Historic City of Ahmadabad
Old Ahmedabad
અમદાવાદ કોટવિસ્તાર | |
|---|---|
Urban settlement | |
 Map of old Ahmedabad in 1855 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Gujarat |
| District | Ahmedabad district |
| City | Ahmedabad |
| Established | 1411 |
| Founded by | Ahmed Shah I |
Old Ahmedabad, the walled city of Ahmedabad in India, was founded by Ahmed Shah I of Gujarat Sultanate in 1411. It remained the capital of the Gujarat Sultanate and later important political and commercial centre of Gujarat. Today, despite having become extremely crowded and dilapidated, it still serves as the symbolic heart of metropolitan Ahmedabad.
History
The earliest settlements were situated in south of current old city and on the bank of Sabarmati river. It was known as Ashaval or Ashapalli. In the eleventh century, Karandev I of Solanki dynasty ruling from Anhilwad Patan (1072-1094) made the town his capital and named it Karnavati (Karan's town) or Shrinagar (prosperous city) and Rajnagar (king's town).[1]
Ahmed Shah I laid the foundation of Bhadra Fort starting from Manek Burj, the first bastion of the city in 1411 which was completed in 1413. He also established the first square of the city, Manek Chowk, both associated with the legend of Hindu saint Maneknath. His Gujarat Sultanate (1411-1573) ruled from the city until 1484. His grandson Mahmud Begada transferred capital from Ahmedabad to Muhammadabad from 1484 to 1535 but carried out second fortification of the city. Later Ahmedabad again became capital of sultanate until it fall to Mughals in 1573. During Mughal rule (1572-1707), Bhadra Fort served as the seat of Governor of Gujarat. The city flourished with addition of several settlements in and around the city. Of the population of the city no estimate has been traced. There is some estimate of the size of city in works of the time: Ferishta, the Ain-i-Akbari, and the Mirat-i-Ahmadi. According to the Ain-i-Akbari (1580), there were 360 puras, of which only eighty-four were then flourishing; according to Ferishta there were, in 1600, 360 mahalla, each surrounded by a wall ; the Mirat-i-Ahmadi in one passage says, such was once its populous state that it contained 380 puras, each pura a considerable quarter almost a city; in another passage he mentions twelve city wards and others outside, and in his detailed account of the city he mentions by name 110 suburbs of which 19 were settled under Mughal rule. German traveller Mandelslo (1638) mentioned the suburbs and dependent villages are nearly seven leagues round.[2] During Mughal and Maratha struggle (1707–1753) to control the city, the city was harmed and several suburbs were depopulated. The city walls damaged in battles and the trade was affected. The city revenue was divided between Mughal and Maratha rulers. Later during Maratha rule (1758–1817), the city revenue was divided between Peshwa and Gaekwad. These affected economy of the city due to more extraction of taxes. In 1817, Ahmedabad fell under British Company rule which stabilized the city politically and improved the trade. The population rose from 80,000 in 1817 to about 88,000 in 1824. During the eight following years a special cess was levied on ghee and other pruducts and at a cost of £25,000 (Rs. 2,50,000) the city walls were repaired. About the same time a cantonment was established on a site to the north of the city. The population rose (1816) to about 95,000. The public funds available after the walls were finished were made use of for municipal purposes.[3] The old city continued to the centre of political activities during Indian independence movement.
Forts and Gates
Forts
Square in form, enclosing an area of about forty-three acres, the Bhadra fort had eight gates, three large, two in the east and one in the south-west corner; three middle-sized, two in the north and one in the south; and two small, in the west. The construction of Jama Masjid, Ahmedabad completed in 1423. As the city expanded, the city wall was expanded. So the second fortification was carried out by Mahmud Begada in 1486, the grandson of Ahmed Shah, with an outer wall 10 km (6.2 mi) in circumference and consisting of 12 gates, 189 bastions and over 6,000 battlements as described in Mirat-i-Ahmadi.[4] The city walls of second fortification, running on the west for about a mile and three quarters along the bank of the Sabarmati, and stretching east in semi-circular form, include an area of two square miles in past.[5]
Gates
Most people believe that Ahmedabad had 12 gates but some historian suggested to have 16. Later some Indologist found that Ahmedabad had 21 gates. Bhadra fort had eight gates, three large, two in the east and one in the south-west corner; three middle-sized, two in the north and one in the south; and two small, in the west.[6] In the city walls of second fort, there were eighteen gates, fifteen large and three small. Of the fifteen, one was closed, and two were added later. These gates were, beginning from the north-west corner, three in the north-wall, the Shahpur in the north-west, the Delhi in the north, and the Dariyapur in the north-east; four in the east wall, the Premabhai, a gate built by British, in the north-east, the Kalupur in the east, the Panchkuva, a gate built by British, in the east, and the Sarangpur in the south-east; four in the south wall, the Raipur and Astodiya in the south-east, and the Mahuda, the closed gate, and the Jamalpur in the south; seven in the west wall, the Khan Jahan, Raikhad and Manek in the south-west; the three citadel gates, Ganesh, Ram, and Baradari in the centre; and the Khanpur gate in the north-west.[7][8] Two new gates, Prem Darwaja and Panchkuva Gate added by British after opening of railways in 1864.[9]
Neighbourhood
A Pol is a typical housing cluster of the old city. There are as many as 356 pols described in historical works. The form of housing cluster was established during the divided Mughal-Maratha rule (1738-1753) due to religious tension between Hindu and Muslims. Afterwards (1780-1832), when the city walls ceased to shelter from robbers, the pol gate and watch became necessary protection.[10] Chabutro is a unique pole like structure for feeding birds which can be found in several Pols.
Heritage walk
Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation in association with CRUTA Foundation, organizes a walk across old city starting from Kalupur Swaminarayan Mandir and ending at Jama Masjid every morning. The walk covers several social, religious and architectural places associated with history and culture of Ahmedabad.
References
- ^ Google Books 2015, p. 249.
- ^ Google Books 2015, p. 252-253.
- ^ Google Books 2015, pp. 260–261.
- ^ G. Kuppuram (1988). India through the ages: history, art, culture, and religion. Vol. 2. Sundeep Prakashan. p. 739.
- ^ Google Books 2015, p. 248.
- ^ Rajput, Vipul; Patel, Dilip (February 8, 2010). "CITY'S LOST GATES". Ahmedabad Mirror. AM. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
- ^ Pandya, Yatin (23 January 2011). "Ahmedabad gates: Residue of past or the pride of the present?". DNA. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
- ^ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ahmedabad. Government Central Press. 1879. pp. 273–277.
- ^ Google Books 2015, p. 262.
- ^ Google Books 2015, p. 294-295.
Notes
- Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ahmedabad. 7 January 2015. pp. 248–262. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
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