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Cyclone Kyrill

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Kyrill
Kyrill on January 18, 2007, at 12:30 UTC
TypeExtratropical cyclone
Formed15 January 2007
Dissipated24 January 2007
Highest gust250 km/h (155 mph)
Śnieżka, Poland[1]
Lowest pressure959.8 hPa[2] (28.34  inHg)
FatalitiesAt least 44[3]
DamageAt least €1bn[1]
Areas affectedAustria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Ukraine, United Kingdom

Kyrill /ˈkɪrɪl/ was the name given to a low pressure area that evolved into an unusually violent European windstorm,[4][5] forming an extratropical cyclone with hurricane-strength winds. It formed over Newfoundland on 15 January 2007 and moved across the Atlantic Ocean reaching Ireland and Great Britain by the evening of 17 January.[5] The storm then crossed the North Sea on 17 and 18 January, making landfall on the German and Dutch coasts on the afternoon of 18 January, before moving eastwards toward Poland and the Baltic Sea on the night from 18 to 19 January and further on to northern Russia.[5]

Kyrill caused widespread damage across Western Europe, especially in the United Kingdom and Germany. 47 fatalities were reported, as well as extensive disruptions of public transport, power outages to over one hundred thousand homes, severe damage to public and private buildings and major forest damage through windthrow.

The storm was named "Kyrill" on 17 January 2007 by the Free University of Berlin's meteorological institute.[4] The storm was named after a Bulgarian man living near Berlin, whose family donated to the university's "Adopt-A-Vortex"[6] programme.[7]

Abstract

A European windstorm is a severe cyclonic storm that moves across the North Atlantic towards northwestern Europe in the winter months. These storms usually move over the north coast of the United Kingdom, towards Norway but can veer south to affect other countries including Ireland, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Austria, Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, and Poland. As these storms can generate hurricane-force winds (and sometimes even winds at the strength of major hurricanes), they are sometimes referred to as hurricanes, even though few originate as tropical cyclones.

These storms rank as the second highest cause of global natural catastrophe insurance loss (after US hurricanes).[citation needed]

Kyrill was unusual in that its field of hurricane-force winds was very broad, affecting large areas of Germany as well as neighbouring countries at one time. Kyrill brought wind gusts of up to 130 km/h (80 mph) even in the North German plains. German weather experts have described the storm as a "once in a decade" event.

Events

After making landfall in Ireland and the UK in the late hours of 17 January 2007, the storm swept across Ireland and Great Britain on the night of 17 to 18 January, with winds of 160 km/h (99 mph) at The Needles, 149 km/h (93 mph) recorded in Dublin, 130 km/h (81 mph) recorded at Aberdaron on the Lleyn peninsula, 122 km/h (76 mph) at Mumbles near Swansea and winds of 101 km/h (63 mph) at St Athan in the Vale of Glamorgan. The German Meteorological Service had advised people to stay indoors and avoid unnecessary trips on 18 January,[8] and wind strengths of up to 12 on the Beaufort scale were seen across the Netherlands and Germany as the storm made landfall. The storm moved across the German states of Lower Saxony, Bremen, Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein and North Rhine-Westphalia first, then spread across the whole country in the evening hours of 18 January. Wind gusts as high as 202 km/h (125 mph) on the Wendelstein and 198 km/h (123 mph) on the Brocken in the Harz mountains were recorded.[9] The storm then moved eastwards, its center crossing Lower Saxony between 18:00 and 19:00 CET, moving toward the Baltic sea, its cold front spawning several tornadoes in Germany, three of which have been confirmed as of 22 February.[10] In the Czech Republic the highest wind speed was measured on Sněžka in the Krkonoše mountains, where wind gusts reached 212 km/h (132 mph).[11] In the Czech Republic winds as high as 200 km/h disrupted both rail and air traffic; record high temperatures reached 14 °C (57 °F) in Prague.[12]

The storm was classified Hurricane-force 12 on the Beaufort Scale.

