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Kortrijk

Coordinates: 50°50′N 03°16′E / 50.833°N 3.267°E / 50.833; 3.267
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For the Dutch village, see Kortrijk, Netherlands.
Kortrijk
Kortryk / Kortrik (West Flemish)
Courtrai (French)
Municipality
Broel Towers along the river Lys in Kortrijk
Broel Towers along the river Lys in Kortrijk
Flag of Kortrijk
Flag
Coat of arms of Kortrijk
Coat of arms
Location of Kortrijk
Map
Kortrijk is located in Belgium
Kortrijk
Kortrijk
Location in Belgium
Location of Kortrijk in West Flanders
Coordinates: 50°50′N 03°16′E / 50.833°N 3.267°E / 50.833; 3.267
Country Belgium
CommunityFlemish Community
RegionFlemish Region
ProvinceWest Flanders
ArrondissementKortrijk
Government
 • MayorVincent Van Quickenborne (Open VLD)
 • Governing party/iesOpen VLD, N-VA, sp.a
Area
 • Total
80.69 km2 (31.15 sq mi)
Population
 (2022-01-01)[1]
 • Total
77,741
 • Density960/km2 (2,500/sq mi)
Postal codes
85xx (8500, 8501, 8510, 8511)
NIS code
34022
Area codes056
Websitewww.kortrijk.be

Kortrijk (/ˈkɔːrtraɪk/ KORT-ryke, Dutch: [ˈkɔrtrɛik] ⓘ; Template:Lang-vls or Kortrik; Template:Lang-fr [kuʁtʁɛ]; Template:Lang-la), also known in English as Courtrai or Courtray[2][3] (/kʊərˈtreɪ/ koor-TRAY), is a Belgian city and municipality in the Flemish province of West Flanders.

It is the capital and largest city of the judicial and administrative arrondissement of Kortrijk. The wider municipality comprises the city of Kortrijk proper and the villages of Aalbeke, Bellegem, Bissegem, Heule, Kooigem, Marke, and Rollegem. Kortrijk is also part of the cross-border Lille-Kortrijk-Tournai metropolitan area.[4][5]

The city is on the river Leie, 42 km (26 mi) southwest of Ghent and 25 km (16 mi) northeast of Lille. Mouscron in Wallonia is just south of Kortrijk.[6]

Beguinage of Kortrijk

Kortrijk originated from a Gallo-Roman town, Cortoriacum,[7] at a crossroads near the Leie river and two Roman roads. In the Middle Ages, Kortrijk grew significantly thanks to the flax and wool industry with France and England and became one of the biggest and richest cities in Flanders. The city is often referred to as City of Groeninge or City of the Golden Spurs, referring to the Battle of Courtrai or the Battle of the Golden Spurs which took place on 11 July 1302 on the Fields of Groeninge in Kortrijk. In 1820 the Treaty of Kortrijk was signed, laying out the still-current borders between France and Belgium. Throughout the 19th and 20th century, the flax industry flourished and remains important within the Belgian textile industry today.

Kortrijk is the largest city in southern West Flanders, with several hospitals, colleges and a university. Kortrijk was the first city in Belgium with a pedestrian shopping street, the Korte Steenstraat.

History

Name

The Roman name Cortoriacum[7] meant in Latin, the settlement near the curb in the river.[citation needed] There is also mention of 'Cortoracum' in some literature. Its name later evolved to 'Cortrycke', 'Cortryck' and 'Kortrijk' (19th Century). The French call it Courtrai.

Origins Roman times

Findings from an archeological dig in 1950 in which remains of three Roman funeral pyres were found[8] suggest that the vicus was used as an encampment by the Romans during their invasion of Britain in 43 CE.

Cortoriacum was a larger Gallo-Roman vicus of civitas Menapiorum at an important crossroads near the Lys river of the Roman roads linking Tongeren and Cassel and Tournai and Oudenburg. It was first mentioned in a document from the 4th or 5th century called Notitia Dignitatum where the Cortoriacenses (Cavalry)Troops were mentioned. In the 9th century, Baldwin II, Count of Flanders established fortifications against the Vikings. The town gained its city charter in 1190 from Philip, Count of Flanders. The population growth required new defensive walls, part of which can still be seen today (the Broeltorens, Armory, Kortrijk). Several local places still refer to physical parts of the defensive structures around Kortrijk (Walle, Waterpoort, Menenpoort, Gentsepoort, Brugsepoort, Kasteelkaai); Most of the physical parts have been overbuilt or destroyed.

