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Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe

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Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹
  Marriage
  Civil union
  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.
Countries performing civil unions in Europe
  Gender-neutral civil unions.
  Civil unions for same-sex couples only.
  Former civil unions for same-sex couples, replaced by marriage.
  Civil unions never performed.
Part of the LGBT rights series
Marriage

Recognized

Civil unions and
registered partnerships
Minimal recognition
See also
Notes
  1. KoN: Performed in the Netherlands proper, including the Caribbean Netherlands. Registered in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. NZ: Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  3. UK: Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  4. US: Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
  5. Israel: Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
  6. EU: The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling.
  7. Cambodia: Recognition of a "declaration of family relationship", which may be useful in matters such as housing, but they are not legally binding.
  8. China: Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.
  9. HK: Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  10. India: Courts have recognised guru–shishya, nata pratha or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  11. Japan: Some cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  12. Namibia: Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.
  13. Romania: Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
* Not yet in effect
LGBT portal

Debate has occurred throughout Europe over proposals to legalise same-sex marriage as well as same-sex civil unions. Currently 31 of the 50 countries and the 8 dependent territories in Europe recognise some type of same-sex unions, among them most members of the European Union (23/27).

As of September 2021, sixteen European countries legally recognise and perform same-sex marriages: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Same-sex marriage will become legal in Switzerland in July 2022, following a referendum on the issue on 26 September 2021 that passed with 64.1% in favour. An additional thirteen European countries legally recognise some form of civil union, namely Andorra, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino, and Slovenia.

Poland and Slovakia recognise private contractual cohabitation of two persons (regardless of sexual orientation or relationship type - including non-sexual non-intimate relationships) for limited purposes. Although they do not recognise same-sex unions themselves, Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania and Romania, are bound by a ruling by the European Court of Justice to recognise same-sex marriages performed within the EU and including an EU citizen for the purposes of granting legal residence,[1] though this ruling is not always respected in practice, as in the case of Romania which has not implemented the ruling.[2]

Of the countries that perform same-sex marriages, some still allow civil unions, e.g. Benelux countries, France and the United Kingdom,[nb 1] whereas Germany, Ireland and Nordic countries have ended their pre-marriage civil union legislation so that existing unions remain but new ones are not possible.

Several European countries do not recognise any same-sex unions. Marriage is defined as a union solely between a man and a woman in the constitutions of Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Russia, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine. Of these, however, Croatia, Hungary, and Montenegro recognise same-sex partnerships, while Armenia[a][3] recognises same-sex marriages performed abroad.[4]

Current situation

International level

European Court of Human Rights

Over the years, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has handled cases that challenged the lack of legal recognition of same-sex couples in certain member states. The Court has held that the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) requires member states to provide legal recognition, but does not require marriage to be opened to same-sex couples.

In Schalk and Kopf v Austria (24 June 2010), the European Court of Human Rights decided that the European Convention on Human Rights does not oblige member states to legislate for or legally recognise same-sex marriages.[5] However, the Court, for the first time, accepted same-sex relationships as a form of "family life".

In Vallianatos and Others v Greece (7 November 2013),[6] the Court held that exclusion of same-sex couples from registering a civil union, a legal form of partnership available to opposite-sex couples, violates the Convention. Greece had enacted a law in 2008 that established civil unions for opposite-sex couples only. A 2015 law extended partnership rights to same-sex couples.

Oliari and Others v Italy (21 July 2015)[7] went further and established a positive obligation upon member states to provide legal recognition for same-sex couples. Italy thus breached the Convention; it eventually implemented civil unions in 2016. The decision set a precedent for potential future cases regarding the 23 member states, certain British and Dutch territories, and the states with limited recognition (excluding Kosovo), that currently do not recognise same-sex couples' right to family life.[8]

Chapin and Charpentier v France (9 June 2016) largely confirmed Schalk and Kopf v. Austria, holding that denying a same-sex couple access to marriage does not violate the Convention.[9] At the time of the judgment, France did allow same-sex marriage, however, the case originated from 2004, when only pacte civil de solidarité (PACS) was available to same-sex couples in France.