Template:Beaufort scale small

Effects of the storm

Storm damage in Delft, The Netherlands
Felled power pylons caused widespread electricity outages

On the day of the landfall, an approximate 25,000 homes in southern England were without electricity after electricity pylons were damaged by the storm.[13] Same day, the German states of Brandenburg, Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt were hit by a massive power cut. 52,000 homes were without energy, according to local utility envia.[14] The German district Siegen-Wittgenstein had issued a state of emergency, with schools remaining closed on Friday, 19 January, and roads not to be cleared right away, but closed instead until the situation improved.[15] By the second day of the storm, more than one million homes were left without power in the Czech republic with another million households without electricity in Germany and tens of thousands dark homes in Austria and Poland.[16][17] In Poland, a flood alarm was issued in several localities due to large rainfalls and the storm damaged several houses in the region of Jelenia Góra.[18] In Ukraine, the supply of oil through the Druzhba pipeline came to a complete halt as a result of the storm.[19] Strong winds over the Alps became foehn wind and caused unseasonally high temperatures in Italy (up to 25 °C/77 °F in Turin).[20]

In Ireland thousands of homes were left without power and heavy downpours caused flash flooding.

In the Netherlands, the storm flood warning system (Stormvloedwaarschuwingsdienst) was activated, as the approaching storm was measured in excess of 10 Beaufort. Alarms were issued to two northern regions, Delfzijl & Harlingen, at approximately 22:30 CET on Thursday 18 January. The water level peaked in the early hours of Friday, almost 4.5 m above the astronomical prediction level.

High winds in the Alps prompted the Austrian weather service to advise the skiers and snowboarders to seek shelter, and caused at least one major motorway tunnel closure.[21]

The cost of the damage across Europe to the insurance industry has been estimated by Swiss Re as €3.5bn.[22] In the UK, the cost to the insurance industry could be as high as £350m (€520m).[23] As the event is relatively recent for the insurance industry these are unlikely to be the final costs.

Notable buildings

Several windows were broken at the Römisch-Germanisches Museum in Cologne, Germany by plywood that was covering a fountain near Cologne Cathedral. The wood caused major damage to the encasing of a Roman mosaic dating to the 3rd century. The Römisch-Germanisches Museum building was originally constructed around the mosaic. As of January 2007, it is still unclear whether the mosaic has suffered damage, as museum staff have announced the clean-up will at least take a week due to the fragility of the exhibit.[24] Museum manager Bernhard Ostermann estimated that the mosaic was damaged in 100 to 150 places[25]

The chapel of Wittenberg Castle in Wittenberg, Germany, which is a World Heritage Site, lost several of its sandstone merlons. They broke off during the storm, damaging several stained-glass windows in their fall.

Harbours and shipping

Position of MSC Napoli when she was abandoned

The container ship MSC Napoli, whilst on its way to Portugal carrying 2,394 containers, of which 158 were classed as hazardous substances, had to be abandoned in the English Channel on the 18th. The crew of 26 were picked up by British and French rescue services. The next day the Napoli was under tow for repair at Portland Harbour in Dorset, but with forecasts of further high winds it was taken to shelter in Lyme Bay. The ship had suffered structural damage, including a 1 m by 0.5 m (3 ft by 1 ft 6 in) hole on the starboard side and water flooding and had to be beached in the bay 1-mile (1.6 km) off the East Devon coast at Branscombe[26] The ship leaked oil, sparking a clean-up operation, and widespread reporting in the national news led to the wreck temporarily becoming a tourist attraction and subject to scavenging from the containers which washed up on the beach.[27] The wreck was subject to a complex break-up operation which was not complete until July 2009.

The ferry services between Fishguard and Rosslare were cancelled,[28] as well as the ferries to Heligoland and most West Frisian Islands, East Frisian and North Frisian islands.[29] In Ireland, Dublin Port was forced to completely close for a time – the first time in history the port has closed. Two fishing vessels sank at sea, with a total loss of seven lives. A third vessel engaged in the rescue attempts also sank but the crew were rescued.[30] A storm tide with sea levels of up to 3.5 metres (11.5 ft) above mean tide was announced for the coastal areas of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein by the state governments,[31] however the storm had already passed those areas before high tide had set in, so there was less damage than expected.

