to help restore order.[25] Hundreds of men trained by Kopassus (Prabowo's former command) were flown from Dili to Yogyakarta in chartered planes, and then on to Jakarta by train.[26] Prabowo publicly urged Indonesians to join him to fight "traitors to the nation".[27] On the morning of 14 May, Kopassus troops escorted young thugs from Lampung in southern Sumatra into the capital.[28] Thus Prabowo was accused of using his contacts in his former command to import and create trouble, while Wiranto had declined to give Prabowo's current command, Kostrad, permission to quell the existing trouble, in line with classic Javanese tactic to stir chaos to discredit a rival and/or seize power.[26]

Troops under Prabowo's command kidnapped and tortured at least nine democracy activists in the months before the May 1998 Riots.[29] In one testimony, a former detainee told of being tortured for days in an unidentified location, allegedly a military camp where most of their time was spent blindfolded, while being forced to answer repeated questions, mainly concerning their political activities. Abuse included being punched, terrorized physically and mentally, and given electric shocks.[30] Later, in 2009, two of the nine men were candidates for Gerinda, Prabowo's political party, and another served as his media adviser.[31] Prabowo was also suspected of organizing the kidnappings of another 13 activists (who all remain "missing") between February 1997 and May 1998.[32]

Later investigations into the May riots revealed that violence in Jakarta was the result of an internal struggle within the military elite to become Suharto's successor.[33] Many believed Prabowo, as Strategic Reserve commander, sought to become his father-in-law's successor and coveted the Commander of the Armed Forces position held by General Wiranto, who was favored to succeed Suharto. Together with Operations Commander for Greater Jakarta (Panglima Komando Operasi Jakarta Raya, Pangkoops Jaya) Major General Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin, Prabowo aimed to terrorize opponents of the government and to show that Wiranto was "an incompetent commander who could not control disorder".[34][35] During the months of August and September, the fact finding team interviewed Prabowo, Sjafrie, and other military commanders regarding their movements during the Jakarta riots. Prabowo asserted that he was unsure of the precise movements of military forces in the capital and deferred to Sjafrie.[36] In its final report, the fact finding team suspected that, on the night of 14 May, Prabowo met with several Armed Forces and prominent civilian figures at the Kostrad headquarters to discuss organization of the violence.[37] However, this was later refuted by several people who attended the meeting, including prominent human rights lawyer Adnan Buyung Nasution and Joint Fact Finding Team member Bambang Widjojanto.[38] Further testimonies by Prabowo[39] in the years following the investigation contradicted the team's report and led to skepticism of the team's allegations.[40]

On 21 May 1998, Suharto announced his resignation from the presidency and Vice President BJ Habibie took over as president.

On the afternoon following Habibie's inauguration as president, Prabowo demanded of Habibie that he be put in charge of the army in place of Wiranto. However, Habibie and Wiranto demoted Prabowo from Kostrad commander instead, and the following day announced Wiranto's promotion to Minister of Defence and Security and to Indonesian National Armed Forces (ABRI, later renamed TNI) commander. A furious Prabowo went to the Presidential Palace packing a side arm and with trucks of his Kostrad troops. On being blocked from entering the Habibie's office, he instead went to Suharto who rebuked him.[41][42] Prabowo was visited by Wiranto at his home over the weekend of 23–24 May and subsequently reassigned to a non-combat role at the Armed Forces Command and General Staff College in Bandung.[43]

Following an ABRI investigation,[44] Prabowo acknowledged responsibility for the kidnapping of the activists.[45] He was discharged from military service in August. He and Wiranto denied that the discharge was a result of disciplinary action.[46] In August 1998, the Dewan Kehormatan Perwira (Officers Council of Honor) tried, and found Prabowo guilty of "misinterpreting orders" in the kidnapping of anti-Suharto activists in 1998.[44] He was discharged from military services, and went into a voluntary exile in Jordan[46] where he knew that country's new young King Abdullah as a fellow commander of special forces.[45] In an interview with Asiaweek magazine in 2000, Prabowo said "I never threatened Habibie. I was not behind the riots. That is a great lie. I never betrayed Pak Harto. I never betrayed Habibie. I never betrayed my country...There was a certain group that wanted to make me a scapegoat, maybe to hide their involvement.""[44] Rights groups have long questioned Prabowo's eligibility to run for president, noting that he was discharged dishonourably from the Army in August 1998 for "misinterpreting orders" in the abduction of the democracy activists. While that was the military's official statement, observers have long believed that it was a coup conspiracy that saw Prabowo, then the commander of the Army Strategic Reserves, given his marching orders.[47]

