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Abu al-'Ala' al-Ma'arri
File:Al-Maʿarri bust2.jpg
Born23 December 973
Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, Hamdanid Emirate of Aleppo
DiedMay 1057 (aged 83)
Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, Mirdasid Emirate of Aleppo
EraMedieval era (Islamic Golden Age)
RegionMiddle Eastern philosophy
SchoolIslamic philosophy
Main interests
Poetry, skepticism, rationalism, ethics, pessimism, antinatalism

Abū al-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarrī (Template:Lang-ar, full name أبو العلاء أحمد بن عبد الله بن سليمان التنوخي المعري‎ Abū al-ʿAlāʾ Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sulaymān al-Tanūkhī al-Maʿarrī, also known under his Latin name Abulola Moarrensis[1]; December 973 – May 1057)[2] was a blind Arab philosopher, poet, and writer.[3] Despite holding a controversially irreligious worldview, he is regarded as one of the greatest classical Arabic poets.[3]

Born in the city of Ma'arra during the Abbasid era, he studied in nearby Aleppo, then in Tripoli and Antioch. Producing popular poems in Baghdad, he nevertheless refused to sell his texts. In 1010, he returned to Syria after his mother began declining in health, and continued writing which gained him local respect.

Described as a "pessimistic freethinker", al-Ma'arri was a controversial rationalist of his time,[3] citing reason as the chief source of truth and divine revelation.[2][4] He was pessimistic about life, describing himself as "a double prisoner" of blindness and isolation. He attacked religious dogmas and practices,[5][6] was equally critical and sarcastic about Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Zoroastrianism,[4][5][6] and became a Deist.[4][6]

He advocated social justice and lived a secluded, ascetic lifestyle.[2][3] He was a vegan, known in his time as moral vegetarianism, entreating: "do not desire as food the flesh of slaughtered animals / Or the white milk of mothers who intended its pure draught / for their young".[7] Al-Ma'arri held an antinatalist outlook, in line with his general pessimism, suggesting that children should not be born to spare them of the pains and suffering of life.[2]

Al-Ma'arri wrote three main works that were popular in his time. Among his works are The Tinder Spark, Unnecessary Necessity, and The Epistle of Forgiveness. Al-Ma'arri never married and died at the age of 83 in the city where he was born, Ma'arrat al-Nu'man. In 2013, a statue of al-Ma'arri located in his Syrian hometown was beheaded by jihadists from the al-Nusra Front.[3][8]

Life

Abu al-'Ala' was born in Ma'arra, modern Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, Syria, near the city of Aleppo, in December 973. At his time, the city was part of the Abbasid Caliphate, the third Islamic caliphate, during the Golden Age of Islam.[9] He was a member of the Banu Sulayman, a notable family of Ma'arra, belonging to the larger Tanukh tribe.[2][10][11] One of his ancestors was probably the first qadi of Ma'arra. The Tanukh tribe had formed part of the aristocracy in Syria for hundreds of years and some members of the Banu Sulayman had also been noted as good poets.[12]

He lost his eyesight at the age of four due to smallpox. His later pessimism may be explained by his virtual blindness. Later in his life he regarded himself as "a double prisoner", which referred to both this blindness and the general isolation that he felt during his life.[3][13]

He started his career as a poet at an early age, at about 11 or 12 years old. He was educated at first in Ma'arra and Aleppo, later also in Antioch and other Syrian cities. Among his teachers in Aleppo were companions from the circle of Ibn Khalawayh.[12][13] This grammarian and Islamic scholar had died in 980 CE, when al-Ma'arri was still a child.[14] Al-Ma'arri nevertheless laments the loss of Ibn Khalawayh in strong terms in a poem of his Risālat al-ghufrān.[15] Al-Qifti reports that when on his way to Tripoli, al-Ma'arri visited a Christian monastery near Latakia where he listened to debates about Hellenistic philosophy, which planted in him the seeds of his later scepticism and irreligiosity; but other historians such as Ibn al-Adim deny that he had been exposed to any theology other than Islamic doctrine.[15]