The Cypriot-flagged freighter Golden Sky, carrying a load of fertiliser and fuel oil, ran aground near Ventspils, off the coast of Latvia; the ship's crew were rescued in a joint Latvian and Swedish operation.[32][33]

Road transport

Many countries suffered from road and motorway closures. In the United Kingdom, the major motorways M1, M6 and M18 were closed in several places, as well as the M25 ring road around London and a number of other motorways. Bridges including the M6 Thelwall Viaduct in Warrington, the M25 Dartford Crossing in London and the M1 Tinsley Viaduct in Sheffield were closed due to high winds. All Pennine Passes were closed. Closures were largely due to the toppling of multiple high-sided vehicles. Other motorways were affected by significant delays. Long queues developed around blackspots, in particular replacement crossings of the Manchester Ship Canal including routes through Warrington and over the Runcorn Bridge.[34] In Germany, a number of motorways, especially those with bridges over the Rhine or those with valley bridges, also faced closures due to high winds. The Dutch police advised drivers of empty lorries not to enter the Netherlands. Many roads were also closed in Ireland due to fallen trees and overturned lorries.

Air transport

More than 280 flights were cancelled at Heathrow airport, over 120 flights were cancelled at Doncaster Sheffield Airport and 80 more flights were cancelled due to health and safety reasons at Manchester Airport.[35] Many flights were delayed at Ireland's airports on the morning of 19 January due to the high winds in Ireland, however by afternoon they were delayed because of high winds elsewhere in Europe. Several flights at Frankfurt International Airport were cancelled due to the bad weather.[36] Overall, during 18 and 19 January Swiss International Air Lines announced the cancellation of at least 88 flights, British Airways cancelled 180 flights and Lufthansa cut 329 flights and warned of more delays before the service began to return to normal.[37]

Railways

Stranded travellers sleeping in an ICE train stopped at Würzburg station

The storm seriously affected the 18 January rush hour all over Great Britain, with heavy snowfalls in Scotland adding to the unpleasant situation. A general 50 mph (80 km/h) speed restriction was put in place by Network Rail to minimise possible damages. Train services between Cardiff and London Paddington had to be cancelled, and the East Coast Mainline was operating on a reduced timetable. Virgin Trains cancelled its services from London to Scotland, whilst First Great Western closed the line between Paddington and Reading, Berkshire, running a replacement bus service. London Bridge railway station was closed after glass panels came loose from the roof.[38]

In the Netherlands, all train services ceased operating on the evening of 18 January. The station in Delft and the central station in Amsterdam were evacuated due to roof damages.[39] A train driver sustained minor injuries when his train hit a tree that had fallen onto the railway near Venlo.

German railway operator Deutsche Bahn at first limited the maximum speed of its trains to 200 km/h (124 mph),[36] then all services on the domestic InterCity/InterCityExpress network as well as the local services in Northern and Western Germany were discontinued from 17:15 CET on 18 January onwards, as major main lines (Bremen-Hannover, Hamburg-Hanover, Bremen-Osnabrück) and many branch lines were affected by the storm. In an unprecedented move, Deutsche Bahn discontinued virtually all train services in Germany at 19:30 CET until further notice, with only very limited local services running on a per-line decision basis. Trains currently on the lines would stop at the next station and stay there, leaving passengers stranded all over Germany in the tens of thousands. Later, as the situation was worsening, trains were left open for those passengers unable to find a hotel to sleep in. In major affected stations, such as Münster and Hanover, air raid shelters in the stations were opened up for the night, with the Red Cross issuing blankets to stranded passengers.[40] Train services were resumed on the morning of 19 January, but cancellations and delays continued during the weekend as 34,000 kilometres (21,100 mi) of track needed to be checked and cleared. The DB was faced by the massive challenge of getting its network into working order again after coming to a full stop during the night, the first such event ever to happen on the German railway network in peacetime.[41] On 18 January, an InterCity train ran into a tree that had fallen onto the tracks between Elmshorn and Westerland. One of the locomotives was damaged, no casualties were reported. An InterCity train with 450 passengers on board was stuck near Diepholz and had to be evacuated, Duisburg Hauptbahnhof station was suffering from a power outage as the result of a grid failure.[14]

