Traditional Irish typography, where the dot denotes lenition, and is called a ponc séimhithe or buailte "dot of lenition": ḃ ċ ḋ ḟ ġ ṁ ṗ ṡ ṫ. Alternatively, lenition may be represented by a following letter h, thus: bh ch dh fh gh mh ph sh th. In Old Irish orthography, the dot was used only for ḟ ṡ, while the following h was used for ch ph th; lenition of other letters was not indicated. Later the two systems spread to the entire set of lenitable consonants and competed with each other. Eventually the standard practice was to use the dot when writing in Gaelic script and the following h when writing in antiqua. Thus ċ and ch represent the same phonetic element in Modern Irish.
Lithuanian: ė is pronounced as [eː], compared to ę, which is pronounced a lower [ɛː] (formerly nasalised), or e, pronounced [ɛ,ɛː].
Middle English: ẏ was sometimes used to distinguish etymological y from the glyph's use as a replacement for þ, which did not exist in early press typographies.[citation needed]
In the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics orthography for the Cree, Ojibwe, and Inuktitut languages, a dot above a symbol signifies that the symbol's vowel should be a long vowel—the equivalent effect using the Roman orthography is achieved by doubling the vowel (ᒥ = mi, ᒦ = mii ), placing a macron over the vowel (ᑲ = ka, ᑳ = kā), or placing a circumflex over the vowel (ᓄ = no, ᓅ = nô).
In Turkish, the dot above lowercase i and j (and uppercase İ) is not regarded as an independent diacritic but as an integral part of the letter. It is called a tittle. I without an overdot is a separate letter.
In the Rheinische Dokumenta phonetic writing system overdots denote a special pronunciation of r.
In Inari Sami, an underdot denotes a half-long voiced consonant: đ̣, j̣, ḷ, ṃ, ṇ, ṇj, ŋ̣, ṛ, and ṿ. The underdot is used in dictionaries, textbooks, and linguistic publications only.
The underdot is also used in the PDA orthography for Domari to show pharyngealization—the underdotted consonants ⟨ḍ ḥ ṣ ṭ ẓ⟩ represent the emphaticized sounds /d̪ˤ ħ sˤ t̪ˤ zˤ/.
In Romagnol, ẹ ọ are used to represent [e, o], e.g. Riminese dialect fradẹll, ọcc [fraˈdell, ˈotʃː] "brothers, eyes".
In academic notation of Old Latin, ẹ̄ (e with underdot and macron) represents the long vowel, probably /eː/, that developed from the early Old Latin diphthong ei. This vowel usually became ī in Classical Latin.
In academic transcription of Vulgar Latin, used in describing the development of the Romance languages, ẹ and ọ represent the close-mid vowels /e/ and /o/, in contrast with the open-mid vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/, which are represented as e and o with ogonek (ę ǫ).
Vietnamese: The nặngtone (low, glottal) is represented with a dot below the base vowel: ạ ặ ậ ẹ ệ ị ọ ộ ợ ụ ự ỵ.
In Yoruba, the dot (or alternatively a small vertical line) is used below the o for an "open-o" sound, the e for an "open-e," and the s for an "sh" sound (ẹ, ọ, ṣ). The marking distinguishes these from the unmarked characters since the sound differences are meaningful.
In Igbo, an underdot can be used on i, o, and u to make ị, ọ, and ụ. The underdot symbolizes a reduction in the vowel height.
Underdots are used in the Rheinische Dokumenta phonetic writing system to denote a voiced s and special pronunciations of r and a.
In the Fiero-Rhodes orthography for Eastern Ojibwe and Odaawaa, in g̣, ḥ, and ḳ, underdot is used to indicate labialization when either ⟨o⟩ or ⟨w⟩ following them was lost in syncope.
In Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics, in addition to the middle dot as a letter, centred dot diacritic, and dot above diacritic, there also is a two-dot diacritic in Naskapi Language representing /_w_V/ which depending on the placement on the specific Syllabic letter may resemble a colon when placed vertically, diaeresis when placed horizontally, or a combination of middle dot and dot above diacritic when placed either at an angle or enveloping a small raised letter ⟨ᓴ⟩. Additionally, in Northwestern Ojibwe, a small raised /wi/ as /w/, the middle dot is raised farther up as either ⟨ᣜ⟩ or ⟨ᣝ⟩; there also is a raised dot Final ⟨ᣟ⟩, which represents /w/ in some Swampy Cree and /y/ in some Northwestern Ojibwe.