As a 2014 presidential candidate, Prabowo's past came under renewed scrutiny, with many organisations calling for him to step down. A coalition, which consisted of Imparsial, Kontras, the Setara Institute, and the Human Rights Working Group (HRWG), combined under the Civil Society Coalition Against Forgetting, visited the National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM) in Jakarta on 7 May 2014 to urge the commission to re-investigate Prabowo.[48] A 27 June 2014 report indicated that an investigative journalist, Allan Nairn, had been threatened with arrest "for revealing the former general's role in human rights abuses."[49]

Business career

After being discharged from the military, Prabowo joined his brother Hashim Djojohadikusumo's business. He purchased Kiani Kertas, a paper pulp and plantation company based in Mangkajang, East Kalimantan.[50] Prior to Prabowo's purchase, Kiani was owned by Bob Hasan, a businessman close to former Presiden Suharto.[50] Today, Prabowo's Nusantara Group controls 27 companies in Indonesia and abroad. Prabowo's companies include Nusantara Energy (oil and natural gas, coal), Tidar Kerinci Agung (palm oil plantations) and Jaladri Nusantara (fishery industry).[51]

Prabowo rebranded Kiani Kertas to Kertas Nusantara. The company was established in 1990 and is part of the Nusantara Energy. It controls an area of 3,400 hectares used for paper mills, employee housing, private schools, and various company facilities.[52] Kiani has been awarded ISO 900–2005 status as one of the highest quality management companies. It is reported that Kiani Kertas has been experiencing financial difficulties and in early 2014, workers took to the streets to demand their wages which had not been paid in five months.[53]

Prabowo was the wealthiest presidential candidate in the 2009 election, with assets of Rp 1.5 trillion (about US$150 million) and US$7.5 million.[54]

In 2007, PT Ridlatama, whose majority stakeholder was British-based Churchill PLC, conducted a geo-survey eastern Kalimantan for coal. Two months after the survey yielded positive results, East Kutai officials granted mining licenses to Nusantara Energy (a subsidiary of the Nusantara Group, a conglomerate owned by Prabowo Subianto's family) to operate in the area surveyed by Ridlatama. In 2010, Ridlatama's license was revoked, effectively completing Nusantara's take over of Churchill's operations. Churchill appealed to the Supreme Court of Indonesia but lost the case. In 2012, Churchill filed a case against the government of Indonesia at the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes, demanding $2 billion in compensation. Indonesia argued that ICSID had no authority to arbitrate. In 2014 ICSID ruled that it had the authority and the case is still ongoing.[55][56][57][58]

In 2014, the regent of East Kutai, Isran Noor, publicly endorsed Prabowo Subianto as presidential candidate.[59] He also considered pressing criminal charges against Churchill, alleging that Churchill forged its license.[60]

NGOs

Prabowo opens the 2011 Pencak Silat SEA Games tournament held in Taman Mini, Jakarta. He is the Chairman of Indonesia's pencak silat organisation.
  • The Indonesian Farmers' Association was established in 1973 to advocate for the farmers' rights. Prabowo was elected President of HKTI in 2004,[61][62] and he was reappointed in 2010 for a second term.[63]
  • The Indonesian Traditional Market Traders Association (APPSI) is a non-profit organisation advocating for the welfare of traders in Indonesia's traditional markets. Prabowo was elected as president of APPSI in 2008.[64]
  • Pencak silat is one of Indonesia's traditional martial arts. The Indonesian Pencak Silat Association (IPSI) oversees the regulation of the sport in Indonesia, develops athletes, and organises tournaments. Prabowo was elected as president of IPSI in 2004 and was re-elected in 2012 for a third consecutive term.[65]