European Union

See also: Coman v. Romania

Some debate occurred within the European Union about how to require member states to recognise same-sex marriages conducted in other member states, as well as any European citizens' civil unions or registered partnerships, so as to ensure the right of freedom of movement for citizens' family members.[10]

In 2010, Romanian LGBT activist Adrian Coman and his American partner, Robert Claibourn Hamilton, married in Belgium, and subsequently attempted to relocate to Romania. Romanian authorities refused to recognise their marriage and the case progressed to the European Court of Justice.[11] On 11 January 2018, the ECJ's advocate general, Melchior Wathelet, issued an official legal opinion stating that an EU member country cannot refuse residency rights to the same-sex spouse of an EU citizen on the grounds that it does not recognise same-sex marriage.[12]

On 5 June 2018, the ECJ ruled in Coman's favour, stating the term "spouse" was gender-neutral, and member states are therefore obliged to recognise EU residency rights for partners of EU citizens. However, the court confirmed that it will still be up to member states whether to authorise same-sex marriage.[13][1]

According to research from the European Parliament, some EU states still do not in practice grant residency to same-sex spouses, as required by Coman v. Romania. As of September 2021, Hamilton himself has not been granted residency by the Romanian government, despite the ruling. In September 2021, the European Parliament passed a resolution condemning some states failure to implement the ruling, and calling on the European Commission to ensure rights of same-sex spouses are upheld.[2]

National level

Status Country Since Country population
(Last Census count)
Marriage
(17 countries)
* In nine countries that have passed marriage,
other types of partnerships are available too.
** Not yet in effect. 		Austria Austria* 2019[14] 8,504,850
Belgium Belgium* 2003[15] 11,198,638
Denmark Denmark 2012[16] 5,655,750
Finland Finland 2017[17][18] 5,470,820
France France* 2013[19] 66,030,000
Germany Germany 2017[20] 80,716,000
Iceland Iceland 2010[21] 325,671
Republic of Ireland Ireland 2015[22] 4,609,600
Luxembourg Luxembourg* 2015[23] 549,680
Malta Malta* 2017[24] 446,547
Netherlands Netherlands 2001[25][26] 16,856,620
Norway Norway 2009[27] 5,136,700
Portugal Portugal* 2010[28] 10,427,301
Spain Spain* 2005[29] 46,704,314
Sweden Sweden 2009[30] 10,161,797
Switzerland Switzerland** 2022[31] 8,183,800
United Kingdom United Kingdom 2020[32][33][34] 67,647,579
Subtotal — — 348,625,667
(46.70% of the European population)
Recognition of foreign marriage
(1 country - also recognizes civil unions) 		Estonia Estonia 2016[35] 1,315,819
Subtotal — — 1,315,819
(0.18% of the European population)
Civil unions
(12 countries)
* In four of the countries that have passed civil unions,
another type of partnership is available too. 		Andorra Andorra* 2005[nb 2][36] 85,082
Croatia Croatia 2014[nb 3][37] 4,284,889
Czech Republic Czech Republic* 2006[nb 4][38] 10,513,209
Cyprus Cyprus[nb 5] 2015[39] 1,117,000[nb 6]
Greece Greece 2015[40] 10,816,286
Hungary Hungary* 2009[nb 7][41] 9,877,365
Italy Italy* 2016[nb 8][42] 60,782,668
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein 2011[43] 37,132
Monaco Monaco 2020[44] 36,371
Montenegro Montenegro 2021[45] 647,905
San Marino San Marino 2019[46] 32,570
Slovenia Slovenia 2006[nb 9][47][48] 2,061,085
Subtotal — — 100,291,562
(13.44% of the European population)
Unregistered cohabitation
(2 countries) 		Slovakia Slovakia 2018[49][50] 5,415,949
Poland Poland 2012[51] 38,483,957
Subtotal — — 43,899,906
(5.08% of the European population)
Total — — 494,132,954
(66.18% of the European population)
No recognition
(8 countries) 		Albania Albania — 3,020,209
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan — 9,494,600
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina — 3,871,643
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan — 17,948,816
North Macedonia North Macedonia — 2,058,539
Romania Romania — 19,942,642
Turkey Turkey — 76,667,864
Vatican City Vatican City — 842
Subtotal — — 133,005,155
(17.81% of the European population)
Constitutional ban on marriage
(14 countries)
** Other types of partnerships are available. 		Armenia Armenia 2015[52] 3,018,854
Belarus Belarus 1994[53] 9,475,100
Bulgaria Bulgaria 1991[54] 7,364,570
Croatia Croatia** 2013[55][56] 4,284,889
Georgia (country) Georgia 2018[57] 4,935,880
Hungary Hungary** 2012[58][59] 9,877,365
Latvia Latvia 2006[60][61] 1,990,300
Lithuania Lithuania 1992[62] 2,944,459
Moldova Moldova 1994[63] 3,557,600
Montenegro Montenegro** 2007[64] 647,905
Russia Russia 2020 143,700,000
Serbia Serbia 2006[65] 7,209,764
Slovakia Slovakia** 2014[66][67] 5,415,949
Ukraine Ukraine 1996[68] 44,291,413
Subtotal — — 248,714,048
(33.31% of the European population)
Total — — 381,719,203
(51.13% of the European population)