In 1004–05 al-Ma'arri learned that his father had died and, in reaction, wrote an elegy where he praised his father.[15] Years later he would travel to Baghdad where he became well received in the literary salons of the time, though he was a controversial figure.[15] After the eighteen months in Baghdad, al-Ma'arri returned home for unknown reasons. He may have returned because his mother was ill, or he may have run out of money in Baghdad, as he refused to sell his works.[2] He returned to his native town of Ma'arra in about 1010 and learned that his mother had died before his arrival.[9]

He remained in Ma'arra for the rest of his life, where he opted for an ascetic lifestyle, refusing to sell his poems, living in seclusion and observing a strict moral vegetarian diet.[16] His personal confinement to his house was only broken one time when violence had struck his town.[15] In that incident, al-Ma'arri went to Aleppo to intercede with its Mirdasid emir, Salih ibn Mirdas, to release his brother Abuʿl-Majd and several other Muslim notables from Ma'arra who were held responsible for destroying a winehouse whose Christian owner was accused of a molesting a Muslim woman.[15] Though he was confined, he lived out his later years continuing his work and collaborating with others.[17] He enjoyed great respect and attracted many students locally, as well as actively holding correspondence with scholars abroad.[2] Despite his intentions of living a secluded lifestyle, in his seventies, he became rich and was the most revered person in his area.[9] Al-Ma'arri never married and died in May 1057 in his home town.[2][13]

Philosophy

Opposition to religion

Al-Ma'arri was a skeptic in his beliefs[18] who denounced superstition and dogmatism in religion. This, along with his general negative view on life, has made him described as a pessimistic freethinker. One of the recurring themes of his philosophy was the right of reason against the claims of custom, tradition, and authority.[13][19] Al-Ma'arri taught that religion was a "fable invented by the ancients", worthless except for those who exploit the credulous masses.[20]

Do not suppose the statements of the prophets to be true; they are all fabrications. Men lived comfortably till they came and spoiled life. The sacred books are only such a set of idle tales as any age could have and indeed did actually produce.[21]

Al-Ma'arri criticized many of the dogmas of Islam, such as the Hajj, which he called "a pagan's journey".[22] He rejected claims of any divine revelation and his creed was that of a philosopher and ascetic, for whom reason provides a moral guide, and virtue is its own reward.[23][24]

His religious scepticism and positively antireligious views extended beyond Islam and included both Judaism and Christianity, as well. Al-Ma'arri remarked that monks in their cloisters or devotees in their mosques were blindly following the beliefs of their locality: if they were born among Magians or Sabians they would have become Magians or Sabians.[25] Encapsulating his view on organized religion, he once stated: "The inhabitants of the earth are of two sorts: those with brains, but no religion, and those with religion, but no brains."[26][failed verification][27][28]

Asceticism

Al-Ma'arri was an ascetic, renouncing worldly desires and living secluded from others while producing his works. He opposed all forms of violence.[9] In Baghdad, while being well received, he decided not to sell his texts, which made it difficult for him to live.[2] This ascetic lifestyle has been compared to similar thought in India during his time.[17]

In al-Ma'arri's later years he chose to give up consuming meat or any other animal products. He wrote:

Do not unjustly eat fish the water has given up,
And do not desire as food the flesh of slaughtered animals,
Or the white milk of mothers who intended its pure draught
for their young, not noble ladies.
And do not grieve the unsuspecting birds by taking eggs;
for injustice is the worst of crimes.
And spare the honey which the bees get industriously
from the flowers of fragrant plants;
For they did not store it that it might belong to others,
Nor did they gather it for bounty and gifts.
I washed my hands of all this; and wish that I
Perceived my way before my hair went gray![19]

Antinatalism

Al-Ma'arri's fundamental pessimism is expressed in his antinatalist recommendation that no children should be begotten, so as to spare them the pains of life.[8][29] In an elegy composed by him over the loss of a relative, he combines his grief with observations on the ephemerality of this life:

Soften your tread. Methinks the earth's surface is but bodies of the dead,
Walk slowly in the air, so you do not trample on the remains of God's servants.[2]

Even on al-Ma'arri's epitaph, he wanted it written that (In regards to life and being born) "this was the crime committed onto me by my parents and to which I have not committed onto another”

Modern views

Al-Ma'arri is controversial even today as he was skeptical of Islam, the dominant religion of the Arab world.[17] In 2013, almost a thousand years after his death, the al-Nusra Front, a branch of al-Qaeda, beheaded a statue of al-Ma'arri during the Syrian civil war.[30] The statue had been crafted by the sculptor Fathi Muhammad.[12] The motive behind the beheading is disputed; theories range from the fact that he was a heretic to the fact that he is believed by some to be related to the Assad family.[30]

Still, al-Ma'arri is sometimes referred to as one of the greatest classical Arab poets. Some have drawn connections between him and the Roman poet Lucretius, calling them progressive for their time.[12]

Works

Poem from Luzūmīyāt, read in Arabic
The restrictive rhyme and meter can be heard in the start of poem 197[31]
Problems playing this file? See media help.

An early collection of his poems appeared as The Tinder Spark (Saqṭ al-zand; Template:Rtl-lang). The collection of poems included praise of notable people of Aleppo and the Hamdanid ruler Sa'd al-Dawla. It gained great popularity and established his reputation as a poet. A few poems in the collection were about armour.[2]

A second, more original collection appeared under the title Unnecessary Necessity (Luzūm mā lam yalzam Template:Rtl-lang), or simply Necessities (Luzūmīyāt Template:Rtl-lang) . The title refers to how al-Ma'arri saw the business of living and alludes to the unnecessary complexity of the rhyme scheme used.[2]

His third famous work is a work of prose known as The Epistle of Forgiveness (Resalat Al-Ghufran Template:Rtl-lang). The work was written as a direct response to the Arabic poet Ibn al-Qarih, whom al-Ma'arri mocks for his religious views.[14][32] In this work, the poet visits paradise and meets the Arab poets of the pagan period, contrary to Muslim doctrine which holds that only those who believe in God can find salvation. Because of the aspect of conversing with the deceased in paradise, the Resalat Al-Ghufran has been compared to the Divine Comedy of Dante[33] which came hundreds of years after. The work has also been noted to be similar to Ibn Shuhayd's Risala al-tawabi' wa al-zawabi, though there is no evidence that al-Ma'arri was inspired by Ibn Shahayd nor is there any evidence that Dante was inspired by al-Ma'arri.[34] Algeria reportedly banned The Epistle of Forgiveness from the International Book Fair held in Algiers in 2007.[9][30]

Paragraphs and Periods (Al-Fuṣūl wa al-ghāyāt) is a collection of homilies. The work has also been called a parody of the Quran.[2]

Editions

  • Risalat ul Ghufran, a Divine Comedy. Translated by G. Brackenbury 1943.
  • The Epistle of Forgiveness: Volume One: A Vision of Heaven and Hell. Translated by Geert Jan Van Gelder and Gregor Schoeler. Library of Arabic Literature, New York University Press 2013.
  • The Epistle of Forgiveness: Volume Two: Hypocrites, Heretics, and Other Sinners. Translated by Geert Jan Van Gelder and Gregor Schoeler. Library of Arabic Literature, New York University Press 2014.