Politics

See also: Prabowo Subianto 2019 presidential campaign

Using his connections to President Suharto, Prabowo and his brother worked to silence journalistic and political critics in the 1990s. Hashim unsuccessfully pressured Goenawan Mohamad to sell his outspoken and banned Tempo magazine to him.[66] As lieutenant colonel, Prabowo invited Gus Dur to his battalion headquarters in 1992 and warned him to stick to religion and to stay out of politics, or face unspecified actions if he continued to oppose the President.[67] He later warned the intellectual Nurcholish Madjid (Cak Nur) to resign from the KIPP, the election monitoring unit set up by Goenawan Mohamad, which armed forces commander Feisal Tanjung had denounced as "obviously unconstitutional".[68]

In 2004, Prabowo was one of five contenders vying to become Golkar party's presidential candidate. He received the lowest number of votes, just 39, and was eliminated in the first round.[69] The second round of voting was won by Wiranto. In early 2008, Prabowo's inner circle, including Fadli Zon, established the Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra), which nominated Prabowo for presidency in the 2009 elections.[70] However, having won 26 out of 560 seats in the Indonesian parliament, the party did not have the required numbers and Prabowo ran as vice presidential candidate to Megawati Soekarnoputri, daughter of Indonesia's first president Sukarno. The pair, referred to colloquially by the Indonesian media as Mega–Pro, earned 27% of the vote and lost to Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and his running mate, economist Boediono.[71]

In November 2011, Prabowo announced his intention to run in the 2014 presidential elections.[72] Surveys published by the Center for Policy Studies and Strategic Development (Puskaptis)[73] and by the Indonesian Survey Institute published on 23 February 2012[74] gave him the lead – but observers and activists cast doubt on the polls.[75]

In March 2012, Gerindra named Prabowo its 2014 presidential candidate.[76] The party's slogan was then changed to Gerindra Menang Prabowo Presiden (Gerindra Wins, Prabowo Becomes President)[77] Prabowo said he would run an investment-friendly administration if he won and that Indonesia needed more energy exploration; furthermore, he said he had been in close contact with labor unions and believed rising worker discontent could be managed with a wise national budget.[78] He promised to use military-style efficiency to push through chronically delayed infrastructure projects, as well as to create jobs in the archipelago's backwaters by improving agricultural productivity.[79] Another pillar to Prabowo's platform was that he was solidly secular, and his party planned to protect the rights of minority religious groups in the Muslim-majority country.[79]

According to numerous quick counts after the 9 April legislative election, Gerinda came in third place, positioning Prabowo as one of two main presidential candidates for the election to be held 9 July, the other being Jakarta governor, Joko Widodo.[80] On Tuesday, 20 May 2014, Golkar, along with the United Development Party (PPP), the National Mandate Party (PAN), the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS), and the Crescent Star Party (PBB), officially endorsed Prabowo Subianto to run for the 2014 presidential election; the coalition collected 48.9 percent of votes and 52.1 seats in the parliament.[81] The day before, Prabowo had picked former Coordinating Minister for Economics Hatta Rajasa as his vice-presidential running mate.[82]

Prabowo accepts the Great Indonesia Party's nomination for the 2014 presidential election in Lembah Hambalang, on 17 March 2012[76]

On 22 July 2014, the day that the KPU was due to announce its official tally, Prabowo withdrew from the race after having insisted on his victory since the initial quick counts were released, although the majority showed Jokowi ahead. He attributed this withdrawal to Indonesia "fail[ing] in its duty to democracy" because of "massive cheating that is structured and systematic",[83] and stated that he and Hatta "exercise our constitutional right to reject the presidential election and declare it unconstitutional".[84] His speech, aired live, implied he would challenge the results in the Constitutional Court.[83][83] Later reports indicated confusion over whether Prabowo had resigned from the election or simply rejected the count.[85]

