Keling
Keling, also spelt Kling, (pronounced [kliŋ]) is a word used to describe the person of Indian origin that resides in Southeast Asian Archipelago, especially in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia.
The term describes an immigrant resident from India, specifically from the Southeast of Indian subcontinent. Although the early definition was neutral and linked to the people of historic Kalinga kingdom of Southern India,[1] the development in later history suggested that the term has evolved and perceived as a derogatory term to refer the people of Indian descent, especially in Malaysia.[2]
Etymology
The earliest known reference to the word "keling" occurs in a legend mentioned in Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals).[3] The legend mentions Raja Shulan as the king of Keling and as a descendant of Iskandar Zulkarnain (a figure modeled on Alexander the Great). Shulan and his descendant Raja Chulan set out to conquer China. In response, the Chinese dispatch a dilapidated ship with old men. The Chinese men meet Raja Chulan at Temasek, and tell him that they had set out on the voyage when they were young, but China is so far that they had become old by the time they reached Temasek. Upon learning this, Raja Chulan abandons his plan to invade China. Scholars like John N. Miksic identify the legendary Raja Chulan with the Chola king of India.[4] This gives rise to the theory that word 'keling' is the local name for a territory in medieval India, Kalinga kingdom in East India. However, in South-East Asia, the term has historically been used to describe the people of South East Indian origin, not only the inhabitants of Kalinga.[3]
Historical usage
The later parts of Sejarah Melayu mention the voyages of Hang Nadim and Hang Tuah to "Benua Keling". This may have been a reference to India in general. The Dutch used the words "Clings" and "Klingers" to refer to the Indian inhabitants of Malacca. The British colonial writings also use the word "Kling" to describe the immigrants from Madras Presidency and Coromandel coast.[3] John Crawfurd (1856) mentioned that the term 'Kling' was used by the Malays and the Javanese as "a general term for all the people of Hindustan (North India), and for the country India itself".[5]
Castanheda was a Portuguese traveller who lived in Malacca during its heyday—1528 to 1538 has written about the Kelings of what should have been said Kalinga:[6]
- In the northern part [of the city of Malacca] live merchants known as Quelins [Klings — a name applied to South Indians]; in this part the town is much larger than at any other. There are at Malacca, many foreign merchants ...
In its early usage, the term was considered to addressed the person from India .[7] The change of the word keling became an offensive term, can be said started around 1960 / 1963, because of misunderstanding without knowing the actual origin history and limited knowledge about Indian ethnics group from India (Hindustan). This is based on the change in terms of orang Keling Keling people in Cherita Jenaka published in 1960 to orang India Indian people in Cherita Jenaka published in 1963.[8]
Malay
The word keling has been used since 15th century within the Malay community to mean "Indian-Muslim children". The term "Kapitan Keling" was used for a representative of an Indian community, similar to the "Kapitan Cina" of a Chinese community. In early Penang of the 1790s the Kapitan Keling was Cauder Mohideen who, together with the Kapitan Cina Koh Lay Huan and other prominent members of the community, formed the first Committee of Assessors to decide the rates and collection of taxes.[9] This usage is preserved is the name of the Kapitan Keling Mosque, a prominent Penang landmark (see below).
In many cases the word is used as a derogatory term.[7] Keling was recently used by Members of Parliament in Malaysia because of misconception about Indian ethnics, resulting in uproar by the Malaysian community accusing the MPs of racism.[10] Popular usage in Malaysia also suggests a tone of general disrespect to Indian Malaysians[according to whom?].
Javanese
Traditionally in Java, Indonesia, the term Keling is linked with the ancient 6th century Kalingga Kingdom, which ultimately derived from Indian Kalinga kingdom. The term however also refer to several meanings, such as "ship", paku keling which is a technical term to describe "blunt nail" or rivets used to connect metals,[11] and also means "dark skinned person" which traditionally associated with Southern Indian people.[12] In contemporary Indonesian vocabulary use and also in colloquial Indonesian, the term is in derogative meaning and discriminatory in racial connotation, as it can be applied to any person with dark complexion, not only Southern Indian descents, but also to native Indonesians with darker complexion and foreign blacks.
Chinese
The phrases keling-a (Hokkien; 吉寧仔; POJ: kiet-lêng-á), keling yan (Cantonese; 吉寧人; Yale: gat-lìhng-yan), and keling-kia (Teochew) are frequently used within the Chinese community in Malaysia and Singapore. These may be used in either a derogatory or non-derogatory manner: e.g., in Penang Hokkien, which is spoken by some Indians in Penang, keling-a is the only word that exists to refer to ethnic Indians.
The Hokkien and Teochew suffixes -a and -kia are diminutives that are generally used to refer to non-Chinese ethnic groups. "-yan" mean human.
Names of places
Various place names in Malaysia contain the word keling for historical reasons, e.g. Tanjong Keling.,[13] Kampong Keling,[14] and Bukit Keling, etc.
In Penang, the Kapitan Keling Mosque, situated on the corner of Buckingham Street and Jalan Masjid Kapitan Keling (Pitt Street), is one of the oldest mosques in George Town. Various other Penang Hokkien street names contain the word keling, e.g. Kiet-leng-a Ban-san (Chowrasta Road), Kiet-leng-a Ke (King Street/Market Street).
In Singapore, there is a road in Jurong Industrial Estate called Tanjong Kling Road which is probably derived from the word 'Keling'.
In Jepara Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, there is a subdistrict called Keling. Locals link the location with the historical 6th century Kalingga Kingdom. In Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, there's a place called Pacar Keling. It's an area in the subdistrict Tambaksari, Surabaya. Phrase 'Pacar' itself means 'Lover' in Bahasa Indonesia.
References
- ^ "KBBI - Keling". Kamus Besar bahasa Indonesia.
- ^ M. Veera Pandiyan (10 August 2016). "'Keling' and proud of it". The Star online.
- ^ a b c "A historical perspective on the word 'Keling'". Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ^ John N. Miksic (2013). Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800. NUS Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-9971-69-574-3.
- ^ John Crawfurd (1856). A descriptive dictionary of the Indian islands & adjacent countries. Bradbury & Evans. p. 198.
- ^ Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta (1 January 1939). "Foreign Notices of South India: From Megasthenes to Ma Huan". University of Madras. Retrieved 24 April 2017 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b "Malaysian Indians". World Digital Library. 1890–1923. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
- ^ University, Malay Concordance Project, Australian National. "MCP . Cerita Jenaka . bibliography". Retrieved 24 April 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Recipe for rebellion: THE THIRD SPACE By NEIL KHOR and KHALDUN MALIK, The Sunday Star Sunday 3 August 2008". Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ^ [1]
- ^ "'Keling'" (in Indonesian). Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI). Retrieved 1 August 2014.
- ^ "Definisi 'keling'" (in Indonesian). Arti Kata. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
- ^ Singaravelu, S. (1 January 1986). "The Malay-Tamil Cultural Contacts with Special Reference to the Festival of "Mandi Safar"". 45 (1): 67–78. doi:10.2307/1177834. Retrieved 24 April 2017 – via JSTOR.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Archnet". Retrieved 24 April 2017.