Chlorovirus
| Chlorovirus | |
|---|---|
| Virus classification | |
| Group: | Group I (dsDNA)
|
| Family: | |
| Genus: | Chlorovirus
|
| Type Species | |
Chlorovirus is a genus of giant double-stranded DNA virus, in the family Phycodnaviridae. Alga serve as natural hosts. There are currently 19 species in this genus including the type species Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1.[1][2] One species, Chlorovirus ATCV-1, commonly found in freshwater lakes, has been found to infect humans.[3]
Taxonomy
Group: dsDNA
- Family: Phycodnaviridae
- Genus: Chlorovirus
- Acanthocystis turfacea chlorella virus 1
- Hydra viridis Chlorella virus 1
- Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1
- Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus A1
- Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus AL1A
- Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus AL2A
- Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus BJ2C
- Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus CA4A
- Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus CA4B
- Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus IL3A
- Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus NC1A
- Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus NE8A
- Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus NY2A
- Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus NYs1
- Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus SC1A
- Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus XY6E
- Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus XZ3A
- Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus XZ4A
- Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus XZ4C
Structure
Viruses in Chlorovirus are enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=169 symmetry. The diameter is around 100-220 nm. Genomes are linear, around 330 kb in length. The genome has 700 open reading frames.[1]
| Genus | Structure | Symmetry | Capsid | Genomic Arrangement | Genomic Segmentation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chlorovirus | Icosahedral | T=169 | Enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Hosts
Chloroviruses infect certain unicellular, eukaryotic, exsymbiontic chlorella-like green algae, called zoochlorellae. Chloroviruses are very species and even strain specific. Zoochlorellae are associated with the protozoan Paramecium bursaria, the coelenterate Hydra viridis, the heliozoon Acanthocystis turfacea and other freshwater and marine invertebrates and protozoans. Chloroviruses are common in inland waters throughout the world with titers as high as thousands of plaque-forming units (PFUs) per milliliter of indigenous water, although titers are typically 1-100 PFUs/mL. The viruses cannot infect zoochlorellae when they are in their symbiotic phase and there is no evidence that zoochlorellae grow free of their hosts in indigenous waters.[4]
Life cycle
Viral replication is nucleo-cytoplasmic. Replication follows the DNA strand displacement model. Dna templated transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by lysis via lytic phospholipids. Alga serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are passive diffusion.[1]
| Genus | Host Details | Tissue Tropism | Entry Details | Release Details | Replication Site | Assembly Site | Transmission |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chlorovirus | Alga | None | Cell receptor endocytosis | Lysis | Nucleus | Cytoplasm | Unknown |
See also
- Phycodnaviridae - algae infecting viruses
References
- ^ a b c "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ a b ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ Yolken RH; Jones-Brando L; Dunigan DD; Kannan G; Dickerson F; Sabunciyan S; Talbot CC; et al. (November 2014). "Chlorovirus ATCV-1 is part of the human oropharyngeal virome and is associated with changes in cognitive functions in humans and mice". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 111 (45): 16106–11. doi:10.1073/pnas.1418895111. PMC 4234575. PMID 25349393.
- ^ Van Etten JL; Dunigan DD (Jan 2012). "Chloroviruses: not your everyday plant virus". Trends in Plant Science. 17 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2011.10.005. PMC 3259250. PMID 22100667.