According to Douglas Ramage of the Jakarta-based Bower's Asia Group, this was the first time since reformasi began in 1998 that the legitimacy of an election was questioned; he declared the country was entering "uncharted territory".[84] The legality of a Prabowo challenge is questionable, as – if he withdrew – he is no longer considered a presidential candidate.[84] If he can make the challenge, according to The Jakarta Post, the gap between the two is sufficient to make such a challenge difficult.[86] Under the presidential election law, Prabowo could face up to six years in prison and a 100 billion rupiah ($10 million) fine for withdrawing.[83][84] Later that evening, Joko Widodo was officially announced as president and began to receive congratulations from world leaders.[87]

Following the announcement, the value of the Indonesian rupiah dropped by 0.3 percent, and the JSX Composite fell by 0.9 percent.[85] Observers denied Prabowo's allegations of cheating, finding that the elections were "generally fair and free"; Maswadi Rauf of the University of Indonesia stated that there were "no sign of significant fraud", and that Prabowo's withdrawal simply reflected "the real attitudes of the elite, who are not yet ready to accept losing".[88] On 21 August 2014, the Indonesian Constitutional Court rejected his claim of fraud, confirming his election loss.[89]

On 12 April 2018, Prabowo announced he would contest Indonesia's 2019 presidential election if he could obtain sufficient support from other political parties.[90] Indonesian media had speculated on whether Prabowo would become a presidential candidate or a "king-maker" giving his support to another candidate.[91] Prabowo's brother Hashim in March 2018 said health and logistical factors had to be considered before the party announces a presidential candidate.[92]

In April 2018, John McBeth reported Maritime Coordinating Minister Luhut Panjaitan had held a series of meetings with Prabowo, culminating in the proposal of a joint Widodo-Prabowo ticket for the 2019 election. Luhut reportedly lost his enthusiasm after Prabowo allegedly said he would want to be in charge of the military and seven seats in any new cabinet.[93] Fadli Zon denied Luhut and Prabowo had discussed politics, claiming they merely spoke about Europe's move to limit imports of Indonesian palm oil. Gerindra official Andre Rosiade also dismissed the report as a hoax.[94]

On 10 August 2018, Prabowo registered at the KPU office for the 2019 presidential election with Sandiaga Uno as his running mate and with the support of Gerindra, PKS, PAN, the Democratic Party and Berkarya Party.[9] The Democratic Party had wanted Prabowo to choose Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono as his running mate.[95] Following the election, 'quick counts' conducted at polling stations by independent institutions authorized by the government indicated Widodo had won by a margin of about 10%, but Prabowo claimed victory, insisting a real count by his side showed he received 62% of the vote.[96]

On 23 October 2019, Prabowo was inaugurated as Indonesia's Minister of Defence by President Joko Widodo.[97]

Minister of Defence

Shortly after his inauguration, Prabowo began advocating for a "total people's war" doctrine for Indonesia's national defence.[98]

Following an incident in late 2019 where Chinese vessels violated Indonesian EEZ off the Natuna Islands, Prabowo called for a cautious response, referring to China as a "friendly nation",[99] for which he was criticized by netizens for being "too soft".[100] He also ordered the deployment of additional navy vessels in the region in response to the incident.[101]

Prabowo is planning to massively expand Indonesia's domestic ability to manufacture ammunition, as Indonesia's capacity to manufacture is only 450 million ammunition per year, despite a demand at 1 billion ammunition yearly.[102] Prabowo is looking to strengthen Indonesia's military by acquiring newer fighter aircraft such as General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon from United States and Dassault Rafale from France.[103]

Despite the controversy of his inaction in Natuna Island, a poll by Indo Barometer on early January show that Prabowo is the most popular minister in Jokowi's cabinet.[104]

Controversies

Paradise Papers

See also: Paradise Papers

In November 2017 an investigation conducted by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalism cited his name in the list of politicians named in "Paradise Papers" allegations.[105]

