Jump to content

Renewable energy in Asia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by AnomieBOT (talk | contribs) at 02:16, 9 August 2020 (Dating maintenance tags: {{Clarify}}). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For solar power, South Asia has the ideal combination of both high solar insolation [1] and a high density of potential customers.[2][3][4]

Cheap solar can bring electricity to a major chunk of subcontinent's people who still live off-grid, bypassing the need of installation of expensive grid lines. Also since the costs of energy consumed for temperature control squarely influences a regions energy intensity, and with cooling load requirements roughly in phase with the sun's intensity, cooling from intense solar radiation could make perfect energy-economic sense in the subcontinent.[5][6][7]

Renewable energy by country

Afghanistan

Main article: Renewable energy in Afghanistan

Bangladesh

Main article: Renewable energy in Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, biomass, hydro and solar are the main sources of renewable energy and altogether these sources contribute about 60% of the nation's primary energy supply.[8] A number of domestic solar energy systems are in use in houses around the country. The use of solar energy on this scale is highly potential and advantageous as more than 60% of areas in the country do not have access to main grid electricity. The World Bank is backing a program of making solar energy available to wider population in Bangladesh, as part of the Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy Development Project (REREDP), which subsidizes solar energy systems.

A typical 'solar home system' can power two to eight 'low energy' lights, plus a socket for TV, radio or battery recharging, and a mobile telephone charging unit, too. Each system consists of a solar photovoltaic panel, mounted on the house roof. Depending on its size, this provides between 40W and 135W of electricity in full sunlight (the most common being 50W).[citation needed]

Grameen Shakti is the largest organization installing rural based solar home system (SHS) in Bangladesh. Other companies working on similar solar energy based SHS are Rural Services Foundation (RSF), Brac, Hilfulfujal and so on. The model of micro finance based SHS is now being copied in other parts of the world as a successful business model.

Rahimafrooz is a major supplier of high quality solar batteries and other solar components for the program. Rahimafrooz Renewable Energy Ltd (RRE) has been the pioneer in installing solar powered centralized systems, water pumps for irrigation and pure drinking water, water heaters, street lights, and solar-powered telecom solutions to various organizations. They are working closely with pertinent government organizations in installing solar powered medical refrigerator that provides emergency live saving medicines in the off-grid rural areas.

A company named Digital Technology is doing research and development of solar PV products like solar billboard lighting, mini grid system for irrigation etc.[citation needed]

China

Main article: Renewable energy in China
Rooftop solar water heaters are ubiquitous in modern China
Wind farm in Xinjiang, China

In China there now are six factories producing at least 2 GW/year each of monocrystalline, poly-crystalline and non-crystalline Photovoltaic cells. These factories include the LDK Solar Co, Wuxi Suntech Solar Energy Co., Ltd., which produces approximately 50 MW/year of solar cells and photovoltaic modules; the Yunnan Semi-conductor Parts Plant, which manufactures approximately 2 MW/year of mono-crystalline cells; the Baoding Yingli Solar Energy Modules Plant, which manufactures approximately 6 MW/year of polycrystalline cells and modules; the Shanghai Jiaoda Guofei Solar Energy Battery Factory, which produces approximately 1 MW/year of modules; and the Shanghai PV Science and Technology Co., Ltd., which produces approximately 5 MW/year of modules.[9]

China has become a world leader in the manufacture of solar photovoltaic technology, with its six biggest solar companies having a combined value of over $15 billion. Around 820 megawatts of solar PV were produced in China in 2007, second only to Japan.[10] Suntech Power Holdings Co based in Jiangsu, is the world's third- biggest supplier of solar cells.[11]

There are some obstacles to the further development of the Chinese solar energy sector that China faces. These obstacles include the lack of a nationwide comprehensive photovoltaic (PV) plan, the lack of updated facilities and sufficient financial resources to support PV research at research institutes, the lack of sufficient facilities and resources at companies manufacturing PV products, the failure of companies to be able to produce high quality, reliable and low cost PV products and the relatively weak educational and training opportunities in China for PV science and technology.[12]