The second castle of Kortrijk

In the 13th century, the battles between Fernando of Portugal, Count of Flanders and his first cousin, King Louis VIII of France, led to the destruction of the city. The Counts of Flanders had it rebuilt soon after. To promote industry and weaving in the town, Joan, Countess of Flanders exempted settlers in Kortrijk from property tax.[9] From that time, Kortrijk gained great importance as a center of linen production.

Battle of the Golden Spurs

Main article: Battle of the Golden Spurs

In 1302, the population of Bruges started a successful uprising against the French, who had annexed Flanders a couple of years earlier. On 18 May the French population in that city was massacred, an event that could not go unpunished. The famous ensuing Battle of Courtrai in 1302, also known as the Battle of the Golden Spurs (Dutch: Guldensporenslag), between the Flemish people, mostly commoners and farmers, and Philip the Fair’s knights took place near Kortrijk on 11 July, resulting in a victory for Flanders;[10] the date is now commemorated as a national holiday by the whole Flemish community.

Following a new uprising by the Flemish in 1323, this time against their own Count Louis I, the French invaded again. These Flemish acquisitions were consolidated by the French at the Battle of Cassel (1328).

Louis I’s son Louis II lost the city to a Flemish uprising led by Philip van Artevelde in 1381, but the Flemish were later decisively defeated at the 1382 Battle of Roosebeke by Louis II with French support, resulting in a new wave of plundering and destruction.

15th century to modern times

Most of the 15th century was prosperous under the Dukes of Burgundy, until the death of the Burgundian heiress, Mary of Burgundy, in 1482, which ushered in renewed fighting with France.

The 16th century was marked by the confrontations engendered by the Reformation and the uprising of the Netherlands against Spain.

Louis XIV’s reign saw Kortrijk occupied by the French five times in sixty years and its former fortifications razed. The Treaty of Utrecht finally assigned the whole area to Austria.

After the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era, the textile industry, based on flax, and the general economy of the city could finally prosper again.

Kortrijk was heavily bombed in the summer of 1917, but was liberated by the British Army the following year. During World War II the city was an important railway hub for the German army, and for this reason was the target of several allied air-strikes. On 21 July 1944 (the Belgian National Day) around 300 Avro Lancasters dropped over 5,000 bombs on the city center.[11] Many historical buildings on the central square, as well as the old railway station, were destroyed.

Battle of Courtrai

Battles fought there in 1302, 1580, 1793, 1794, 1814, 1815, and 1918 have each been called Battle of Courtrai

Geography

The medieval city hall.

Municipality

After the 1977 fusion the city is made up of:

Neighboring municipalities

The metropolitan area, including the outer commuter zone, also consists of Kuurne, Wevelgem, Zwevegem and Harelbeke. Although these municipalities have strong morphologic ties with Kortrijk, they aren't officially part of the city.

Climate

Kortrijk has an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb).

Climate data for Kortrijk (1981–2010 normals, sunshine 1984–2013)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.0
(42.8) 		6.9
(44.4) 		10.7
(51.3) 		14.3
(57.7) 		18.1
(64.6) 		20.7
(69.3) 		23.2
(73.8) 		23.1
(73.6) 		19.6
(67.3) 		15.2
(59.4) 		9.9
(49.8) 		6.4
(43.5) 		14.6
(58.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.5
(38.3) 		3.8
(38.8) 		6.7
(44.1) 		9.4
(48.9) 		13.2
(55.8) 		16.0
(60.8) 		18.2
(64.8) 		18.1
(64.6) 		14.9
(58.8) 		11.2
(52.2) 		7.0
(44.6) 		4.0
(39.2) 		10.5
(50.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.8
(33.4) 		0.6
(33.1) 		2.8
(37.0) 		4.5
(40.1) 		8.5
(47.3) 		11.4
(52.5) 		13.5
(56.3) 		13.0
(55.4) 		10.3
(50.5) 		7.3
(45.1) 		4.0
(39.2) 		1.6
(34.9) 		6.6
(43.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 70.2
(2.76) 		54.9
(2.16) 		63.6
(2.50) 		50.5
(1.99) 		63.7
(2.51) 		71.9
(2.83) 		76.3
(3.00) 		71.3
(2.81) 		68.4
(2.69) 		77.1
(3.04) 		81.1
(3.19) 		80.1
(3.15) 		829.2
(32.65)
Average precipitation days 12.7 10.6 12.3 9.9 11.1 10.1 10.1 9.5 10.7 11.9 13.3 13.0 135.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 59 79 122 177 205 200 214 202 149 119 65 49 1,639
Source: Royal Meteorological Institute[12]