Ghost Fleet

On 18 September 2017, at the launch of a book on his father's political economy theory, Prabowo made a speech warning Indonesia could break apart in 2030. "In other countries, they have made studies, where the Republic of Indonesia has been declared no more in 2030," he said. A video clip of the speech was posted to Gerindra's official Facebook page on 18 March 2018. When asked which studies Prabowo was referring to, Gerindra official Elnino M. Husein Mohi said, "Prabowo has read various writings of people that are outside the country, intellectual observers that exist. You can also see them online."[106] It was subsequently revealed the "studies" were actually a 2015 science-fiction war novel called Ghost Fleet by American authors August Cole and P.W. Singer. A note by the authors at the start of the book states: "The following was inspired by real-world trends and technologies. But, ultimately, it is a work of fiction, not prediction."[107] Bemused by Prabowo citing the book, Singer posted on Twitter: "Indonesian opposition leader cites #GhostFleet in fiery campaign speeches... There have been many unexpected twists and turns from this book experience, but this may take the cake."[108]

Haiti gaffe

In late 2018, Prabowo was ridiculed after erroneously stating that Haiti, a republic in the Caribbean, is an African country. In a speech made on 23 December 2018 in Solo, Central Java, Prabowo said the Indonesian government had driven part of Indonesia's wealth offshore. "If this continues to go on, Indonesia will continue to be impoverished," he said. "We, Indonesians, are on par with African impoverished countries such as Rwanda, Haiti, and small islands like Kiribati, which we don't even know where it's located," he added.[109]

2019 presidential debate

On 17 January 2019, in the first debate between the candidates in Indonesia's April 2019 presidential election, Prabowo said some Indonesian governors deserve higher salaries considering the size of their provinces. He gave the example of Central Java province, which he claimed is larger than Malaysia (in population) . Local media reports pointed out that Central Java is 32,544.12 square kilometers, while Malaysia is 330,323 square kilometers.[110] After the media reported on the error, Prabowo's campaign team claimed he had actually been referring to the population totals of Malaysia and Central Java.[111]

In the same debate, Prabowo claimed that terrorist attacks in Indonesia were caused by poverty and perpetrated by non-Muslims disguised as Muslims, sent by other countries and controlled by foreigners. Media reports refuted his claims, pointing out that some Indonesian terrorist bombers were not poor and were not manipulated by foreigners.[112]