Berlin Hauptbahnhof

Fallen girder at Berlin Hauptbahnhof

Late on 18 January, the main railway station in Berlin suffered from major structural damage. A two-ton girder fell from a height of 40 metres (130 ft), damaging an outside stairwell. The station was completely evacuated, as glass plates from the façade were coming loose and falling to the pavement below.[42] On the early afternoon of 19 January, the station was opened to the public again.[9] Discussion started as to whether the eight-month-old station was suffering from design failures, but these claims were rejected by both Deutsche Bahn and the architect. The girders provide no means of structural support and are, for architectural reasons, only lying on small supports similar to a shelf and not permanently fixed in place. The DB claimed that it will address the problem by welding additional supports in front of the girders, and that they would close the station at winds exceeding 8 bft until the problem was resolved. On the afternoon of 21 January 2007, the station was closed again to the public due to heavy winds at the time.[43] and remained closed until 20:00 CET.[44] Some politicians have suggested opening Berlin's Bahnhof Zoo for long-distance services again to have an alternative to Hauptbahnhof in cases of bad weather until the problem has been addressed, but the Deutsche Bahn has refused these suggestions on the claims that they would be both unfeasible and unnecessary.

Across the world

One of the quickest spreading computer worms of all time appears to have been named for this event. The Storm Worm causes massive amounts of spam to appear on a user's computer. Some of the emails that appear reference Kyrill in them.[45]

Casualties and fatalities

According to the BBC, at least 43 people were killed by the evening of 19 January.[3]

The casualties were distributed as follows:

Fatalities Country
13 Germany
11 United Kingdom
7 Ireland
The Netherlands
6 Poland
4 Czech Republic
3 France
Belgium
1 Austria

Western Europe

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom this storm caused eleven deaths, all in England, all on 18 January:

Germany
Forest in Balve

Germany was the country most severely hit by the storm, with 13 casualties as of 21 January 2007. Most deaths occurred on the 18 and 19 January, though some victims were only injured at first and later died in hospital.

  • In the Munich borough of Milbertshofen, an 18-month-old child was severely injured by a patio door that had broken out of its hinges. The child later died in hospital.[49][50][51]
  • Near Kirrlach in the state of Baden-Württemberg, a motorist tried to avoid a tree that had fallen onto the road and crashed into an oncoming vehicle. He was pronounced dead on the scene.[51]
  • A 73-year-old man was crushed by a barn door in Gersthofen in the district of Augsburg.[50]
  • A fireman was killed in Tönisvorst in North Rhine-Westphalia while cleaning up after the storm.[52]
  • A 36-year motorist was killed in Hildesheim by a fallen tree.[51]
  • A motorcycle driver slid under a tree in Essen, dying in hospital on 21 January.[51]
  • On the "Wiedenbrücker Straße" in Lippstadt, a 23-year woman was killed when her car was hit by a falling birch tree.[52]
  • A man was killed when a gable of a nearby building collapsed in Groß Rodensleben in the state of Saxony-Anhalt.[51]
  • In Strausberg in Brandenburg, a 25-year man crashed into a fallen tree with his car.[51]
  • Near Finnentrop, a man died after not noticing a tree that had fallen onto the road and crashing into it.[51]
  • A man in Mülheim an der Ruhr was killed by a falling tree.[53]
The Netherlands

Seven people in the Netherlands were killed as a result of the weather.

