James Bond
James Bond | |
---|---|
![]() Ian Fleming's image of James Bond; commissioned to aid the Daily Express comic strip artists. | |
Created by | Ian Fleming |
Original work | Novels |
Print publications | |
Novel(s) |
|
Films and television | |
Film(s) | |
Miscellaneous | |
Portrayers |
The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. Since Fleming's death in 1964, eight other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelizations: Kingsley Amis, Christopher Wood, John Gardner, Raymond Benson, Sebastian Faulks, Jeffery Deaver, William Boyd and Anthony Horowitz. The latest novel is Trigger Mortis by Anthony Horowitz, published in September 2015. Additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond, and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character, Moneypenny.
The character has also been adapted for television, radio, comic strip, video games and film. The films are the longest continually running and the third-highest-grossing film series to date, which started in 1962 with Dr. No, starring Sean Connery as Bond. As of 2024, there have been twenty-four films in the Eon Productions series. The most recent Bond film, Spectre (2015), stars Daniel Craig in his fourth portrayal of Bond; he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series. There have also been two independent productions of Bond films: Casino Royale (a 1967 spoof) and Never Say Never Again (a 1983 remake of an earlier Eon-produced film, Thunderball).
The Bond films are renowned for a number of features, including the musical accompaniment, with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions, and one win. Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bond's cars, his guns, and the gadgets with which he is supplied by Q Branch. The films are also noted for Bond's relationships with various women, who are sometimes referred to as "Bond girls".
Publication history
Creation and inspiration
As the central figure for his works, Ian Fleming created the fictional character of James Bond, an intelligence officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond was also known by his code number, 007, and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander.
Fleming based his fictional creation on a number of individuals he came across during his time in the Naval Intelligence Division during World War II, admitting that Bond "was a compound of all the secret agents and commando types I met during the war".[1] Among those types were his brother, Peter, who had been involved in behind-the-lines operations in Norway and Greece during the war.[2] Aside from Fleming's brother, a number of others also provided some aspects of Bond's make up, including Conrad O'Brien-ffrench, Patrick Dalzel-Job and Bill "Biffy" Dunderdale.[1]
The name James Bond came from that of the American ornithologist James Bond, a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies. Fleming, a keen birdwatcher himself, had a copy of Bond's guide and he later explained to the ornithologist's wife that "It struck me that this brief, unromantic, Anglo-Saxon and yet very masculine name was just what I needed, and so a second James Bond was born".[3] He further explained that:
When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be an extremely dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened; I wanted him to be a blunt instrument ... when I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, (James Bond) is the dullest name I ever heard.
— Ian Fleming, The New Yorker, 21 April 1962[4]
On another occasion, Fleming said: "I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, 'James Bond' was much better than something more interesting, like 'Peregrine Carruthers'. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, blunt instrument wielded by a government department."[5]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Hoagy_Carmichael_-_1947.jpg/220px-Hoagy_Carmichael_-_1947.jpg)
Fleming decided that Bond should resemble both American singer Hoagy Carmichael and himself[6] and in Casino Royale, Vesper Lynd remarks, "Bond reminds me rather of Hoagy Carmichael, but there is something cold and ruthless." Likewise, in Moonraker, Special Branch Officer Gala Brand thinks that Bond is "certainly good-looking ... Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way. That black hair falling down over the right eyebrow. Much the same bones. But there was something a bit cruel in the mouth, and the eyes were cold."[6]
Fleming also endowed Bond with many of his own traits, including sharing the same golf handicap, the taste for scrambled eggs and using the same brand of toiletries.[7] Bond's tastes are also often taken from Fleming's own as was his behaviour,[8] with Bond's love of golf and gambling mirroring Fleming's own. Fleming used his experiences of his espionage career and all other aspects of his life as inspiration when writing, including using names of school friends, acquaintances, relatives and lovers throughout his books.[1]
It was not until the penultimate novel, You Only Live Twice, that Fleming gave Bond a sense of family background. The book was the first to be written after the release of Dr. No in cinemas and Sean Connery's depiction of Bond affected Fleming's interpretation of the character, to give Bond both a sense of humour and Scottish antecedents that were not present in the previous stories.[9] In a fictional obituary, purportedly published in The Times, Bond's parents were given as Andrew Bond, from the village of Glencoe, Scotland, and Monique Delacroix, from the canton of Vaud, Switzerland.[10] Fleming did not provide Bond's date of birth, but John Pearson's fictional biography of Bond, James Bond: The Authorized Biography of 007, gives Bond a birth date on 11 November 1920,[11] while a study by John Griswold puts the date at 11 November 1921.[12]
Novels and related works
Ian Fleming novels
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/GoldeneyeEstate.jpg/220px-GoldeneyeEstate.jpg)
Whilst serving in the Naval Intelligence Division, Fleming had planned to become an author[14] and had told a friend, "I am going to write the spy story to end all spy stories."[1] On 17 February 1952, he began writing his first James Bond novel, Casino Royale at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica,[15] where he wrote all his Bond novels during the months of January and February each year.[16] He started the story shortly before his wedding to his pregnant girlfriend, Ann Charteris, in order to distract himself from his forthcoming nuptials.[17]
After completing the manuscript for Casino Royale, Fleming showed the manuscript to his friend (and later editor) William Plomer to read. Plomer liked it and submitted it to the publishers, Jonathan Cape, who did not like it as much. Cape finally published it in 1953 on the recommendation of Fleming's older brother Peter, an established travel writer.[16] Between 1953 and 1966, two years after his death, twelve novels and two short-story collections were published, with the last two books – The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights – published posthumously.[18] All the books were published in the UK through Jonathan Cape.
