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Abkhazians

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Not to be confused with Abzakh people.
Abkhaz, Abkhazians
Аҧсуа
Total population
c. 200,000
Regions with significant populations
Former Soviet Union··
 Abkhazia122,040 (2003 census)[1]
 Russia11,366 (2002 census)[2]
 Georgia (without Abkhazia)3,527
 Ukraine1,458[3]
Diaspora··
 Turkey15–100,000 (by descent)[4]
 Syria5–10,000[5]
 Germany5,000[citation needed]
Languages
Abkhaz (native), Russian, Georgian
Religion
Predominantly Abkhazian Orthodox and Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Northwest Caucasians

Abkhazians or Abkhaz (Abkhaz: Аҧсуа, Apswa; Georgian: აფხაზები [ɑpʰxɑzɛbi]) are a Caucasian ethnic group, mainly living in Abkhazia, a disputed region on the Black Sea coast. A large Abkhaz diaspora population resides in Turkey, the origins of which lie in the emigration from the Caucasus in the late 19th century known as muhajirism. Many Abkhaz also live in other parts of the former Soviet Union, particularly in Russia and Ukraine.[6]

Ethnology

The Abkhaz language belongs to the Northwest Caucasian languages group, also known as Abkhaz-Adyghe or the Abkhaz-Circassian family, which also includes the Abaza, Adyghe and Kabardian languages.[7] The Abkhaz is closely ethnically related to the Adyghe.[8] Classical sources speak of several tribes dwelling in the region, but their exact identity and location remain controversial, part of Abkhaz-Georgian historiographical conflict (see the history section).

Subgroups

There are also three subgroups of the Abkhaz people. The Bzyb (Бзыҧ, Bzyph) reside in the Bzyb River region, and speak their own dialect.[9] The Abzhui (Абжьыуа, Abzhwa) live in the Kodori River region, and also speak their own dialect, which the Abkhaz literary language is based upon.[9] Finally, there is the Zamurzakan who reside in the southeast of Abkhazia.[9]

History

See also: History of Abkhazia

Some scholars deem the ancient Heniochi tribe the progenitors of the Abkhaz.[10] This warlike people came into contact with Ancient Greeks through the colonies of Dioskourias and Pitiuntas.[10] In the Roman period, the Abasgoi are mentioned as inhabiting the region.[10] These Abasgoi (Abkhaz) were described by Procopius as warlike, worshippers of three deities, under the suzerainty of the Kingdom of Lazica.[10] The Abkhazian view is that the Apsilae and Abasgoi are ancestors of the Abkhaz-Adyghe group of peoples, while the Georgian view is that those were Kartvelians (Georgians).[11]

When the Anchabadze dynasty established the Kingdom of Abkhazia in the 780s and freed themselves from the Byzantine hegemony, Abkhazia became a part of the Georgian cultural world. The local nobility, clergy and educated class used Georgian as a language of literacy and culture. Georgian would remain the second language for many Abkhaz until Russian replaced it in the early 20th century. From the early 11th to the 15th century, Abkhazia was a part of the all-Georgian monarchy, but then became a separate Principality of Abkhazia only to be conquered by the Ottomans.

Towards the end of the 17th century, the region became a theatre of widespread slave trade and piracy.[citation needed] According to a theory developed by Pavle Ingorokva in 1950s and some other Georgian scholars, at that time a number of the North Caucasian pagan Abaza tribes migrated from the North Caucasus mountains and blended with the local ethnic elements, significantly changing the region's demographic situation. These views were described as ethnocentric and having little historical support.[12][13] They served as intellectual support to the Stalin-era assimilation policy[14] and had a profound influence on the Georgian nationalism in the 1980s.[15]

The Russian conquest of Abkhazia from the 1810s to the 1860s was accompanied by a massive expulsion of Muslim Abkhaz to the Ottoman Empire and the introduction of a strong Russification policy. As a result, the Abkhaz diaspora is currently estimated to measure at least twice the number of Abkhaz that reside in Abkhazia. The largest part of the diaspora now lives in Turkey, with estimates ranging from 100,000 to 500,000, with smaller groups in Syria (5,000 – 10,000) and Jordan. In recent years, some of these have emigrated to the West, principally to Germany (5,000), the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, France, the United Kingdom, Austria and the United States (mainly to New Jersey).[16]

After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Abkhazia was a part of the Democratic Republic of Georgia, but was conquered by the Red Army in 1921 and eventually entered the Soviet Union as a Soviet Socialist Republic associated with the Georgian SSR. The status of Abkhazia was downgraded in 1931 when it became an Autonomous SSR within the Georgian SSR. Under Joseph Stalin, a forcible collectivization was introduced and the native communist elite purged. The influx of Armenians, Russians and Georgians into the growing agricultural and tourism sectors was also encouraged, and Abkhaz schools were briefly closed. By 1989, the number of Abkhaz was about 93,000 (18% of the population of the autonomous republic), while the Georgian population numbered 240,000 (45%). The number of Armenians (15% of the entire population) and Russians (14%) grew substantially as well.