About 50 MW of installed solar capacity was added in 2008, more than double the 20 MW in 2007, but still a relatively small amount. According to some studies, the demand in China for new solar modules could be as high as 232 MW each year from now on until 2012. The government has announced plans to expand the installed capacity to 1,800 MW by 2020. If Chinese companies manage to develop low cost, reliable solar modules, then the sky is the limit for a country that is desperate to reduce its dependence on coal and oil imports as well as the pressure on its environment by using renewable energy.[13]

In 2009 centre to the PRC Government’s plans is the recently announced "Golden Sun" stimulus program. Under this program the Ministry of Finance will subsidize half of the total construction costs of an on-grid solar power plant, including transmission expenses. The Ministry of Finance will also pay subsidies of up to 70% to develop independent photovoltaic power generating systems in remote regions. The strong handed move by the Government is meant to encourage more solar projects to increase the current solar power capacity, which at 2008 stood at a paltry 40MW. As the Government targets to increase China’s solar power capacity up to 20GW by 2020,[14] this will provide significant opportunities for solar cell and module manufacturers. Many of the solar industry players therefore will expect for chances to be benefited from the government programs especially the solar cell manufacturers. With the hope of increase in local demand, some of the new developments have been going on with this region, like Anwell Technologies Limited, a Singapore listed company having its solar cell manufacturing plant in China, has produced its first thin film solar panel with its own developed production lines in September 2009.[15]

According to the speech given by the Chinese President Hu Jintao's at the UN climate summit held on September 22, 2009 in New York, China will intensify effort and adopt ambitious plans to plant enough forest to cover an area the size of Norway and use 15 percent of its energy from renewable sources within a decade.[16]

India

Main article: Renewable energy in India
Global Horizontal Irradiation in India.[17] l

India is both densely populated and has high solar insolation, providing an ideal combination for solar power in India. Much of the country does not have an electrical grid, so one of the first applications of solar power has been for water pumping, to begin replacing India's four to five million diesel powered water pumps, each consuming about 3.5 kilowatts, and off-grid lighting. Some large projects have been proposed, and a 35,000 km² area of the Thar Desert has been set aside for solar power projects, sufficient to generate 700 to 2,100 gigawatts.

The Indian Solar Loan Programme, supported by the United Nations Environment Programme has won the prestigious Energy Globe World award for Sustainability for helping to establish a consumer financing program for solar home power systems. Over the span of three years more than 16,000 solar home systems have been financed through 2,000 bank branches, particularly in rural areas of South India where the electricity grid does not yet extend.[18][19]

Launched in 2003, the Indian Solar Loan Programme was a four-year partnership between UNEP, the UNEP Risoe Centre, and two of India's largest banks, the Canara Bank and Syndicate Bank.[19]

According to Development Counsellors International (DCI), a United States marketing company, India is the second best country, after China, for business investment. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has reported that India has seen a 12% increase in investment in the renewable energy sector with an investment of $3.7 billion in 2008. The largest share was asset finance at $3.2 billion which grew by 25%. The clean renewable energy includes wind, solar, biomass and small-hydro projects. The major portion of investment has been made in wind energy sector. The investment in wind energy sector grew at 17% from $2.2 billion to $2.6 billion.[20]

Indonesia

Main article: Energy in Indonesia

Israel

Further information: Energy in Israel § Renewable energy

Japan

Main article: Energy in Japan

Japan currently produces about 10% of its electricity from renewable sources. The renewable share goal is 20% by 2020.[21]

Lebanon

Further information: Geothermal energy in Lebanon

Nepal

Main article: Renewable energy in Nepal

Pakistan

Main article: Renewable energy in Pakistan

Solar power in Pakistan discusses the generation and development of electricity via solar thermal or photovoltaic technology in that country. The country has solar plants in Pakistani Kashmir, Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan. Initiatives are under development by the International Renewable Energy Agency, the Japan International Cooperation Agency, Chinese companies, and Pakistani private sector energy companies. The country aims to build the world's largest solar power park, the Quaid-e-Azam Solar Power Park (QASP) in the Cholistan Desert, Punjab, by 2017 with a 1 GW capacity. A plant of this size would be enough to power around 320,000 homes.