References

Citations

  1. ^ "Kenalkan Prabowo Jadi Menhan, Jokowi: Beliau Lebih Tahu Tugasnya dari Saya" ["We present Prabowo Subianto as the defence minister, he knows hes tasks more than me" (Jokowi states)]. Detik.com. 23 October 2019. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  2. ^ "Indonesian President Jokowi announces new Cabinet". The Straits Times. 23 October 2019. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  3. ^ Bellman, Eric (3 August 2012). "Indonesians Turn Gaze to Suharto-Era General". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
  4. ^ Topsfield, Jewel (8 May 2018). "Prabowo Subianto opens up on Jakarta elections and the 2019 presidency". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  5. ^ "Jordan to enhance ties with RI", The Jakarta Post, 26 May 2015, archived from the original on 26 March 2019, retrieved 26 March 2019
  6. ^ "PDI-P hails Prabowo as Megawati's running mate". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012.
  7. ^ "Prabowo Runs for President". 22 November 2011. Archived from the original on 25 November 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
  8. ^ "Jakarta governor Widodo wins Indonesian presidential election". Indonesia News.Net. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  9. ^ a b "Dihadiri AHY, Prabowo-Sandiaga Uno resmi mendaftar di KPU". BBC News Indonesia (in Indonesian). 10 August 2018. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
  10. ^ Ghaliya, Ghina (21 May 2019). "KPU names Jokowi winner of election". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 21 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  11. ^ Barker, Anne (22 May 2019). "Prabowo Subianto's loss in Indonesia's election sparks deadly protests in Jakarta". ABC News. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  12. ^ Ready Susanto, Mari mengenal kabinet Indonesia [Let's know the cabinet of Indonesia], Lazuardi Buku Utama, Jakarta, 2011.
  13. ^ a b Friend (2003), p. 323
  14. ^ Schröter, Susanne (2010). Christianity in Indonesia: Perspectives of Power. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 311. ISBN 9783643107985.
  15. ^ "Hashim's new horizons". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  16. ^ The American School in London – 1968: Gateway, p. 32 [yearbook]
  17. ^ Djojohadikusumo, Margono (2000). Kenang-Kenangan dari Tiga Zaman. Penerbit Indira.
  18. ^ http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/02/06/didit-meets-parisian-haute-couture's-challenge.html
  19. ^ a b c d e f Conboy, Ken (2003). Kopassus: Inside Indonesia's Special Forces. Equinox Publishing
  20. ^ "Washingtonpost.com: Indonesia Report". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  21. ^ John G. Taylor, East Timor: The Price of Freedom (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999; 1st ed., 1991), p. xv. (in Friend (2003), p. 433.)
  22. ^ Davis, Mark (12 July 1999). "Blood on the Cross". Four Corners, Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 23 December 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  23. ^ "West Papua Report January 2013" (PDF). ReliefWeb. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  24. ^ Friend (2003), p. 325
  25. ^ Friend (2005), p. 330
  26. ^ a b Friend (2003), p. 331
  27. ^ Friend (2003), p. 315
  28. ^ Berfield and Loveard, Ten Days, in The Last Days of President Suharto, Edward Aspinall, Herb Feith, and Gerry van Klinken, eds. (Clayton, Victoria: Monash Asia Institute, 1999), pp. 57–58.
  29. ^ "Korban yang Dikembalikan". Kontras. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  30. ^ "PRD INDONESIA: TESTIMONY OF ANDI ARIEF". xs4all.nl. Archived from the original on 10 February 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
  31. ^ Thompson, Geoff (31 March 2009). "The Farmer Wants a Country". ABC Foreign Correspondent. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  32. ^ "Kronik Kasus Penculikan dan Penghilangan Paksa Aktivis 1997 – 1998" (PDF). kotras.org. Kontras. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  33. ^ Purdey 2006, p. 106
  34. ^ Sijabat, Ridwan Max (13 May 2004). "Six years after, May 1998 tragedy still unresolved". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
  35. ^ Purdey 2006, p. 107
  36. ^ Purdey 2006, pp. 150–151
  37. ^ Purdey 2006, p. 148
  38. ^ Purdey 2006, p. 153
  39. ^ "Prabowo, Gerindra Fight Accusations of Past Rights Abuses". etan.org. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  40. ^ Purdey 2006, p. 154
  41. ^ Adam Schwartz, A Nation in Waiting, pp. 367–369; Donald Emmerson, Indonesia Beyond Suharto, p. 309; Kees Van Dijk, A Country in Despair, pp. 209–210. All three from Friend (2003), p. 346
  42. ^ Jusuf Habibie, "Detik-detik yang Menentukan: Jalan Panjang Indonesia Menuju Demokrasi" (trans. "Decisive Moments: Indonesia's Long Road towards Democracy")
  43. ^ McBeth, John (4 June 1998). "Soldiering On: Military chief faces down one threat but others loom". Far Eastern Economic Review. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 1998. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  44. ^ a b c "ASIANOW – Asiaweek – Cover: The Scapegoat? – Page 1 – 3/3/2000". CNN. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  45. ^ a b Friend (2003), p. 347
  46. ^ a b Purdey 2006, p. 155