|
|
Post-Fleming novels
After Fleming's death a continuation novel, Colonel Sun, was written by Kingsley Amis (as Robert Markham) and published in 1968.[33] Amis had already written a literary study of Fleming's Bond novels in his 1965 work The James Bond Dossier.[34] Although novelizations of two of the Eon Productions Bond films appeared in print, James Bond, The Spy Who Loved Me and James Bond and Moonraker, both written by screenwriter Christopher Wood,[35] the series of novels did not continue until the 1980s. In 1981 the thriller writer John Gardner picked up the series with Licence Renewed.[36] Gardner went on to write sixteen Bond books in total; two of the books he wrote – Licence to Kill and GoldenEye – were novelizations of Eon Productions films of the same name. Gardner moved the Bond series into the 1980s, although he retained the ages of the characters as they were when Fleming had left them.[37] In 1996 Gardner retired from writing James Bond books due to ill health.[38]
|
|
In 1996 the American author Raymond Benson became the author of the Bond novels. Benson had previously been the author of The James Bond Bedside Companion, first published in 1984.[53] By the time he moved on to other, non-Bond related projects in 2002, Benson had written six Bond novels, three novelizations and three short stories.[54]
|
|
After a gap of six years, Sebastian Faulks was commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications to write a new Bond novel, which was released on 28 May 2008, the 100th anniversary of Fleming's birth.[64] The book—titled Devil May Care—was published in the UK by Penguin Books and by Doubleday in the US.[65] American writer Jeffery Deaver was then commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications to produce Carte Blanche, which was published on 26 May 2011.[66] The book updated Bond into a post-9/11 agent, independent of MI5 or MI6.[67] On 26 September 2013 Solo, written by William Boyd, was published, set in 1969.[68] In October 2014 it was announced that Anthony Horowitz was to write a Bond continuation novel.[69] Set in the 1950s two weeks after the events of Goldfinger, it contains material written, but previously unreleased, by Fleming. Trigger Mortis was released on 8 September 2015.[70][71][72]
|
|
Young Bond
The Young Bond series of novels was started by Charlie Higson[73] and, between 2005 and 2009, five novels and one short story were published.[74] The first Young Bond novel, SilverFin was also adapted and released as a graphic novel on 2 October 2008 by Puffin Books.[75] In October 2013 Ian Fleming Publications announced that Stephen Cole would continue the series, with the first edition scheduled to be released in Autumn 2014.[76]
|
The Moneypenny Diaries
The Moneypenny Diaries are a trilogy of novels chronicling the life of Miss Moneypenny, M's personal secretary. The novels are penned by Samantha Weinberg under the pseudonym Kate Westbrook, who is depicted as the book's "editor".[84] The first instalment of the trilogy, subtitled Guardian Angel, was released on 10 October 2005 in the UK.[85] A second volume, subtitled Secret Servant was released on 2 November 2006 in the UK, published by John Murray.[86] A third volume, subtitled Final Fling was released on 1 May 2008.[87]
Adaptations
Television
In 1954 CBS paid Ian Fleming $1,000 ($11,346 in 2024 dollars[91]) to adapt his novel Casino Royale into a one-hour television adventure as part of its Climax! series.[92] The episode aired live on 21 October 1954 and starred Barry Nelson as "Card Sense" James Bond and Peter Lorre as Le Chiffre.[93] The novel was adapted for American audiences to show Bond as an American agent working for "Combined Intelligence", while the character Felix Leiter—American in the novel—became British onscreen and was renamed "Clarence Leiter".[94]
In 1973 a BBC documentary Omnibus: The British Hero featured Christopher Cazenove playing a number of such title characters (e.g. Richard Hannay and Bulldog Drummond). The documentary included James Bond in dramatised scenes from Goldfinger—notably featuring 007 being threatened with the novel's circular saw, rather than the film's laser beam—and Diamonds Are Forever.[95] In 1991 a TV cartoon series James Bond Jr. was produced with Corey Burton in the role of Bond's nephew, also called James Bond.[96]
Radio
In 1956 the novel Moonraker was adapted for broadcast on South African radio, with Bob Holness providing the voice of Bond.[97] According to The Independent, "listeners across the Union thrilled to Bob's cultured tones as he defeated evil master criminals in search of world domination".[98]
The BBC have adapted five of the Fleming novels for broadcast: in 1990 You Only Live Twice was adapted into a 90-minute radio play for BBC Radio 4 with Michael Jayston playing James Bond. The production was repeated a number of times between 2008 and 2011.[99] On 24 May 2008 BBC Radio 4 broadcast an adaptation of Dr. No. The actor Toby Stephens, who played Bond villain Gustav Graves in the Eon Productions version of Die Another Day, played Bond, while Dr. No was played by David Suchet.[100] Following its success, a second story was adapted and on 3 April 2010 BBC Radio 4 broadcast Goldfinger with Stephens again playing Bond.[101] Sir Ian McKellen was Goldfinger and Stephens' Die Another Day co-star Rosamund Pike played Pussy Galore. The play was adapted from Fleming's novel by Archie Scottney and was directed by Martin Jarvis.[102] In 2012 the novel From Russia, with Love was dramatized for Radio 4; it featured a full cast again starring Stephens as Bond.[103] In May 2014 Stephens again played Bond, in On Her Majesty's Secret Service, with Alfred Molina as Blofeld, and Joanna Lumley as Irma Bunt.[104]
Comics medium
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ac/McLusky007.jpg/170px-McLusky007.jpg)