Projects

Introduction of Clean Energy by Solar Electricity Generation System

On May 29, 2012, Pakistan inaugurated its first solar power on-grid power plant in Islamabad. Introduction of Clean Energy by Solar Electricity Generation System is a special grant aid project by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) under the Coolio Earth Partnership. This project includes the installation of two 178 kW photovoltaic (PV) systems at the premises of the Planning Commission and Pakistan Engineering Council.

This is the first on-grid solar PV project that employs net-metering, thereby allowing the beneficiaries to sell surplus electricity to the Islamabad Electric Supply Company (IESCO), the electricity distribution company of the Islamabad Division. The project was executed with grant assistance, worth 480 million Yen (approx. 553.63 million Pakistani Rupees) over three years commencing in 2010.

Other projects

Aviation Enclave Karachi installed the first high quality integrated solar energy system with a 15 kW power generation capacity capable of grid tie-in at, Aviation Enclave Karachi in Sep 2016. It was a pilot project for Central Facilitation Agency & Central Builders & Developers[citation needed]

Beaconhouse installed the second high quality integrated solar energy system with a 10 kW power generation capacity capable of grid tie-in at Beaconhouse Canal Side Campus, Lahore. It was a pilot project for BSS designed by U.S. consultants, based upon feasibility by the U.S. Trade and Development Agency (USTDA).

50 to 100 MW of photovoltaics is expected to be installed in 2013, and at least 300 MW in 2014. In May 2015, 100 MW of a planned 1,000 MW were installed in the Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park.[citation needed]

Annual solar irradiation

Solar irradiance in Pakistan is 5.3 kWh/m²/day. Pakistan set a target to add approximately 10 GW of renewable capacity by 2030 in addition to replacing 5% diesel with biodiesel by 2015 and 10% by 2025.

Photovoltaic installations

Year Installations in MWp Notes Cumulative Capacity Added Capacity 2014 400 Calculated back from 2015 added capacity data. 2015 1,000 600 Preliminary data.

Government policy

Raja Pervaiz Ashraf, former Federal Minister of Water & Power announced on July 2, 2009 that 7,000 villages would be electrified using solar energy by 2014. Senior adviser Sardar Zulfiqar Khosa stated that the Punjab government would begin new projects aimed at power production through coal, solar energy and wind power; this would generate additional resources.

The Government of Pakistan allowed the provincial government of Sindh to conduct feasibility research. The government planned to install a desalination plant powered by solar energy.

Philippines

Main article: Renewable energy in the Philippines
Bangui Wind Farm in Ilocos Norte, Philippines

The Philippine government sees the growth of the renewable energy sector essential for national energy security. The Philippines' fossil fuel sector is unsustainable, being dependent on the import of nonrenewable fuel, including petroleum, but has significant potential in the renewable energy sector. Based on a report of an Australian consulting firm, International Energy Consultants, the Philippines has the highest electricity rate in Asia, followed by Japan. Transmitting power and transporting fuel throughout the Philippine archipelago is problematic due to very high cost.[22]

The Philippines could be considered a world leader in renewable energy, with 30 percent of its power generation being powered by the renewable energy sector. The Philippines is the world's second largest generator of geothermal energy and was the first Southeast Asian nation to invest in large-scale solar and wind technologies.[22]

South Korea

In 2008, South Korea came 4th in the list of installed PV capacity according to EPIA statistics as a result of the favorable feed-in tariff system with a cap of 500MW in 2008. According to Displaybank, the new “PV Market Creation Plan” announced in 2009 is expected to boost the Korean PV installment market to increase to 200MW by 2012.[23][24] The government further announced plans to increase more than double its financing for renewable R&D projects to 3.5 trillion won ($2.9/£1.9bn) by 2013. The government also plans to expand its system of tax breaks to cover new technologies in solar such as wind and thermal power, low-emission vehicles and rechargeable batteries etc.[25]