  • Two people died when a falling tree hit their car between Arnhem and Ede.
  • A man near Oosterhout was killed in a collision with a truck.
  • A motorcyclist died near Leersum after a collision with a tree, as well as a 17-year-old boy on a moped in Sint Oedenrode.
  • An 11-year-old boy in Riel was blown in front of a car, which drove over him. The boy died on the scene.
  • A 59-year-old man in Staphorst was blown off of the roof of his barn, as he was repairing the damage caused by the storm.
  • Six people were injured when a crane fell through the roof of a Utrecht University building.[39] The National Crisis Centre advised people to stay indoors, the first time such a warning has been issued.[54]
France

In France, a driving instructor in Roubaix was killed when an electricity pole fell on top of her car. The student was severely injured. A 30-year-old man died near Abbeville, when a swerving truck crashed into his car. A woman in Lille was reported missing after the roof of a store collapsed.[55] There was significant damage to the cathedral at Saint-Omer.[56]

Belgium

Three people in Belgium fell victim to the storm; a 16-year-old girl in Halle died when a wall she was standing by collapsed and a man died in the province of Liège after a tree fell on top of his car.[57] In Antwerp a 12-year-old boy was hit and seriously injured by a falling beam, and later died of his injuries.[58]

Central Europe

Twisted traffic light in the Danube area in Upper Austria
Poland
  • A crane operator was killed in Katowice when a 25-metre-high (82 ft) crane broke in half.[59]
  • 20 ft electrical signs were torn off the hotel Wspianski building in Krakow, causing widespread damage.
  • By 19 January a total of 6 casualties and 19 people wounded have been reported, nearly 800 thousand households lacked electricity due to the damage done by the storm, about 500 were damaged.[60]
Czech Republic