In 1957 the Daily Express approached Ian Fleming to adapt his stories into comic strips, offering him £1,500 per novel and a share of takings from syndication.[105] After initial reluctance, Fleming, who felt the strips would lack the quality of his writing, agreed.[106] To aid the Daily Express in illustrating Bond, Fleming commissioned an artist to create a sketch of how he believed James Bond looked. The illustrator, John McLusky, however, felt that Fleming's 007 looked too "outdated" and "pre-war" and changed Bond to give him a more masculine look.[107] The first strip, Casino Royale was published from 7 July 1958 to 13 December 1958[108] and was written by Anthony Hern and illustrated by John McLusky.[109]
Most of the Bond novels and short stories have since been adapted for illustration, as well as Kingsley Amis's Colonel Sun; the works were written by Henry Gammidge or Jim Lawrence with Yaroslav Horak replacing McClusky as artist in 1966.[108] After the Fleming and Amis material had been adapted, original stories were produced, continuing in the Daily Express and Sunday Express until May 1977.[107]
Several comic book adaptations of the James Bond films have been published through the years: at the time of Dr. No's release in October 1962, a comic book adaptation of the screenplay, written by Norman J. Nodel, was published in Britain as part of the Classics Illustrated anthology series.[110] It was later reprinted in the United States by DC Comics as part of its Showcase anthology series, in January 1963. This was the first American comic book appearance of James Bond and is noteworthy for being a relatively rare example of a British comic being reprinted in a fairly high-profile American comic. It was also one of the earliest comics to be censored on racial grounds (some skin tones and dialogue were changed for the American market).[111][110]
With the release of the 1981 film For Your Eyes Only, Marvel Comics published a two-issue comic book adaptation of the film.[112][113] When Octopussy was released in the cinemas in 1983, Marvel published an accompanying comic;[110] Eclipse also produced a one-off comic for Licence to Kill, although Timothy Dalton refused to allow his likeness to be used.[114] New Bond stories were also drawn up and published from 1989 onwards through Marvel, Eclipse Comics and Dark Horse Comics.[110][113]
Films
The Eon Productions films
In 1962 Eon Productions, the company of Canadian Harry Saltzman and American Albert R. "Cubby" Broccoli, released the first cinema adaptation of an Ian Fleming novel, Dr. No, featuring Sean Connery as 007.[115] Connery starred in a further four films before leaving the role after You Only Live Twice,[116] which was taken up by George Lazenby for On Her Majesty's Secret Service.[117] Lazenby left the role after just one appearance and Connery was tempted back for his last Eon-produced film Diamonds Are Forever.[118]
In 1973 Roger Moore was appointed to the role of 007 for Live and Let Die and played Bond a further six times over twelve years before being replaced by Timothy Dalton for two films. After a six-year hiatus, during which a legal wrangle threatened Eon's productions of the Bond films,[119] Irish actor Pierce Brosnan was cast as Bond in GoldenEye, released in 1995; he remained in the role for a total of four films, before leaving in 2002. In 2006, Daniel Craig was given the role of Bond for Casino Royale, which rebooted the series.[120] The twenty-third Eon produced film, Skyfall, was released on 26 October 2012.[121] The series has grossed just over $6 billion to date, making it the third-highest-grossing film series (behind Harry Potter and the Marvel Cinematic Universe),[122] and the single most successful adjusted for inflation.[123]
Title | Year | Actor | Director |
---|---|---|---|
Dr. No | 1962 | Sean Connery | Terence Young |
From Russia with Love | 1963 | ||
Goldfinger | 1964 | Guy Hamilton | |
Thunderball | 1965 | Terence Young | |
You Only Live Twice | 1967 | Lewis Gilbert | |
On Her Majesty's Secret Service | 1969 | George Lazenby | Peter R. Hunt |
Diamonds Are Forever | 1971 | Sean Connery | Guy Hamilton |
Live and Let Die | 1973 | Roger Moore | |
The Man with the Golden Gun | 1974 | ||
The Spy Who Loved Me | 1977 | Lewis Gilbert | |
Moonraker | 1979 | ||
For Your Eyes Only | 1981 | John Glen | |
Octopussy | 1983 | ||
A View to a Kill | 1985 | ||
The Living Daylights | 1987 | Timothy Dalton | |
Licence to Kill | 1989 | ||
GoldenEye | 1995 | Pierce Brosnan | Martin Campbell |
Tomorrow Never Dies | 1997 | Roger Spottiswoode | |
The World Is Not Enough | 1999 | Michael Apted | |
Die Another Day | 2002 | Lee Tamahori | |
Casino Royale | 2006 | Daniel Craig | Martin Campbell |
Quantum of Solace | 2008 | Marc Forster | |
Skyfall | 2012 | Sam Mendes | |
Spectre | 2015 |
Non-Eon films
In 1967 Casino Royale was adapted into a parody Bond film starring David Niven as Sir James Bond and Ursula Andress as Vesper Lynd. Niven had been Fleming's preference for the role of Bond.[124] The result of a court case in the High Court in London in 1963 allowed Kevin McClory to produce a remake of Thunderball titled Never Say Never Again in 1983.[125] The film, produced by Jack Schwartzman's Taliafilm production company and starring Sean Connery as Bond, was not part of the Eon series of Bond films. In 1997 the Sony Corporation acquired all or some of McClory's rights in an undisclosed deal,[125] which were then subsequently acquired by MGM, whilst on 4 December 1997, MGM announced that the company had purchased the rights to Never Say Never Again from Taliafilm.[126] As at 2015 Eon holds the full adaptation rights to all of Fleming's Bond novels.[125][127]
Title | Year | Actor | Director |
---|---|---|---|
Casino Royale | 1967 | David Niven | Ken Hughes John Huston Joseph McGrath Robert Parrish Val Guest Richard Talmadge |
Never Say Never Again | 1983 | Sean Connery | Irvin Kershner |
Music
"... cocky, swaggering, confident, dark, dangerous, suggestive, sexy, unstoppable."