Main sights

The Theatre Square (Schouwburgplein) is one of the most scenic places in Kortrijk's old city centre (picture taken during the annual Summer Carnival in August)
Old streets in the Béguinage.
Interior of the Saint-Anthony church
Medieval houses at the Begijnhof

Architecture

Much of the city's medieval architecture remains intact and is remarkably well preserved and restored. The city centre is one of the largest car-free areas in Belgium. The béguinage, as well as the belfry, were recognized by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites in 1998 and 1999. Interesting highlights are:

Civil

Religious

  • The Saint-Martin church dates from the 13th century but was mostly rebuilt after a fire in the 15th century. It now houses a 48-bell carillon. Its 83-meter (272 feet) tower remains the highest building in the city.
  • The beguinage is one of the quaintest sites in the city. It too, was listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.[14]
  • The church of Our Lady (Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekerk) is former collegiate church. Here the golden spurs taken from the battlefield in 1302 were hung. It houses a rich interior with an altar piece of van Dyck.
  • the Count’s chapel (Gravenkapel), built after the example of la Sainte Chapelle in Paris as shrine for Louis II of Flanders.
  • Saint-Michaelschurch; a church of the Society of Jesus
  • Saint-Johnschurch in the St.-Johnsquarter; a Neo-Gothic basilica
  • Groeninge Abbey
  • Saint Eligiuschurch
  • Saint-Pius X-church
  • Saint-Rochchurch
  • Saint-Elisabethchurch
  • Saint-Anthonychurch or Toontjes kerk with the pilgrimage of Isidore of Saint Joseph
  • Saint-Annechurch
  • Saint-Theresiachurch
  • Father Damienchurch

Museums

Museums in Kortrijk include:

  • Kortrijk 1302: seven centuries in one day, a historic museum about the famous Battle of the Golden Spurs, which gave Flanders its official holiday (11 July)
  • Broelmuseum (Museum of Fine Arts and archaeological museum), with paintings by Roelant Savery and international Ceramic.
  • National Flax Museum in honour of the plant that once was the main driver of Kortrijk’s economy. This museum will be relocated.
  • Groeninge Abbey with the Groeningemuseum. This museum gives you an overview of Kortrijk's history.
  • Beguinage museum located in the old town, in the béguinage.
  • Flemish Film museum and archive
  • Bakery- and Millmuseum, located in an old windmill.
  • Museum of Agriculture
  • International Rose gardens, located in the park of the Castle t Hooghe, in the Hoog-Kortrijk quarter just in front of Kortrijk Xpo.
  • Begijnhofmuseum

Transport

Road

Kortrijk lies at the intersection of three highways:

  • The E17: connects Kortrijk with Ghent, Sint-Niklaas and Antwerp to the northeast, and with Lille and Paris to the south-west.
  • The E403: connects Kortrijk with Bruges and Ostend to the north, and with Tournai, Mons and Charleroi to the south-east.
  • The Belgian highway A19: connects Kortrijk with Ypres and the Belgian coast.
  • In addition Kortrijk also has two ringways:
    • The R8: connects the outskirts of Kortrijk with each other and the surrounding villages, and also leads to the A19, E403 and E17 roads.
    • The R36: connects the different downtown quarters with each other, and provides access to the main avenues.

Railway

Public city transport

Kortrijk has an extensive web of public transport lines, operated by De Lijn, providing access to the city centre and the suburbs (city lines, Template:Lang-nl) and to many towns and villages in the region around the city (regional lines, Template:Lang-nl).