Taiwan

Solar power

In recent years, Taiwan is also catching up on promoting renewable energy throughout the country. According to SciTech Reports,[26] 20% of the solar panels in the world are exported from Taiwan, making the country the second largest solar panel provider globally. Moreover, the current government has been planning on employing solar energy to public amenities and incorporate the green energy to people’s daily lives. For instance, the Taipei city government has constructed 3216 solar panels to turn a former wasteland into a power house.[27] In the southern city Tainan where there is sufficient sunshine, 5288 buildings are equipped with solar panels that can generate 7 MW, which is roughly 3.2 times the amount of the hydropower produced by the local dam.[27] Besides mainland Taiwan, there are solar panels even on the Penghu islands that can generate 83,000 kWh/year with the newly purchased inverter.[28]

Wind power

In addition, Taiwan’s island geographic provides ideal wind power locations.[29] Since 2000, there have been 347 wind power systems constructed, yielding a total of 684.4 MW of storage[clarification needed] nationwide.[30] The offshore wind power development has also been lately invested by world-renown companies such as Ørsted, Northland Power Inc., and Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners etc. and it is anticipated that the offshore wind power would be generating 5.5 GW by 2025.[31]

Thermal energy

Besides wind power, the volcanic formation of Taiwan also provides the country with geothermal resources.[32] In 2015, the Bureau of Energy and the Industrial Technology Research Institute signed a MOU contract with the New Taipei City Government in order to promote 金山四磺子坪 (Kim San Xi Huang Zi Ping)’s 10 MW thermal energy.[33] Researchers at Taitung University are also working on utilizing the hot spring in the area to produce geothermal energy.[30] What’s more, the Taiwan Power Company has initiated 綠島地熱發電機組試驗性計畫 (Geothermal Generator Experimental Plan in Green Island) by digging two experimental geothermal wells at 朝日溫泉 (Jhaorih Hot Springs) and establishing a 200 kWe generator. The goal is to achieve 2000 kWe by 2020, and by 2025, 11 thermal wells will be finished in 宜蘭利澤 (Yilan Lizuh), providing 8 billion kWh per year.[26]

Hydropower

Hydropower is another crucial renewable energy in Taiwan and it is estimated that the current hydropower can provide 4500 MW.[34] The system running is a combination of predominantly cascade, diversion and large accumulation types in order to handle the unpredictable typhoons and droughts.[34] The mountainous landscape of Taiwan has gifted the country a better foundation for hydropower development.[32]

Other power sources

Beyond natural resources, some tech companies invented alternative energies such as transforming pig dung into biogas power and excess wax apple wood sticks to biomass energy.[35] The former can produce around 25 kW of power and the technology was introduced in the Discovery Channel. Furthermore, an applied physics research team at Ching Hua University also came up with extracting DNA from fish roe to obtain certain material for DNA biopolymer photonics, which can be used to as a kind of sustainable energy.[36]