The "James Bond Theme" was written by Monty Norman and was first orchestrated by the John Barry Orchestra for 1962's Dr. No, although the actual authorship of the music has been a matter of controversy for many years.[129] In 2001, Norman won £30,000 in libel damages from the The Sunday Times newspaper, which suggested that Barry was entirely responsible for the composition.[130] The theme, as written by Norman and arranged by Barry, was described by another Bond film composer, David Arnold, as "bebop-swing vibe coupled with that vicious, dark, distorted electric guitar, definitely an instrument of rock 'n' roll ... it represented everything about the character you would want: It was cocky, swaggering, confident, dark, dangerous, suggestive, sexy, unstoppable. And he did it in two minutes."[128] Barry composed the scores for eleven Bond films[131] and had an uncredited contribution to Dr. No with his arrangement of the Bond Theme.[128]
A Bond film staple are the theme songs heard during their title sequences sung by well-known popular singers.[132] Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song, including Paul McCartney's "Live and Let Die",[133] Carly Simon's "Nobody Does It Better",[134] Sheena Easton's "For Your Eyes Only"[135] and Adele's "Skyfall".[136] Adele won the award at the 85th Academy Awards. For the non-Eon produced Casino Royale, Burt Bacharach's score included "The Look of Love", which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song.[137]
Video games
In 1983 the first Bond video game, developed and published by Parker Brothers, was released for the Atari 2600, the Atari 5200, the Atari 800, the Commodore 64 and the ColecoVision.[138] Since then, there have been numerous video games either based on the films or using original storylines. In 1997 the first-person shooter video game GoldenEye 007 was developed by Rare for the Nintendo 64, based on the 1995 Pierce Brosnan film GoldenEye.[139] The game received very positive reviews,[140] won the BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Award for UK Developer of the Year in 1998[141] and sold over eight million copies worldwide,[142][143] grossing $250 million.[144]
In 1999 Electronic Arts acquired the licence and released Tomorrow Never Dies on 16 December 1999.[145] In October 2000, they released The World Is Not Enough[146] for the Nintendo 64[147] followed by 007 Racing for the PlayStation on 21 November 2000.[148] In 2003, the company released James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing,[149] which included the likenesses and voices of Pierce Brosnan, Willem Dafoe, Heidi Klum, Judi Dench and John Cleese, amongst others.[150] In November 2005, Electronic Arts released a video game adaptation of 007: From Russia with Love,[151] which involved Sean Connery's image and voice-over for Bond.[151] In 2006 Electronic Arts announced a game based on then-upcoming film Casino Royale: the game was cancelled because it would not be ready by the film's release in November of that year. With MGM losing revenue from lost licensing fees, the franchise was removed from EA to Activision.[152] Activision subsequently released the 007: Quantum of Solace game on 31 October 2008, based on the film of the same name.[153]
A new version of GoldenEye 007 featuring Daniel Craig was released exclusively for the Nintendo Wii and a handheld version for the Nintendo DS in November 2010.[154] A year later another new version was released for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 under the title GoldenEye 007: Reloaded.[155][156] In October 2012 007 Legends was released, which featured one mission from each of the Bond actors of the Eon Productions' series.[157]
Guns, vehicles and gadgets
Guns
For the first five novels, Fleming armed Bond with a Beretta 418[158] until he received a letter from a thirty-one-year-old Bond enthusiast and gun expert, Geoffrey Boothroyd, criticising Fleming's choice of firearm for Bond,[159] calling it "a lady's gun – and not a very nice lady at that!"[160] Boothroyd suggested that Bond should swap his Beretta for a Walther PPK 7.65mm and this exchange of arms made it to Dr. No.[161] Boothroyd also gave Fleming advice on the Berns-Martin triple draw shoulder holster and a number of the weapons used by SMERSH and other villains.[162] In thanks, Fleming gave the MI6 Armourer in his novels the name Major Boothroyd and, in Dr. No, M introduces him to Bond as "the greatest small-arms expert in the world".[161] Bond also used a variety of rifles, including the Savage Model 99 in "For Your Eyes Only" and a Winchester .308 target rifle in "The Living Daylights".[158] Other handguns used by Bond in the Fleming books included the Colt Detective Special and a long-barrelled Colt .45 Army Special.[158]
The first Bond film, Dr. No, saw M ordering Bond to leave his Beretta behind and take up the Walther PPK,[163] which the film Bond used in eighteen films.[164] In Tomorrow Never Dies and the two subsequent films, Bond's main weapon was the Walther P99 semi-automatic pistol.[164]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Aston.db5.coupe.300pix.jpg/220px-Aston.db5.coupe.300pix.jpg)
Vehicles
In the early Bond stories Fleming gave Bond a battleship-grey Bentley 4½ Litre with an Amherst Villiers supercharger.[165] After Bond's car was written off by Hugo Drax in Moonraker, Fleming gave Bond a Mark II Continental Bentley, which he used in the remaining books of the series.[166] During Goldfinger, Bond was issued with an Aston Martin DB Mark III with a homing device, which he used to track Goldfinger across France. Bond returned to his Bentley for the subsequent novels.[166]
The Bond of the films has driven a number of cars, including the Aston Martin V8 Vantage,[167] during the 1980s, the V12 Vanquish[167] and DBS[168] during the 2000s, as well as the Lotus Esprit;[169] the BMW Z3,[170] BMW 750iL[170] and the BMW Z8.[170] He has, however, also needed to drive a number of other vehicles, ranging from a Citroën 2CV to a Routemaster Bus, amongst others.[171]
Bond's most famous car is the silver grey Aston Martin DB5, first seen in Goldfinger;[172] it later featured in Thunderball, GoldenEye, Tomorrow Never Dies, Casino Royale and Skyfall.[173][174] The films have used a number of different Aston Martins for filming and publicity, one of which was sold in January 2006 at an auction in the US for $2,090,000 to an unnamed European collector.[175]
Gadgets
![Small, one man, open-cockpit helicopter on a lawn about the size of a car next to it, with a man sitting in it.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Little_Nellie.jpg/220px-Little_Nellie.jpg)
Fleming's novels and early screen adaptations presented minimal equipment such as the booby-trapped attaché case in From Russia with Love, although this situation changed dramatically with the films.[176] However, the effects of the two Eon-produced Bond films Dr. No and From Russia with Love had an effect on the novel The Man with the Golden Gun, through the increased number of devices used in Fleming's final story.[177]
For the film adaptations of Bond, the pre-mission briefing by Q Branch became one of the motifs that ran through the series.[178] Dr. No provided no spy-related gadgets, but a Geiger counter was used; industrial designer Andy Davey observed that the first ever onscreen spy-gadget was the attaché case shown in From Russia with Love, which he described as "a classic 007 product".[179] The gadgets assumed a higher profile in the 1964 film Goldfinger. The film's success encouraged further espionage equipment from Q Branch to be supplied to Bond, although the increased use of technology led to an accusation that Bond was over-reliant on equipment, particularly in the later films.[180]
"If it hadn't been for Q Branch, you'd have been dead long ago!"