See also

References

  1. ^ Or more often simply Abulola; see Catalogue of Arabic Books in the British Museum, vol. 1, 1894 (p. 115); Christianus Benedictus Michaelis, Dissertatio philologica de historia linguae Arabicae, 1706 (p. 25); in an English context: Charles Hole, A Brief Biographical Dictionary (p. 3).
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "al-Ma'arri | Biography | Britannica.com". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Tharoor, Kanishk; Maruf, Maryam (8 March 2016). "Museum of Lost Objects: The Unacceptable Poet". BBC News. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  4. ^ a b c Lloyd Ridgeon (2003), Major World Religions: From Their Origins To The Present, Routledge: London, page 257. ISBN 0-415-29796-6
  5. ^ a b James Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, Part 2, page 190. Kessinger Publishing.
  6. ^ a b c Ma’arrat al-Nuʿman, The Luzumiyat, stanza 35.
  7. ^ "I No Longer Steal from Nature" Archived 27 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ a b Fisk, Robert (22 December 2013). "Syrian rebels have taken iconoclasm to new depths, with shrines, statues and even a tree destroyed – but to what end?". The Independent. London. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  9. ^ a b c d e "Al-Ma'arri – Visionary Free Thinker, The Genius of Disability, The Essay". BBC Radio 3. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  10. ^ 1940 Template:Rtl-lang
  11. ^ Miguel Asín Palacios, Islam and the Divine comedy, Routledge, 1968, ISBN 978-0-7146-1995-8, p. 55
  12. ^ a b c d "The 11th Century poet who pissed off al-Qaeda | All About History". historyanswers.co.uk. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  13. ^ a b c d Philip Khuri Hitti, Islam, a Way of Life, page 147. University of Minnesota Press
  14. ^ a b al-Maarri, Abu l-Ala (1 January 2014). Epistle of Forgiveness: Hypocrites, Heretics, and Other Sinners. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814768969.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Gibb, Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen (1 January 1954). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill Archive.
  16. ^ D. S. Margoliouth, Abu 'l-ʿAla Al-Ma'arri's correspondence on vegetarianism, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1902, p. 289.
  17. ^ a b c "Abu-L-Ala al-Maarri Facts". biography.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  18. ^ "Museum of Lost Objects: The unacceptable poet – BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  19. ^ a b "Al Ma'arri". humanistictexts.org. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  20. ^ Reynold Alleyne Nicholson, 1962, A Literary History of the Arabs, page 318. Routledge
  21. ^ James Hastings, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Part 2, page 190. Kessinger Publishing.
  22. ^ Nicholson, A Literary History of the Arabs, 319.
  23. ^ Nicholson, A Literary History of the Arabs, 317.
  24. ^ Nicholson, A Literary History of the Arabs, 323.
  25. ^ Reynold A. Nicholson Adapted from Studies in Islamic Poetry Cambridge University Press, 1921, Cambridge, England. pp. 1–32
  26. ^ Cyril Glasse, (2001), The New Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 278. Rowman Altamira.
  27. ^ Maalouf, Amin (1984). The Crusades Through Arab Eyes. Schocken Books. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-8052-0898-6.
  28. ^ The full poem (in Arabic) to be found e.g. on arabic-poetry.com and www.aldiwan.net (direct links to the poem).
  29. ^ "Syrian rebels have taken iconoclasm to new depths, with shrines, statues and even a tree destroyed – but to what end?". Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  30. ^ a b c France24, "Jihadists behead statue of Syrian poet Abul Ala al-Maari", 14 February 2013
  31. ^ Reynold Nicholson, Studies in Islamic Poetry and Mysticism, 1921, p. 134.
  32. ^ al-Maarri, Abu l-Ala; Gelder, Geert Jan Van; Schoeler, Gregor (2014). The Epistle of Forgiveness: Volume Two: Hypocrites, Heretics, and Other Sinners. New York: NYU Press. ISBN 9780814768969.
  33. ^ William Montgomery Watt and Pierre Cachia, A History of Islamic Spain, 2nd edition, Edinburgh University Press, 1996, pp. 125–126, ISBN 0-7486-0847-8.
  34. ^ Leaman, Oliver (16 July 2015). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Islamic Philosophy. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781472569462.

Sources

  • P. Smoor, "Al-Ma'arri" in: H. A. R. Gibb (ed.), The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume 3, Part 1, Brill, 1984, 927–935.
A Call for Heresy] by Anouar Majid

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