Encoding
In Unicode, the dot is encoded at:
U+0307◌̇COMBINING DOT ABOVE
and at:
U+0323◌̣COMBINING DOT BELOW
U+0358◌͘COMBINING DOT ABOVE RIGHT
U+1DF8◌᷸COMBINING DOT ABOVE LEFT
There is also:
U+02D9˙DOT ABOVE (˙, ˙)
U+18DFᣟCANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL RAISED DOT
Pre-composed characters:
U+0226ȦLATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DOT ABOVEU+0227ȧLATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1EA0ẠLATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DOT BELOWU+1EA1ạLATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DOT BELOW
U+1EB6ẶLATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND DOT BELOWU+1EB7ặLATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND DOT BELOW
U+1E02ḂLATIN CAPITAL LETTER B WITH DOT ABOVEU+1E03ḃLATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH DOT ABOVE
U+010AĊLATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH DOT ABOVEU+010BċLATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1E0AḊLATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH DOT ABOVEU+1E0BḋLATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH DOT ABOVE
U+0116ĖLATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DOT ABOVEU+0117ėLATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1EC6ỆLATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOWU+1EC7ệLATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW
U+1E1EḞLATIN CAPITAL LETTER F WITH DOT ABOVEU+1E1FḟLATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH DOT ABOVE
U+0120ĠLATIN CAPITAL LETTER G WITH DOT ABOVEU+0121ġLATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1E22ḢLATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH DOT ABOVEU+1E23ḣLATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH DOT ABOVE
U+0130İLATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1ECAỊLATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DOT BELOWU+1ECBịLATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E38ḸLATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH DOT BELOW AND MACRONU+1E39ḹLATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOT BELOW AND MACRON
U+1E40ṀLATIN CAPITAL LETTER M WITH DOT ABOVEU+1E41ṁLATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1E44ṄLATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH DOT ABOVEU+1E45ṅLATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH DOT ABOVE
U+022EȮLATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DOT ABOVEU+022FȯLATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1ECCỌLATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DOT BELOWU+1ECDọLATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOT BELOW
U+0230ȰLATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DOT ABOVE AND MACRONU+0231ȱLATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOT ABOVE AND MACRON
U+0298ʘLATIN LETTER BILABIAL CLICK
U+1E56ṖLATIN CAPITAL LETTER P WITH DOT ABOVEU+1E57ṗLATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1E58ṘLATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH DOT ABOVEU+1E59ṙLATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1E5CṜLATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH DOT BELOW AND MACRONU+1E5DṝLATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH DOT BELOW AND MACRON
U+1E9BẛLATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S WITH DOT ABOVEU+1E60ṠLATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1E62ṢLATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH DOT BELOWU+1E63ṣLATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E66ṦLATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON AND DOT ABOVEU+1E67ṧLATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON AND DOT ABOVE
U+1E6AṪLATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH DOT ABOVEU+1E6BṫLATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1EE4ỤLATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DOT BELOWU+1EE5ụLATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E86ẆLATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH DOT ABOVEU+1E87ẇLATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1E8AẊLATIN CAPITAL LETTER X WITH DOT ABOVEU+1E8BẋLATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1E8EẎLATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DOT ABOVEU+1E8FẏLATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DOT ABOVE
U+017BŻLATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH DOT ABOVEU+017CżLATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH DOT ABOVE
U+01E0ǠLATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DOT ABOVE AND MACRONU+01E1ǡLATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DOT ABOVE AND MACRON
U+1EACẬLATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOWU+1EADậLATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW
U+1E04ḄLATIN CAPITAL LETTER B WITH DOT BELOWU+1E05ḅLATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH DOT BELOW
U+A73EꜾLATIN CAPITAL LETTER REVERSED C WITH DOTU+A73FꜿLATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED C WITH DOT
U+1E0CḌLATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH DOT BELOWU+1E0DḍLATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH DOT BELOW
U+1EB8ẸLATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DOT BELOWU+1EB9ẹLATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E24ḤLATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH DOT BELOWU+1E25ḥLATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E32ḲLATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH DOT BELOWU+1E33ḳLATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E36ḶLATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH DOT BELOWU+1E37ḷLATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOT BELOW
U+013FĿLATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE DOTU+0140ŀLATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE DOT
U+1E42ṂLATIN CAPITAL LETTER M WITH DOT BELOWU+1E43ṃLATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E46ṆLATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH DOT BELOWU+1E47ṇLATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH DOT BELOW
U+1ED8ỘLATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOWU+1ED9ộLATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW
U+1EE2ỢLATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN AND DOT BELOWU+1EE3ợLATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW
U+1E5AṚLATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH DOT BELOWU+1E5BṛLATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E60ṠLATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH DOT ABOVEU+1E61ṡLATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1E64ṤLATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH ACUTE AND DOT ABOVEU+1E65ṥLATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH ACUTE AND DOT ABOVE
U+1E68ṨLATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH DOT BELOW AND DOT ABOVEU+1E69ṩLATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DOT BELOW AND DOT ABOVE
U+1E6CṬLATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH DOT BELOWU+1E6DṭLATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH DOT BELOW
U+1EF0ỰLATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HORN AND DOT BELOWU+1EF1ựLATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW
U+1E7EṾLATIN CAPITAL LETTER V WITH DOT BELOWU+1E7FṿLATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E88ẈLATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH DOT BELOWU+1E89ẉLATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH DOT BELOW
U+1EF4ỴLATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DOT BELOWU+1EF5ỵLATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E92ẒLATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH DOT BELOWU+1E93ẓLATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH DOT BELOW