—Q, to Bond, Licence to Kill
Davey noted that "Bond's gizmos follow the zeitgeist more closely than any other ... nuance in the films"[179] as they moved from the potential representations of the future in the early films, through to the brand-name obsessions of the later films.[179] It is also noticeable that, although Bond uses a number of pieces of equipment from Q Branch, including the Little Nellie autogyro,[181] a jet pack[182] and the exploding attaché case,[183] the villains are also well-equipped with custom-made devices,[179] including Scaramanga's golden gun,[184] Rosa Klebb's poison-tipped shoes,[185] Oddjob's steel-rimmed bowler hat[186] and Blofeld's communication devices in his agents' vanity case.[179]
Cultural impact
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Fleming%27s_paperback_Bonds.jpg/170px-Fleming%27s_paperback_Bonds.jpg)
Cinematically, Bond has been a major influence within the spy genre since the release of Dr. No in 1962,[187] with 22 secret agent films released in 1966 alone attempting to capitalise on its popularity and success.[188] The first parody was the 1964 film Carry On Spying showing the villain Dr. Crow being overcome by agents who included James Bind (Charles Hawtry) and Daphne Honeybutt (Barbara Windsor).[189] One of the films that reacted against the portrayal of Bond was the Harry Palmer series, whose first film, The Ipcress File was released in 1965. The eponymous hero of the series was what academic Jeremy Packer called an "anti-Bond",[190] or what Christoph Lindner calls "the thinking man's Bond".[191] The Palmer series were produced by Harry Saltzman, who also used key crew members from the Bond series, including designer Ken Adam, editor Peter R. Hunt and composer John Barry.[192] The four "Matt Helm" films starring Dean Martin were released between 1966 and 1969,[193] the "Flint" series starring James Coburn provided two films in 1966 and 1969,[194] whilst The Man from U.N.C.L.E. also moved onto the cinema screen, with eight films released: all were testaments to Bond's prominence in popular culture.[131] More recently, the Austin Powers series by writer, producer and comedian Mike Myers[195] and other parodies such as the 2003 film Johnny English[196] have also used elements from or parodied the Bond films.
Following the release of the film Dr. No in 1962, the line "Bond ... James Bond", became a catch phrase that entered the lexicon of Western popular culture: writers Cork and Scivally said of the introduction in Dr. No that the "signature introduction would become the most famous and loved film line ever".[197] In 2001 it was voted as the "best-loved one-liner in cinema" by British cinema goers[198] and in 2005, it was honoured as the 22nd greatest quotation in cinema history by the American Film Institute as part of their 100 Years Series.[199] The 2005 American Film Institute's '100 Years' series also recognised the character of James Bond himself in the film as the third greatest film hero.[200] He was also placed at number eleven on a similar list by Empire.[201] Premiere also listed Bond as the fifth greatest movie character of all time.[202]
The twenty-three James Bond films produced by Eon Productions, which have grossed $4,910,000,000 in box office returns alone,[203] have made the series one of the highest-grossing ever. It is estimated that since Dr. No, a quarter of the world's population have seen at least one Bond film.[204] The UK Film Distributors' Association have stated that the importance of the Bond series of films to the British film industry cannot be overstated, as they "form the backbone of the industry".[205]
Television also saw the effect of Bond films, with the NBC series The Man from U.N.C.L.E.,[206] which was described as the "first network television imitation" of Bond,[207] largely because Fleming provided advice and ideas on the development of the series, even giving the main character the name Napoleon Solo.[208] Other 1960s television series inspired by Bond included I Spy,[194] and Get Smart.[209]
By 2012, James Bond had become such a symbol of the United Kingdom that the character, played by Craig, appeared in the opening ceremony of the 2012 London Olympics as Queen Elizabeth II's escort.[210]
Throughout the life of the film series, there have been a number of tie-in products released.[211]
Criticisms of James Bond
The character of James Bond has triggered a number of criticisms and reactions across the political spectrum, and is still highly debated in popular culture studies.[212][213] Left-leaning observers often accuse Bond novels and movies of sexism, misogyny.[214] Bond is also seen as a white male fantasy of conspicuous consumption of luxury goods (cars, clothes, houses, etc.) and objectification of women. Geographers have considered the role of exotic locations in the movies in the dynamics of the Cold War, with power struggle between blocks playing out in the peripheral areas.[215] Other critics claim that 21st century Bond movies reflect imperial nostalgia.[216] American conservative critics, particularly in the 1960s and 1970s, saw Bond as a nihilistic, hedonistic, and amoral character that challenged family values.[217]
See also
- Bibliography of James Bond
- 9007 James Bond Asteroid named after the character
- Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet
- Shaken, not stirred
- The Battle for Bond
References
- ^ a b c d Macintyre, Ben (5 April 2008). "Bond - the real Bond". The Times. p. 36.
- ^ "Obituary: Colonel Peter Fleming, Author and explorer". The Times. 20 August 1971. p. 14.
- ^ Caplen 2010, p. 21.
- ^ Hellman, Geoffrey T. (21 April 1962). "Bond's Creator (subscription needed)". Talk of the Town. The New Yorker. p. 32. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 112.
- ^ a b Macintyre 2008, p. 67. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMacintyre2008 (help)
- ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 50. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMacintyre2008 (help)
- ^ Cook, William (28 June 2004). "Novel man". New Statesman. p. 40.
- ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 205. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMacintyre2008 (help)
- ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 59.
- ^ Pearson 2008, p. 21.
- ^ Griswold 2006, p. 27.
- ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 208. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMacintyre2008 (help)
- ^ Lycett, Andrew (2004). "Fleming, Ian Lancaster (1908–1964) (subscription needed)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33168. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
- ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 4.
- ^ a b Chancellor 2005, p. 5.
- ^ Bennett & Woollacott 2003, p. 1, ch 1.
- ^ Black 2005, p. 75.
- ^ "Casino Royale". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ "Live and Let Die". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ "Moonraker". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Diamonds are Forever". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ "From Russia, with Love". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Dr. No". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Goldfinger". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ "For Your Eyes Only". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Thunderball". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ "The Spy Who Loved Me". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "On Her Majesty's Secret Service". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ "You Only Live Twice". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Man with the Golden Gun". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ "Octopussy and The Living Daylights". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Colonel Sun". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Benson 1988, p. 32.
- ^ a b c d e f "Film Novelizations". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- ^ Simpson 2002, p. 58.
- ^ Benson 1988, p. 149.
- ^ Ripley, Mike (2 November 2007). "Obituary: John Gardner: Prolific thriller writer behind the revival of James Bond and Professor Moriarty". The Guardian. p. 41. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
- ^ "Licence Renewed". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "For Special Services". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Ice Breaker". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Role Of Honour". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Nobody Lives Forever". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "No Deals Mr Bond". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Scorpius". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Win, Lose Or Die". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Brokenclaw". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Man From Barbarossa". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Death is Forever". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Never Send Flowers". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
- ^ "Seafire". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Cold". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
- ^ Raymond Benson. "Books--At a Glance". RaymondBenson.com. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
- ^ "Raymond Benson". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Simpson 2002, p. 62.
- ^ "Zero Minus Ten". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
- ^ "The Facts Of Death". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
- ^ Simpson 2002, p. 63.
- ^ Simpson 2002, p. 64.
- ^ "High Time To Kill". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Doubleshot". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
- ^ "Never Dream Of Dying". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
- ^ "The Man With The Red Tattoo". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Faulks pens new James Bond novel". BBC News. 11 July 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
- ^ "Sebastian Faulks". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "James Bond book called Carte Blanche". BBC News. 17 January 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
- ^ "Jeffery Deaver". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
- ^ "Solo Published Today". Ian Fleming Publications. 26 September 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
- ^ Singh, Anita (2 October 2014). "James Bond's secret mission: to save Stirling Moss". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
- ^ "James Bond: Pussy Galore returns in new novel". BBC News. BBC. 28 May 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
- ^ Flood, Alison (28 May 2015). "New James Bond novel Trigger Mortis resurrects Pussy Galore". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
- ^ Furness, Hannah (28 May 2015). "Pussy Galore returns for new James Bond novel Trigger Mortis". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
- ^ Smith, Neil (3 March 2005). "The name's Bond - Junior Bond". BBC News. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
- ^ "Charlie Higson". Puffin Books - Authors. Penguin Books. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
- ^ "SilverFin: The Graphic Novel". Puffin Books. Penguin Books. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
- ^ "New Young Bond Series in 2014". Ian Fleming Publications. 9 October 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
- ^ "Young Bond: SilverFin". Puffin Books: Charlie Higson. Penguin Books. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Young Bond: Blood Fever". Puffin Books: Charlie Higson. Penguin Books. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Young Bond: Double or Die". Puffin Books: Charlie Higson. Penguin Books. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Young Bond: Hurricane Gold". Puffin Books: Charlie Higson. Penguin Books. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Young Bond: By Royal Command". Puffin Books: Charlie Higson. Penguin Books. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "SilverFin: The (Graphic Novel)". Puffin Books: Charlie Higson. Penguin Books. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- ^ "Danger Society: The Young Bond Dossier". Puffin Books: Charlie Higson. Penguin Books. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- ^ "Miss Moneypenny". Evening Standard. 14 October 2005. p. 10.
- ^ O'Connell, John (12 October 2005). "Books - Review - The Moneypenny Diaries - Kate Westbrook (ed) - John Murray GBP 12.99". Time Out. p. 47.
- ^ Weinberg, Samantha (11 November 2006). "Licensed to thrill". The Times. p. 29.
- ^ Saunders, Kate (10 May 2008). "The Moneypenny Diaries: Final Fling". The Times. p. 13.
- ^ "Guardian Angel". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Secret Servant". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Final Fling". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved 29 February 2024.
- ^ Black 2005, p. 14.
- ^ Benson 1988, p. 11.
- ^ Black 2005, p. 101.
- ^ "Radio Times". 6–12 October 1973: 74–79.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Svetkey, Benjamin (29 May 1992). "Sweet Baby James". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ "Bob Holness on Game Shows". Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ Roberts, Andrew (8 November 2006). "The Bond bunch". The Independent. p. 14.
- ^ "James Bond — You Only Live Twice". BBC Radio 4 Extra. BBC. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
- ^ "007 villain to play Bond on radio". BBC. 2 May 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
- ^ Hemley, Matthew (13 October 2009). "James Bond to return to radio as Goldfinger is adapted for BBC". The Stage Online. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
- ^ "Goldfinger". Saturday Play. BBC. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
- ^ "Saturday Drama: From Russia With Love". BBC Radio 4. BBC. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ "Saturday Drama: On Her Majesty's Secret Service". BBC. BBC. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
- ^ Jütting 2007, p. 6.
- ^ Lycett 1996, p. 316.
- ^ a b Simpson 2002, p. 21.
- ^ a b Fleming, Gammidge & McLusky 1988, p. 6.
- ^ Jütting 2007, p. 7.
- ^ a b c d Conroy 2004, p. 293.
- ^ Evanier, Mark (3 December 2006). "Secrets Behind the Comics". NewsFromme.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998, p. 131.
- ^ a b Thompson, Frankenhoff & Bickford 2010, p. 368.
- ^ "Bond Violence Gets Artistic 'Licence'". The Palm Beach Post. 28 July 1989.
