Nālaṭiyār

Naladiyar
நாலடியார்

Author	Various Jain poets
Working title	Naladiyar
Language	Old Tamil
Series	Patiṉeṇkīḻkaṇakku
Subject	Secular ethics
Genre	Poetry
Published	Palm-leaf manuscript of the Tamil Sangam era (dated variously between 300 BCE and 7th century CE)
Publication place	India

The Nālaṭiyār (Tamil: நாலடியார்) is a Tamil poetic work of didactic nature belonging to the Patiṉeṇkīḻkaṇakku anthology of Tamil literature. This belongs to the post Sangam period corresponding to between 100 – 500 CE. Nālaṭiyār contains 400 poems, each containing four lines. Every poem deals with morals and ethics, extolling righteous behaviour.

There is an old Tamil proverb praising the Nālaṭiyār that says "Nālaṭiyār and the Tirukkuṛaḷ are very good in expressing human thoughts just as the twigs of the banyan and the acacia trees are good in maintaining the teeth."

ஆலும் வேலும் பல்லுக்குறுதி; நாலும் இரண்டும் சொல்லுக்குறுதி.

(Aalum vaelum pallukkuruthi; naalum irandum sollukkuruthi)

Literal translation: "Banyan and neem maintain oral health; Four and Two maintain moral health."

(Here "Four" and "Two" refer to the quatrains and couplets of Nālaṭiyār and Tirukkuṛaḷ, respectively.)

Didactic nature

Nālaṭiyār was composed by Jain monks. It is divided into three sections, the first section focusing on the importance of virtuous life, second section on the governance and management of wealth, and the third smaller section on the pleasures.

Nālaṭiyār is unique in the employment of similes, which help to teach the moral codes using simple examples from daily life. For example, one of the poems states that just like a calf placed in front of a vast herd of cows seeks out its mother unerringly and attaches itself, the deeds of the past home in on the doer and exact their price unfailingly.

Commentaries and translations

Naladiyar remains the highly praised ancient didactic text in Tamil next only to the Tirukkural. Several commentaries have appeared on the text, which includes three ancient commentaries. The three ancient commentaries were those by Padumanar, Dharumar (who has also written commentary on the Tirukkural), and an anonymous poet.

See also

• Tamil Jain

References

• Sheldon Pollock, ed. (2003), Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-22821-9
• Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983)
• [1]
• [2]
• [3]