  • City buses:
    • Line 1: Station – Kortrijk Xpo – Kinepolis – Leiedal
    • Line 2: Station – Lange Munte
    • Line 4: Station – Bissegem Station – Heule Kransvijver
    • Line 50: Station – Kuurne Seizoenswijk
    • Line 51: Station – Kuurne Sint-Pieter
    • Line 6: Station – Shopping Center (– Industriezone) – Heule Markt
    • Line 9: Station – Cederlaan
    • Line 12: Station – Kinepolis – Bellegem – Rollegem (– Aalbeke)
    • Line 13: Station – Hoog Kortrijk
    • Line 80/81: Station – Marke
    • Line 91/92/93: Station – Zwevegem
  • Regional buses
At Kortrijk main railway station, there is a bus station where regional buses stop as well.

Airport

Kortrijk Airport.

Waterways

New Groeningebridge and Albertpark.

The river Lys (Leie) is an important way of transporting goods through inland navigation. The Bossuit-Kortrijk Canal enables in the city centre a direct connection with the river Scheldt.

Within the City, the river briefly splits in two, to re-join about a mile further.

  • Oude Leie (Old Lys) original southernmost riverbed where the Broel towers still stand.
  • Nieuwe Leie (New Lys) New bed that was dug around 1585 by Humans to accommodate water powered equipment [citation needed][15]

From the 1970s on, the planning and later the execution of the so-called Leiewerken (Leieworks) started. These construction works comprised the deepening and widening of the river. This would enable ships with 4400 tons to navigate from France to the Scheldt. At the same time, this project included a thorough urban renewal of the riversides in the city. Seven new bridges were to give a new architectural impulse to the river quarters as well as the construction of several new parks along the river.

The following bridges were built during the period of 1997 and 2012:

  • Dambrug
  • Groeningebrug near the AlbertPark
  • Ronde van Vlaanderenbrug near the new Nelson Mandelapark
  • Collegebrug referring to the St Amands college
  • Noordbrug (2010)
  • Budabrug
  • Reepbrug (to be constructed)

More recently (2018), the banks in front of the Broel Towers were lowered to allow the public to enjoy the historic river banks along both sides of the River Lys (Leie). This area is now known as the Leieboorden (or Banks of the River Lys), a place for pedestrians with bars and restaurants.

Other Smaller Waterways with Historic and Geological value

Several small streams or Beken in and around Courtrai were of significant topological, historical and Geological value.[16]

  • Lange Mere Mentioned in the Town accounts of 1412-13 as Langhe Meere.
  • Mosscher (High Mossher and Low Mosscher) ending in the Southern Moat (Sanderus Map[17] mentions only the 'Mosscher as a single toponym. It was also mentioned in almost full length on the Deventer Map.[18]
  • Groeninghe (first mentioned as Groeninc in 1412[citation needed] ) Its name came from the green color of the flooded meadow where it originated.
  • Grote Vijver (first mention as Hoghen vivere in the town accounts of 1416-17).
  • St-Jan's stream - Human Dug connecting stream
  • Klakkaert stream
  • Moat around the City (south of the Leie or Lys)
  • Neveldries
  • Bloedmeers

Cycling and pedestrian areas

Cars are required to yield to pedestrians and cyclists. In general, cars are led to large underground car parks in the historic centre of Kortrijk or Park&Ride parking outside the town centre. Large parts of the historic centre are car free.

Economy

The city is historically connected with the flax and the textile industry, and still today the textile industry remains important in the region. Major companies which have headquarters in Kortrijk include Cisco, Barco and Bekaert.

Education

Kortrijk serves as an educational centre in south West Flanders, attracting students from the entire region.

There are 55 schools in Kortrijk, on 72 different locations throughout the city, with an estimated 21,000 students.[19]

The city also provides higher education. The KULAK, a campus of the Catholic University of Leuven, is located in on the south edge of the city, in the Hoog Kortrijk quarter. Other institutes of higher education include the Katholieke Hogeschool Zuid-West-Vlaanderen (KATHO) and Hogeschool West-Vlaanderen (HOWEST) university colleges. There is also a campus of Ghent University.

European cooperation

Even though Kortrijk is a Dutch-speaking town, it borders Wallonia, and is only 9 km (5.6 mi) away from the border with France. This has created an urban area that extends across linguistic and national borders. The mayors of Lille, Kortrijk and Tournai met in Kortrijk on 28 January 2008 to sign a document creating the first European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation within the EU. The purpose of this organisation is to facilitate the movement of people within this area of nearly 2 million people.