- ^ Sutton, Mike. "Dr. No (1962)". Screenonline. British Film Institute. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ "You Only Live Twice". TCM Film Article. Turner Entertainment Networks, Inc. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
- ^ "On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969)". Screenonline. British Film Institute. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ Feeney Callan 2002, p. 217.
- ^ Simpson 2002, p. 81.
- ^ Robey, Tim (12 January 2011). "Sam Mendes may have problems directing new James Bond movie". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ Masters, Tim (3 November 2011). "James Bond: Skyfall opens new chapter for 007". BBC News. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ "Movie Franchises". The Numbers. Nash Information Services. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
- ^ "Pottering on, and on". The Economist. London. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
- ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 202. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMacintyre2008 (help)
- ^ a b c Poliakoff, Keith (2000). "License to Copyright - The Ongoing Dispute Over the Ownership of James Bond" (PDF). Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal. 18. Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law: 387–436. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc. announces acquisition of Never Say Never Again James Bond assets" (Press release). Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. 4 December 1997. Archived from the original on 5 May 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ Shprintz, Janet (29 March 1999). "Big Bond-holder". Variety. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Judge Rafeedie ... found that McClory's rights in the "Thunderball" material had reverted to the estate of Fleming
- ^ a b c Burlingame, Jon (3 November 2008). "Bond scores establish superspy template". Daily Variety. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ Lindner 2009, p. 122.
- ^ "Monty Norman sues for libel". Bond theme writer wins damages. BBC News. 19 March 2001. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ a b Chapman 2009, p. 97-98.
- ^ Simpson 2002, p. 224.
- ^ "The 46th Academy Awards (1974) Nominees and Winners". Oscar Legacy. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ "The 50th Academy Awards (1978) Nominees and Winners". Oscar Legacy. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ "The 54th Academy Awards (1982)". Oscar Legacy. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ "2013 Oscars Nominees". oscars. January 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
- ^ "The 40th Academy Awards (1968)". Oscar Legacy. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ Backe, Hans-Joachim. "Narrative Feedback: Computer games, comics, and the James Bond Franchise" (PDF). Ruhr University Bochum. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
- ^ Greg Sewart. "GoldenEye 007 review". Gaming Age Online. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ "GoldenEye 007 Reviews". gamerankings.com. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ "Rare: Company". Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ Martin Hollis (2 September 2004). "The Making of GoldenEye 007". Zoonami. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- ^ "Microsoft Acquires Video Game Powerhouse Rare Ltd". Microsoft News Center. 24 September 2002. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
- ^ Crandall, Robert W.; Sidak, J. Gregory. "Video Games: Serious Business for America's Economy" (PDF). Entertainment Software Association. pp. 39–40. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ "007: Tomorrow Never Dies". IGN. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ King & Krzywinska 2002, p. 183.
- ^ "The World Is Not Enough". Video Games. Eurocom Developments. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ "007 Racing Review". IGN. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ "James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing". IGN. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ "James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing Review". IGN. 18 February 2004. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ a b "From Russia With Love Review". IGN. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ Fritz, Ben (3 May 2006). "Bond, Superman games on the move". Variety. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ "James Bond: Quantum of Solace Reviews". CBS Interactive. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
- ^ Harris, Craig. "GoldenEye Reimagined for Wii". IGN. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
- ^ Walton, Mark (20 July 2011). "GoldenEye 007: Reloaded First Impressions". GameSpot. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ Robinson, Andy (20 July 2011). "News: GoldenEye HD is official: Move, Online Confirmed - Trailer". ComputerAndVideoGames.com. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
- ^ Johnson, Leif (24 October 2012). "007 Legends Review". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
- ^ a b c Benson 1988, p. 265.
- ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 160.
- ^ "Bond's unsung heroes: Geoffrey Boothroyd, the real Q". The Daily Telegraph. 21 May 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
- ^ a b Macintyre 2008, p. 132. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMacintyre2008 (help)
- ^ Benson 1988, p. 15.
- ^ Black 2005, p. 94.
- ^ a b Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 265.
- ^ Benson 1988, p. 62-63.
- ^ a b Benson 1988, p. 63.
- ^ a b Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 183.
- ^ Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 182.
- ^ Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 202.
- ^ a b c Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 186.
- ^ Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 175.
- ^ Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 180.
- ^ Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 180-181.
- ^ French, Philip (28 October 2012). "Skyfall – review". The Observer. London. p. 32.
- ^ "James Bond car sold for over £1m". BBC News. 21 January 2006. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
- ^ Jenkins, Tricia (September 2005). "James Bond's "Pussy" and Anglo-American Cold War Sexuality". The Journal of American Culture. 28 (3). doi:10.1111/j.1542-734X.2005.00215.x.
- ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 234.
- ^ Lindner 2009, p. 112.
- ^ a b c d e Davey, Andy (3 October 2002). "Left to his own devices" (abridged from print copy). Design Week. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- ^ Lindner 2009, p. 169.
- ^ Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 200-201.
- ^ Jütting 2007, p. 128.
- ^ Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 221.
- ^ Jütting 2007, p. 77.
- ^ Griswold 2006, p. 41.
- ^ Black 2005, p. 117.
- ^ Smith & Lavington 2002, p. 21.
- ^ Moniot, Drew (Summer 1976). "James Bond and America in the Sixties: An Investigation of the Formula Film in Popular Culture". Journal of the University Film Association. 28 (3). University of Illinois Press: 25–33. JSTOR 20687331.
- ^ Angelini, Sergio. "Carry On Spying (1964)". BFI Screenonline. British Film Institute. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ Packer 2009, p. 26.
- ^ Lindner 2009, p. 128.
- ^ "Ipcress File, The (1965)". Screenonline. British Film Institute. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
- ^ Allegretti, Joseph. "James Bond and Matt Helm: The Moral Universe of Literature's Most Famous Spy and His Chief American Rival" (PDF). The Mid-Atlantic Almanack. Mid-Atlantic Popular/American Culture Association. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
- ^ a b Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998, p. 210.