  47. ^ Sihaloho, Markus (30 May 2014). "A Checkered Past Continues to Dog Would-Be Leader". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  48. ^ "Prabowo unsuitable for president, rights campaigners say". The Jakarta Post. 7 May 2014. Archived from the original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  49. ^ "Journalist Allan Nairn Threatened for Exposing Indonesian Pres. Candidate's Role in Mass Killings". Democracy Now!. 27 June 2014. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
  50. ^ a b "Pulp Factory Kiani Kertas in the limelight again, August 05". watchindonesia.org. Archived from the original on 10 August 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  51. ^ "asiaviews.org at Directnic". asiaviews.org. Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  52. ^ PT. VIVA MEDIA BARU. "Bisnis Prabowo yang Menggurita". VIVA.co.id. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  53. ^ "5 Bulan Tak Digaji Karyawan Prabowo Subianto Mogok – Tempo Nasional". Tempo. Archived from the original on 4 May 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  54. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  55. ^ "Churchill Mining seeks $2 billion from Indonesia". Reuters UK. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  56. ^ Schonhardt, Sara (6 June 2012). "British Mining Company Sues Indonesia Over $1.8 Billion Coal Project". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  57. ^ "Now you own it, now you don't". The Economist. 1 October 2011. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  58. ^ "Rich seam of conflict over coal discovery". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 10 April 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  59. ^ "Bupati Kutai Timur: Opini Masyarakat, Prabowo Layak Jadi Presiden – Kompas.com: Indonesia Satu". kompas.com. Archived from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  60. ^ "East Kutai Regent Claims to have New Evidences Against Churchill". tempo.co. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  61. ^ Tempointeraktif (3 December 2004). "Prabowo Ikut Bursa Calon Ketua HKTI" (in Indonesian). Tempointeraktif. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  62. ^ Himpunan Kerukunan Tani Indonesia. "Ketua Umum Prabowo Subianto" (in Indonesian). HKTI. Archived from the original on 8 September 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  63. ^ did. "Prabowo Terpilih Secara Aklamasi Pimpin HKTI". detiknews. Archived from the original on 10 August 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  64. ^ hen (6 August 2008). "Prabowo Subianto Jadi Ketua Asosiasi Pedagang Pasar". detikfinance. Archived from the original on 10 August 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  65. ^ Suara Merdeka CyberNews. "SUARA MERDEKA CETAK – Lagi, Prabowo Pimpin PB IPSI". suaramerdeka.com. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  66. ^ Friend (2003), p. 324
  67. ^ Friend (2003), pp. 203, 324
  68. ^ "Surat Dari Redaksi" (Letter from the Editor), Tempo, 6–12 Oct 98, p. 7; Schwarz, Nation in Waiting, pp. 161–162, 320, 490n35.
  69. ^ Ananta, Aris (November 2005). Emerging Democracy in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 94. ISBN 978-981-230-322-6. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  70. ^ M. Rizal Maslan (9 May 2008). "Datangi KPU, Partai Gerindra Usung Prabowo Sebagai Capres" (in Indonesian). Detik.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  71. ^ "Megawati-Prabowo team files lawsuit protesting presidential election result". The Jakarta Post. 28 July 2009. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  72. ^ "Prabowo Runs for President". Kompas.com. 22 November 2011. Archived from the original on 25 November 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  73. ^ "Prabowo Receives Presidential Nod in 2nd Public Poll". Jakarta Globe. 28 February 2012. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  74. ^ "Mencari Calon Presiden 2014". Lembaga Survei Indonesia. 23 February 2012. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  75. ^ Ronna Nirmala (24 February 2012). "President Prabowo? LSI Survey Says Yes". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  76. ^ a b "Prabowo Resmi Jadi Capres Partai Gerindra". Republika Online. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  77. ^ JPNN. "Muzani: Gerindra Menang, Prabowo Presiden". jpnn.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  78. ^ Paul Goddard. "Newsmaker Interview: Prabowo Subianto". American Chamber of Commerce in Indonesia. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  79. ^ a b Eric Bellman (1 August 2012). "Indonesians Turn Gaze to Suharto-Era General". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2 June 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  80. ^ Indonesia Investments. "Analysis of Quick Count Results of the Indonesian Legislative Election 2014". indonesia-investments.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  81. ^ Reza Aditya (20 May 2014). "Prabowo Signs Coalition Agreement with Six Parties". Tempo. Archived from the original on 5 June 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  82. ^ Ericssen (19 May 2014). "BREAKING: Prabowo Subianto Declares Hatta Rajasa as VP Pick in Indonesian Election". Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  83. ^ a b c d Bachelard, Michael (22 July 2014). "Prabowo Subianto 'withdraws' from Indonesian presidential election on day vote was to be declared". Sidney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  84. ^ a b c d "Prabowo withdraws from Indonesian election process". CNN. 22 July 2014. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  85. ^ a b "Widodo Heads for Indonesia Win as Prabowo Withdraws From Count". Bloomberg. 22 July 2014. Archived from the original on 22 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  86. ^ "Official, final tally: Jokowi 53.15%, Prabowo 46.85%". The Jakarta Post. 22 July 2014. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  87. ^ Joe Cochrane (22 July 2014). "Joko Widodo, Populist Governor, Is Named Winner in Indonesian Presidential Vote". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  88. ^ "Jakarta Governor Wins Indonesian Presidency". ABC News. 22 June 2014. Archived from the original on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  89. ^ "Indonesian court: No proof of election fraud – Asian Correspondent". asiancorrespondent.com. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  90. ^ Aritonang, Margareth S. (12 April 2018). "It's official: Prabowo to join 2019 race". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  91. ^ "Prabowo, Jadi Capres atau King Maker?". Republika.com. 26 February 2018. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  92. ^ Erdianto, Kristian (28 March 2018). "Soal Pencapresan Prabowo, Hashim Bicara Kesehatan dan Logistik". Kpmpas.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  93. ^ "Indonesia moving toward a one-horse race". Asia Times. 15 April 2018. Archived from the original on 16 April 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  94. ^ Galih, Bayu (16 April 2018). "Prabowo Diberitakan Minta 7 Kursi Kabinet jika Jadi Cawapres Jokowi, Gerindra Sebut Hoaks". Kompas.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  95. ^ "'Walau kecewa, PD tidak khianati koalisi': Partai Demokrat akhirnya dukung Prabowo-Sandiaga". BBC News Indonesia (in Indonesian). 10 August 2018. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
  96. ^ Walton, Kate (18 April 2018). "Widodo leads Indonesia presidential race: Unofficial results". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  97. ^ Fullerton, Jamie (23 October 2019). "'Dark day for human rights': Subianto named as Indonesia's defence minister". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  98. ^ "Prabowo: Kalau Terpaksa, Kita Lakukan Perang Rakyat Semesta". CNBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). 11 November 2019. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  99. ^ "Natuna conflict pits Prabowo against former allies". The Jakarta Post. 10 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  100. ^ Ng, Jefferson (15 January 2020). "The Natuna Sea Incident: How Indonesia Is Managing Its Bilateral Relationship With China". The Diplomat. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  101. ^ "Minister Prabowo to deploy more ships to protect Natuna". The Jakarta Post. 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  102. ^ Nufus, Wilda. "Belanja Alutsista, Prabowo Fokus Pengadaan Pesawat Tempur-Produksi Peluru". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  103. ^ "Prabowo Incar Pesawat Tempur & Kapal Selam Buat Pertahanan RI, Ini Kecanggihannya". merdeka.com. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  104. ^ "Indo Barometer: Prabowo Paling Populer di Kabinet Jokowi". nasional (in Indonesian). Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  105. ^ "Explore The Politicians in the Paradise Papers". ICIJ. Archived from the original on 6 November 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
  106. ^ "The 'study' Prabowo said predicted Indonesia would dissolve by 2030 is actually a sci-fi techno-thriller called 'Ghost Fleet'". Coconuts Jakarta. 21 March 2018. Archived from the original on 22 March 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  107. ^ P. W. Singer; August Cole (2015). Ghost Fleet: A Novel of the Next World War. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-544-14284-8.
  108. ^ Nugroho, Bagus Prihantoro (22 March 2018). "Penulis Novel 'Ghost Fleet' Posting Foto Prabowo di Twitter". detikcom. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  109. ^ Afifa, Laila (26 December 2018). "Prabowo Likens Indonesia's Economy to African Country Haiti". Tempo.co. Archived from the original on 28 December 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  110. ^ Arnani, Mela (17 January 2019). "CEK FAKTA: Prabowo Sebut Jawa Tengah Lebih Luas dari Malaysia". Kompas.com. Archived from the original on 20 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  111. ^ "Tim Prabowo Jelaskan Maksud Jateng Lebih Besar dari Malaysia". detikcom. 19 January 2019. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  112. ^ Kennedy, Eddward S. (18 January 2019). "Debat Capres: Kok Bisa Prabowo Sebut Teroris Dikirim Negara Asing?". tirto.id. Archived from the original on 20 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.

Sources

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prabowo Subianto Djojohadikusumo.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Prabowo Subianto.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prabowo_Subianto&oldid=964207020"