Modern Abkhazia

The 1992–1993 War in Abkhazia left the Abkhaz an ethnic plurality of ca. 45%, with Russians, Armenians, Georgians, Greeks, and Jews comprising most of the remainder of the population of Abkhazia. The 2003 census established the total number of Abkhaz in Abkhazia at 94,606.[1] However, the exact demographic figures for the region are disputed and alternative figures are available.[17] The de facto Abkhaz president Sergey Bagapsh suggested, in 2005, that less than 70,000 ethnic Abkhaz lived in Abkhazia.[18]

At the time of the 2011 Census, 122,175 Abkhaz were living in Abkhazia. They were 50.8% of the total population of the republic.[19]

In the course of the Syrian uprising, a number of Abkhaz living in Syria remigrated to Abkhazia.[5] By mid-April 2013, approximately 200 Syrians of Abkhaz descent had arrived in Abkhazia.[20][21] A further 150 were due to arrive by the end of April.[20] The Abkhazian leadership has stated that it would continue the repatriation of Abkhaz living abroad.[21] As of August 2013, 531 Abkhaz had arrived from Syria according to the Abkhazian government.[22]

Economy

The typical economy is strong on the breeding of cattle, beekeeping, viticulture, and agriculture.[9]

Religion

See also: Religion in Abkhazia

The Abkhaz people are principally divided into Abkhazian Orthodox Christian and Sunni Muslim (Hanafi) communities[9] (prevalent in Abkhazia and Turkey respectively) but the indigenous non-Abrahamic beliefs have always been strong.[23] Although Christianity made its first appearance in the realm of their Circassian neighbours in the first century CE via the travels and preaching of the Apostle Andrew,[24] and became the dominant religion of Circassians in the 3rd to 4th centuries, Christianity became the dominant religion of Abkhazians in the 6th century during the reign of Byzantine emperor Justinian I, and continued to be followed under the kings of Georgia in the High Middle Ages. The Ottomans introduced Islam in the 16th century and the region became largely Muslim gradually until the 1860s. When much of the Muslim population was ethnically cleansed in the late 19th century, Christians once again became the majority in the region.

Diaspora

Many Muslim Cherkess, Abkhaz and Chechens migrated to the Ottoman Empire following revolts against Russian rule.[25] It is believed that the Abkhaz community in Turkey is larger than that of Abkhazia itself.[25] Some 250 Abkhaz-Abaza villages are estimated throughout Turkey.[25] According to Andrew Dalby, Abkhazian-speakers might number more than 100,000 in Turkey,[dubious – discuss][26] however, the 1963 census only recorded 4,700 native speakers and 8,000 secondary speakers.[27] Of the 15,000 ethnic Abkhaz in Turkey, only 4,000 speak the language, the rest having assimilated into Turkish.[28][better source needed]

  • Children waving miniature Abkhazian flags
    Children waving miniature Abkhazian flags
  • Pitsunda Cathedral Georgian Orthodox Church
    Pitsunda Cathedral Georgian Orthodox Church
  • Parade exhibiting Abkhazian flags
    Parade exhibiting Abkhazian flags
  • Abkhaz and Georgian generals
    Abkhaz and Georgian generals
  • Conference of Abkhazian nobility in 1839
    Conference of Abkhazian nobility in 1839
  • Abkhaz in the mid-19th century
    Abkhaz in the mid-19th century
  • Woman wearing dress modelled after the Abkhazian flag
    Woman wearing dress modelled after the Abkhazian flag

See also

References

  1. ^ a b (2003) 2003 Census statistics Template:Ru icon
  2. ^ 2002 Census statistics Template:Ru icon
  3. ^ [1]
  4. ^ see diaspora section
  5. ^ a b "Abkhaz Syrians return home". Voice of Russia. 5 May 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  6. ^ "Caucasus background". silk.european-heritage.net. Archived from the original on 20 July 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Asya Pereltsvaig (9 February 2012). Languages of the World: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. pp. 66–. ISBN 978-1-107-00278-4.
  8. ^ Moshe Gammer (25 June 2004). The Caspian Region, Volume 2: The Caucasus. Routledge. pp. 79–. ISBN 978-1-135-77540-7.
  9. ^ a b c d e Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abkhaz". Encyclopedia Britannica. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
  10. ^ a b c d Olson 1994, p. 6.
  11. ^ Smith 1998, p. 55. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSmith1998 (help)
  12. ^ Smith, Graham (1998). Nation-building in the post-Soviet borderlands: the politics of national identities. Cambridge University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-521-59968-9.
  13. ^ [2]
  14. ^ de Waal, Thomas (2010). The Caucasus: an introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-19-539976-9.
  15. ^ Coppieters, Bruno (2004). Europeanization and conflict resolution: case studies from the European periphery. America Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-90-382-0648-6.
  16. ^ Chirikba 2003 p6-8
  17. ^ Georgians and Abkhazians. The Search for a Peace Settlement (Notes and References section), by various authors, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, August 1998.
  18. ^ Bagapsh Speaks of Abkhazia’s Economy, Demographic Situation. Civil Georgia. 10 October 2005
  19. ^ 2011 Census results
  20. ^ a b James Brooke (15 April 2013). "Syrian Refugees Go 'Home' to Former Russian Riviera". Voice of America. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  21. ^ a b "Over two hundred representatives of the Abkhazian diaspora in Syria want to return to their historical homeland". Abkhaz World. 2 April 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  22. ^ ""Repatriates" settling in Abkhazia". The Messenger. 7 August 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  23. ^ Johansons, Andrejs. (Feb. 1972) The Shamaness of the Abkhazians. History of Religions. Vol. 11, No. 3. pp. 251–256.
  24. ^ Taylor, Jeremy (1613–1667). Antiquitates christianæ, or, The history of the life and death of the holy Jesus as also the lives acts and martyrdoms of his Apostles: in two parts. p. 101.
  25. ^ a b c Tracey German (8 April 2016). Regional Cooperation in the South Caucasus: Good Neighbours Or Distant Relatives?. Routledge. pp. 110–. ISBN 978-1-317-06913-3.
  26. ^ Andrew Dalby (28 October 2015). Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-1-4081-0214-5.
  27. ^ Gachechiladze 2014, p. 81.
  28. ^ Steven L. Danver (10 March 2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encylopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. pp. 259–. ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6.

Sources

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