- ^ Lindner 2009, p. 76.
- ^ Howell, Peter (21 October 2011). "Thunderbollocks". Toronto Star. p. E2.
- ^ Cork & Scivally 2002, p. 6.
- ^ "James Bond tops motto poll". BBC News. 11 June 2001. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ "100 Years Series: "Movie Quotes"" (PDF). AFI 100 Years Series. American Film Institute. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ "100 years series: 100 heroes and villains" (PDF). AFI 100 Years Series. American Film Industry. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
- ^ "The 100 Greatest Movie Characters: 11. James Bond". Empire. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
- ^ "100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time". Premiere. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ "Box Office History for James Bond Movies". Nash Information Services, LLC. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ Dodds, Klaus (2005). "Screening Geopolitics: James Bond and the Early Cold War films (1962–1967)". Geopolitics. 10 (2): 266–289. doi:10.1080/14650040590946584.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - ^ "British film classics: Dr No". BBC News. 21 February 2003. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ Grigg, Richard (November 2007). "Vanquishing Evil without the Help of God: The Man from U.N.C.L.E. and a World Come of Age". Journal of Communication & Religion. 30 (2): 308–339.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - ^ Worland, Rick (Winter 1994). "The Man From U.N.C.L.E. and TV espionage in the 1960s". Journal of Popular Film & Television. 21 (4): 150–162. doi:10.1080/01956051.1994.9943983.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - ^ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998, p. 209.
- ^ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998, p. 211.
- ^ brown, Nic (27 July 2012). "How James Bond whisked the Queen to the Olympics". BBC News. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- ^ Simpson 2002, p. 273.
- ^ Lindner, Christoph (1 January 2003). The James Bond Phenomenon: A Critical Reader. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719065415.
- ^ Comentale, Edward P.; Watt, Stephen; Willman, Skip (1 January 2005). Ian Fleming & James Bond: The Cultural Politics of 007. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253345235.
- ^ Dodds, Klaus (3 July 2014). "Shaking and Stirring James Bond: Age, Gender, and Resilience in Skyfall (2012)". Journal of Popular Film and Television. 42 (3): 116–130. doi:10.1080/01956051.2013.858026. ISSN 0195-6051.
- ^ Dodds, Klaus (1 July 2005). "Screening Geopolitics: James Bond and the Early Cold War films (1962–1967)". Geopolitics. 10 (2): 266–289. doi:10.1080/14650040590946584. ISSN 1465-0045.
- ^ Jr, Marouf Hasian (20 October 2014). "Skyfall, James Bond's Resurrection, and 21st-Century Anglo-American Imperial Nostalgia". Communication Quarterly. 62 (5): 569–588. doi:10.1080/01463373.2014.949389. ISSN 0146-3373.
- ^ Costello, Jef. "The Importance of James Bond | Counter-Currents Publishing". Counter-Currents Publishing. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
Bibliography
- Bennett, Tony; Woollacott, Janet (2003). "The Moments of Bond". In Lindner, Christoph (ed.). The James Bond Phenomenon: a Critical Reader. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6541-5.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Benson, Raymond (1988). The James Bond Bedside Companion. London: Boxtree Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85283-233-9.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Black, Jeremy (2005). The Politics of James Bond: from Fleming's Novel to the Big Screen. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-6240-9.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Caplen, Robert (2010). Shaken & Stirred: The Feminism of James Bond. Bloomington, Indiana: Xlibris. ISBN 978-1-4535-1282-1.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Chancellor, Henry (2005). James Bond: The Man and His World. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6815-2.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Chapman, James (2009). Licence to Thrill: A Cultural History of the James Bond Films. New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-515-9.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Conroy, Mike (2004). 500 Great Comicbook Action Heroes. London: Chrysalis Books Group. ISBN 978-1-84411-004-9.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Cork, John; Scivally, Bruce (2002). James Bond: The Legacy. London: Boxtree. ISBN 978-0-7522-6498-1.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Cork, John; Stutz, Collin (2007). James Bond Encyclopedia. London: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-1-4053-3427-3.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Feeney Callan, Michael (2002). Sean Connery. London: Virgin Books. ISBN 978-1-85227-992-9.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Fleming, Ian; Gammidge, Henry; McLusky, John (1988). Octopussy. London: Titan Books. ISBN 1-85286-040-5.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Griswold, John (2006). Ian Fleming's James Bond: Annotations And Chronologies for Ian Fleming's Bond Stories. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-4259-3100-1.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Jütting, Kerstin (2007). "Grow Up, 007!" - James Bond Over the Decades: Formula Vs. Innovation. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3-638-85372-9.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - King, Geoff; Krzywinska, Tanya (2002). Screenplay: cinema/videogames/interfaces. Wallflower Press. ISBN 978-1-903364-23-9.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Lindner, Christoph (2009). The James Bond Phenomenon: a Critical Reader. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6541-5.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Lycett, Andrew (1996). Ian Fleming. London: Phoenix. ISBN 978-1-85799-783-5.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Macintyre, Ben (2008). For Your Eyes Only. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7475-9527-4.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Packer, Jeremy (2009). Secret agents: popular icons beyond James Bond. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-8669-7.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Pearson, John (2008). James Bond: The Authorized Biography. Random House. ISBN 978-0-09-950292-0.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Pfeiffer, Lee; Worrall, Dave (1998). The Essential Bond. London: Boxtree Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7522-2477-0.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Simpson, Paul (2002). The Rough Guide to James Bond. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-84353-142-5.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Smith, Jim; Lavington, Stephen (2002). Bond Films. London: Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0709-4.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Thompson, Maggie; Frankenhoff, Brent; Bickford, Peter (2010). Comic Book Price Guide 2010. Krause Publications. ISBN 978-1-4402-1399-1.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png)
- Ian Fleming Publications website
- Young Bond Official Website
- Pinewood Studios Albert R. Broccoli 007 Stage website
- Template:Imdb character