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Milliardenschäden nach Orkan" (in German). Wiesbadener Kurier. 20 January 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2007.
  2. ^ "SYNOP data from Daugavpils, WMO 26544".
  3. ^ a b "Poland battered by deadly storm". BBC News. 19 January 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2007.
  4. ^ a b "2007 Low Pressure Area naming list". Free University of Berlin. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  5. ^ a b c "Life history of depression Cyril". Free University of Berlin. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  6. ^ http://www.met.fu-berlin.de/adopt-a-vortex/historie/
  7. ^ "Cyril Storm Named After Bulgarian". Sofia News Agency.
  8. ^ "Orkantief "Kyrill" auf dem Weg nach Deutschland" (in German). Tagesschau.de. 17 January 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
  9. ^ a b "Das Chaos am Tag nach dem Orkan" (in German). SPIEGEL ONLINE. 19 January 2007.
  10. ^ Tornadoliste Deutschland von Thomas Sävert – Naturgewalten
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  16. ^ a b Associated Press (19 January 2007). "More than 1 million Czech homes without power from storm". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 22 January 2007.
  17. ^ David Rising, Associated Press (19 January 2007). "Storms in Europe Kill 46, Disrupt Travel". Forbes. Retrieved 22 January 2007. [dead link‍]
  18. ^ "Wichura szaleje nad Polską" (in Polish). wp.pl. 18 January 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2007.
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  20. ^ History for Torino, Italy. Weather Underground. 19 January 2007. Last accessed 2007-01-22.
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  23. ^ "UK storm payout 'may hit £350m'". news.bbc.co.uk. BBC. 20 February 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2007. Insurers could face a £350m bill for the damage caused by storms that swept across the UK in January, experts say.
  24. ^ "Bangen um Dionysos". Westdeutscher Rundfunk. 19 January 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2007.
  25. ^ "Storm damages Cologne mosaic in 100 places". 27 January 2007. Retrieved 27 January 2007.
  26. ^ "Stricken ship shelters off coast". BBC News. 20 January 2007. Retrieved 22 January 2007.
  27. ^ BBC News (22 January 2007). "Scavengers take washed-up goods". Retrieved 22 January 2007.
  28. ^ "Severe storms sweep across Wales". BBC News. 18 January 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
  29. ^ "Germany braces for major storm". Monsters and Critics. 18 January 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
  30. ^ "Transport chaos as country battered by 140 km/h gales". Irish Independent (eircom.net). 19 January 2007. Archived from the original on 31 January 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2007.
  31. ^ "Heute Orkanböen über Norddeutschland erwartet" (in German). Norddeutscher Rundfunk. 18 January 2007.
  32. ^ "Cargo ship runs aground near Latvia". weatheronline.co.uk. Retrieved 30 January 2007.
  33. ^ "Photos of cargo ship grounded near Ventspils, Latvia". alertnet.org. Retrieved 30 January 2007.
  34. ^ "Roads closed around Runcorn". 18 January 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2007.
  35. ^ "Harsh Winds Batter Europe, Killing 12, Stranding Ship". Bloomberg. 18 January 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
  36. ^ a b "Orkan im Ansturm – 40.000 THW-Helfer in Bereitschaft" (in German). SPIEGEL Online. 18 January 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
  37. ^ Alex Morales (19 January 2007). "Harsh Europe Cleans Up After Hurricane-Force Winds Kill 41". Bloomberg. Retrieved 21 January 2007.
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  39. ^ a b "Drie doden door storm, treinverkeer gestaakt" (in Dutch). De Volkskrant. 18 January 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2007.
  40. ^ "Bahn stellt Verkehr in weiten Teilen Deutschlands ein" (in German). SPIEGEL ONLINE. 18 January 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
  41. ^ "Bahn-Alptraum auf 34.000 Kilometern" (in German). SPIEGEL ONLINE. 19 January 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2007.
  42. ^ "Stahlträger am Hauptbahnhof abgerissen" (in German). Der Tagesspiegel. 18 January 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2007. [dead link‍]
  43. ^ "Berliner Hauptbahnhof erneut gesperrt" (in German). tagesschau.de. 21 January 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2007.
  44. ^ "Berliner Hauptbahnhof wieder geöffnet" (in German). Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg. 21 January 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2007. [dead link‍]
  45. ^ "'Storm Worm' rages across the globe". ZD Net. 22 January 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  46. ^ "Airport boss dies in heavy storms". BBC News. 18 January 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
  47. ^ "Two-year-old storm victim named". BBC News. 19 January 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2007.
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h i "In full:Weather-related deaths". BBC News. 18 January 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2007.
  49. ^ "Orkan tötet 18 Monate altes Mädchen". Süddeutsche Zeitung. 18 January 2007. Retrieved 25 January 2007. [dead link‍]
  50. ^ a b "Orkantief "Kyrill": Bahn stellt Fernverkehr in Deutschland ein" (in German). SPIEGEL Online. 21 January 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
  51. ^ a b c d e f g "Sturmtief "Kyrill" forderte Dutzende Todesopfer" (in German). Die Welt. 19 January 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2007.
  52. ^ a b "Orkan: Zwei Todesopfer in NRW" (in German). Westdeutscher Rundfunk. 19 January 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2007.
  53. ^ "Folgen des Orkantiefs "Kyrill" fast bewältigt" (in German). tagesschau.de. 21 January 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2007.
  54. ^ "Huge storm causes havoc, public told not to stay indoors". expatica.com. 18 January 2007.
  55. ^ "La tempête fait au moins onze morts en Europe, dont deux dans le nord de la France" (in French). Le Monde. 18 January 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
  56. ^ Sturcke, James (19 January 2007). "42 killed as storms sweep Europe". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 19 January 2007.
  57. ^ "Twee doden door de zware storm" (in Dutch). VRT Nieuws. 18 January 2007. Archived from the original on 20 January 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
  58. ^ "Jongen bezwijkt aan verwondingen storm" (in Dutch). VRT Nieuws. 21 January 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2007. [dead link‍]
  59. ^ "Wichury w Polsce – pierwsza ofiara" (in Polish). Onet.pl. 18 January 2007. Archived from the original on 19 January 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
  60. ^ "Sześć ofiar śmiertelnych huraganu w Polsce, wiatr już słabnie" (in Polish). gazeta.pl. 19 January 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2007.
  61. ^ "Orkán Kyrill má v ČR už tři oběti" (in Czech). novinky.cz. 18 January 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
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