See also

References

  1. ^ Energy-Atlas Solar radiation Archived 2015-11-05 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ NASA population density map Archived 2011-06-08 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ Solar LEDs Brighten Rural India's Future
  4. ^ Solar plan for Indian computers
  5. ^ Solar Cooling German report
  6. ^ Paper presented at the International Conference on Solar Air Conditioning, Germany Archived 2007-10-07 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Solar Cooling - Case Studies
  8. ^ Hassan, Kamrul (2015). "Supply and demand of biomass based energy: rural people's perspectives in Bangladesh" (PDF).
  9. ^ Solar Energy Booming in China
  10. ^ China pioneers in renewable energy
  11. ^ China to Be World's Top Manufacturer of Green Energy Technology
  12. ^ China to train developing nations in solar technologies
  13. ^ China's New Focus on Solar | Renewable Energy News Article
  14. ^ "Spain no longer leading the way in PV solar energy". Renewable energy magazine. 2009-08-26.
  15. ^ "Anwell Produces its First Thin Film Solar Panel". Solarbuzz. 2009-09-07.
  16. ^ "UN climate summit puts China, India in spotlight". The Miami Herald. 22 Sep 2009.
  17. ^ "Global Solar Atlas". Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  18. ^ Consumer financing program for solar home systems in southern India
  19. ^ a b UNEP wins Energy Globe award Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ "India's solar mission: How it is harnessing unlimited energy". EcoSeed. 23 Sep 2009.
  21. ^ "After Fukushima, Japan beginning to see the light in solar energy". The Guardian. 19 June 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
  22. ^ a b The Right Mix: The Philippines Achieving its Renewable Energy Goals, Manila Bulletin
  23. ^ "Korea PV market expected to reach 200MW by 2012". Global Solar Technology. October 8, 2009.
  24. ^ "Korean solar energy market indicates growth slowing down". Solar Plaza. September 11, 2009.
  25. ^ "South Korea more than doubles green R&D funding". Business Green. 13 Jul 2010.
  26. ^ a b 黃, 得瑞 (2017). "臺灣發展綠能產業的策略". 科技報導(SciTech Reports).
  27. ^ a b Meneguzzo, Francesco; Ciriminna, Rosaria; Albanese, Lorenzo; Pagliaro, Mario (2015). "The great solar boom: a global perspective into the far reaching impact of an unexpected energy revolution". Energy Science & Engineering. 3 (6): 499–509. doi:10.1002/ese3.98. ISSN 2050-0505.
  28. ^ Fox, Benjamin (2019-04-14). "Why Taiwan's Sustainable Energy Policy Matters". Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development. Issue (Six). doi:10.7916/D8MC90D6. {{cite journal}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  29. ^ Chiang, Min-Hua; Gerbier, Bernard (2010-04-22). "Foreign factors in Taiwan's economic transformation". Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy. 15 (2): 148–165. doi:10.1080/13547861003700182. ISSN 1354-7860.
  30. ^ a b 陳, 志洋 (2018). "2018 Emerging Energy Industry Yearbook". 經濟部技術處.
  31. ^ Kung, Chih-Chun; Chen, Li-Jiun; Lee, Tsung-Ju; Jiang, Xianling; Lin, Ruiqi (2018-07-26). "Wind power potential for energy sustainability and climate change mitigation: A case study in Taiwan". Energy & Environment. 30 (2): 304–321. doi:10.1177/0958305x18790956. ISSN 0958-305X.
  32. ^ a b 李, 錦發; 李, 柏村 (2012). "從地質、環境與技術方面探討我國地熱發的展望". 經濟中央地質調查所.
  33. ^ 楊, 秉純 (Oct 24, 2016). "綠能科技發展現況及趨勢". 綠能與環境研究所.
  34. ^ a b Tkáč, Štefan (2018-03-01). "Hydro power plants, an overview of the current types and technology". Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering. 13 (s1): 115–126. doi:10.1515/sspjce-2018-0011. ISSN 1338-7278.
  35. ^ Tsai, Wen-Tien (2014-01-08). "Innovative Promotion of Renewable Energy Development for Challenging Sustainable Low-Carbon Society: Case Study of Pingtung County, Taiwan". Challenges. 5 (1): 26–34. doi:10.3390/challe5010026. ISSN 2078-1547.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  36. ^ Hung, Yu-Chueh; Hsu, Wei-Ting; Lin, Ting-Yu; Fruk, Ljiljana (2011-12-19). "Photoinduced write-once read-many-times memory device based on DNA biopolymer nanocomposite". Applied Physics Letters. 99 (25): 253301. doi:10.1063/1.3671153. ISSN 0003-6951.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_Asia&oldid=971920010"