Culture

Theatres and concert venues

The City Theatre.
  • Kortrijk has several cultural centres, each comprising different locations:
    • Cultural Centre Kortrijk
    • City Theatre (De Schouwburg, see picture), a neo-Renaissance architecture theatre known for its glass ceiling, an artwork of the French-Algerian artist Alberola
    • Arenatheatre
    • Antigone Theatre
    • Buda Kunstencentrum (Buda Arts Centre), comprising the cinema Budascoop, the artist residence Tacktower and the artist creation space Budafactory
    • The Concertstudio
    • Music Centre Track*
    • Concert venue De Kreun
  • Cinemas
    • Kinepolis, a modern cinema multiplex with 10 screens.
    • Budascoop, a 5 screen cinema, specialised in European movies.

Festivals and events

The city is host to some sizable cultural events such as:

  • Day of the Flemish Community (11 July)
  • Golden River City Jazz Festival (first weekend of September)
  • Humorologie: cabaret festival
  • Next: arts festival in the Eurodistrict Kortrijk-Lille-Tournai
  • Happy New Ears: festival of experimental modern music
  • Budafest: theatre festival
  • The Internationaal Festival van Vlaanderen (April–May): several concerts of classical and modern music.
  • Novarock: rock festival in Kortrijk Xpo
  • Easter Carnival (Paasfoor): during the weeks after Easter
  • Sinxenfestival: one of the most vivid festivals downtown with street artists, concerts and flea markets all over town
  • Kortrijk Congé (July)
  • Alcatraz Hard Rock & Metal Festival (August)
  • Summer Carnival (weekend in August)
  • Student Welcome Concert: rock festival to celebrate the start of the new academic year at the Kortrijk University and the Kortrijk Colleges.

Also, trade shows and events such as the international Design Fair Interieur, Busworld and the Eurodogshow take place in the Kortrijk Xpo event center. These fairs attract numerous visitors to the city.

In July and August there are various boat tours on the river Leie.

Food

Local specialities include Kalletaart (apple cake with Calvados), Peperbollen, biscuits, and chocolate little beguines. The town of Heule is the home of the Picobrouwerij Alvinne brewery, while Bellegem is the home of the Bockor brewery.

Leisure

Shopping

The new downtown shopping centre K in Kortrijk.
  • Kortrijk was the first town in Belgium to have a fully traffic-free shopping street, the Korte Steenstraat (1962). Later, a lot of neighbouring streets were also made traffic-free. As a result, Kortrijk nowadays has one of the biggest traffic-free areas in Belgium (comprising Lange Steenstraat, Steenpoort, Sint-Jansttraat, Wijngaardstraat and several squares).
  • Kortrijk has several indoor shopping malls including the Ring Shopping Kortrijk Noord, Bouwcentrum Pottelberg and K in Kortrijk (opened March 2010). The latter is in the town centre and which links the main shopping street (Lange Steenstraat) with the Veemarket square. It contains up to 90 stores, including Mediamarkt, H&M, Zara and many other clothes, food and houseware stores.

Parks

The Queen Astrid park.
  • Beguinagepark
  • Groeningepark, on the site of the Groeningekouter where the Battle of Courtrai or the Battle of the Golden Spurs took place. In contains the Groeningegate and the Groeninge Monument
  • King Albertpark, with the Leiemonument which commemorates the Battle of the Lys
  • Gebroeders van Raemdonckpark
  • Queen Astridpark in the Overleie district
  • 't Plein, a nineteenth-century park, laid out on a former military site
  • Park de Blauwe Poort
  • Magdalenapark
  • Rozentuin, the International Rose Garden
  • Stadsgroen Messeyne
  • Kasteelpark Blommeghem
  • Kasteelpark 't Hooghe
  • Nolfpark
  • Stadsgroen Venning, with a butterfly garden

Sports

Football

Kortrijk has three official football clubs.

Basketball

  • Kortrijk Sport CB
  • Basketbalteam Kortrijk

Cycling

In Flanders generally, professional cycling is very popular. Many cycling races start, finish or pass through the Kortrijk area. Amongst them are the Driedaagse van West-Vlaanderen, Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne, Gent–Wevelgem, the Tour of Flanders and Dwars door Vlaanderen. Kortrijk also hosts an after-tour criterium at the start of August called Kortrijk Koerse. Many of the riders who participated in the Tour de France usually appear at the start.

Rugby

Tennis

  • Tennis Club De Egelantier

Swimming

  • KZK, Kortrijkse Zwemkring, arguably the best waterpolo team in Belgium, having won the Belgian championship nine times. In the 2007–2008 season they won both the championship and the Belgian cup.

Notable citizens

Town twinning

Kortrijk participates in town twinning to encourage good international relations.[23]

  • The Patriapalace
    The Patriapalace
  • The Saint-Martenstower
    The Saint-Martenstower
  • House in Empire style
    House in Empire style
  • The old town (The Gun Powder Tower, De Kruittoren)
    The old town (The Gun Powder Tower, De Kruittoren)
  • The Groeningegate
    The Groeningegate
  • Count's Chapel
    Count's Chapel
  • Old houses in the historical city centre
    Old houses in the historical city centre
  • The Groeninge Monument
    The Groeninge Monument
  • The Saint-Elooichurch
    The Saint-Elooichurch

Notes

  1. ^ "Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2022". Statbel.
  2. ^ "Internet site of the town of Izegem". Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  3. ^ "An inventory of locations suitable for wind energy in Flanders region". Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  4. ^ List of municipalities : http://fr.eurometropolis.eu/qui-sommes-nous/territoire.html Archived 2015-03-21 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ "EUROMETROPOLIS : Eurometropolis Lille-Kortrijk-Tournai, the 1st European cross-bordrer metropolis".
  6. ^ (in French) Populationdata.net Archived 2008-10-09 at the Wayback Machine, Palmarès des plus grandes villes du monde – page 3]
  7. ^ a b "The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, CORTORIACUM (Courtrai) Belgium". Retrieved 2018-06-08.
  8. ^ http://www.all-archeo.be/rapporten/217_Kortrijk_Morinnestraat/217%20Rapport%20Kortrijk%20-%20Morinnestraat.pdf
  9. ^ Fegley, 124
  10. ^ Courtrai (Flem. Kortrijk), a walled town of Belgium, on the Lys, 54 miles SW. of Brussels by rail, and 6 from the French frontier. It has a fine eld bridge flanked with towers, a noble townhall (1526), belfry, and a beautiful Gothic church, founded in 1238 by Baldwin, Count of Flanders. Table damask, linen, and lace are the chief manufactures. Population, about 35,000. Here, in 1302, the citizens of Ghent and Bruges won over the French the 'Battle of the Spurs,' so named from the number of gilt spurs gathered from the dead. Chambers's Concise Gazetteer Of The World, by David Patrick. W. & R. Chambers, Limited, 1906.
  11. ^ From De Standaard 17/07/09 Kortrijk is bombardement na 65 jaar nog niet vergeten
  12. ^ "Klimaatstatistieken van de Belgische gemeenten" (PDF) (in Dutch). Royal Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  13. ^ UNESCO. "Belfries of Belgium and France". Retrieved 2008-01-26.
  14. ^ UNESCO. "Flemish Béguinages". Retrieved 2008-01-26.
  15. ^ AC02717376, Anonymus (1966). Acta Historiae Neerlandica. Brill Archive.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) p.11
  16. ^ Verbruggen, J. F. (2002). The Battle of the Golden Spurs (Courtrai, 11 July 1302): A Contribution to the History of Flanders' War of Liberation, 1297-1305. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-0-85115-888-4.pp. 135-150
  17. ^ Sanderus, Antonius (1586-1664) Cartographe (1600). "Castellaniae Corturiacensis tabula / Ant. Sanderus". Gallica. Retrieved 2018-07-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Deventer, 1545, Jacob van (2012-09-20), English: Kortrijk, map by Jacob van Deventer, retrieved 2018-07-06{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ "Duurzame Mobiliteit – Stimuleer de opmaak van schoolvervoerplannen". Duurzamemobiliteit.be. Archived from the original on 2012-02-25. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
  20. ^ "Eurotowns".
  21. ^ "RC Curtrycke".
  22. ^ "Kortrijk betreurt het overlijden van haar ere-burgemeester". Kortrijk civic site. 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
  23. ^ "071218 Cubelplan 2007–2012" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 1, 2011. Retrieved 2012-02-10.

References

  • Fegley, R. (2002). The Golden Spurs of Kortrijk: How the Knights of France Fell to the Foot Soldiers of Flanders in 1302, 2007. McFarland and Company Inc.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kortrijk.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kortrijk.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Courtrai".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kortrijk&oldid=971723331"