Partially-recognised and unrecognised states

Status Country Since State population
(Last estimate count)
No recognition
(5 states) 		Abkhazia Abkhazia — 243,564
Kosovo Kosovo — 1,907,592
Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus — 313,626
South Ossetia South Ossetia — 51,547
Transnistria Transnistria — 475,665
Subtotal — — 2,991,994
Constitutional ban on marriage
(1 state) 		Republic of Artsakh Artsakh 2006[69] 150,932
Subtotal — — 150,932
Total — — 3,142,926

Sub-national level

Status Country Jurisdiction Legal since Jurisdiction population
(Last Census count)
Marriage
(8 jurisdictions) 		Denmark Denmark Faroe Islands Faroe Islands 2017[70][71] 49,198
United Kingdom United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia 2014[72] 15,700
Alderney Alderney 2018[73] 2,020
Gibraltar Gibraltar 2016[74][75] 32,194
Guernsey Guernsey 2017[76][77] 62,948
Isle of Man Isle of Man 2016[78] 84,497
Jersey Jersey 2018[79] 100,080
Sark Sark 2020[80] 600
Total 347,237

(0.05% of the European population)

Future legislation

Marriage

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

Andorra Andorra: On 10 March 2020, the three parties forming the governing coalition, the Democrats, the Liberal Party and Committed Citizens, presented the draft of a bill to legalise same-sex marriage.[81][82][83] After consultation with the Bar Association and the Superior Council of Justice (CSJ), the bill was introduced to the General Council on 24 November 2020, and is currently under public consultation until 4 January 2022, more than a year after its introduction, following several extensions.[84]

Liechtenstein Liechtenstein: On 29 September 2021, the Landtag held a debate in which the majority of political parties broadly agreed that same-sex marriage should be legalized. They have called for public consultations before legislating on the issue.[85]

Non-marital partnership

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina: In October 2018, the Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina announced the formation of a working group to examine the legal status of same-sex couples in the Federation, with the ultimate goal of proposing a legal solution for same-sex civil unions. The working group was established in January 2020 and was due to start working in April 2020, but the start was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[86]

Lithuania Lithuania: In December 2020, MP Tomas Raskevicius of the Freedom Party said that the Lithuanian government will submit a bill for civil partnerships in March 2021. The bill's introduction was a condition for creating the ruling coalition.[87]

Kosovo Kosovo: On 7 July 2020, Justice Minister Selim Selimi introduced a revised Civil Code that he said included a path to allowing same-sex civil unions, while restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples. After the civil code is passed, a special law for civil unions will be required.[88]

Serbia Serbia: In November 2020, Gordana Čomić, Minister for Human and Minority Rights and Social Dialogue, announced that a law on same-sex partnerships would be brought before parliament in the first half of 2021.[89][90]

Public opinion

Public support for same-sex marriage from EU member states as measured from a 2015 poll is the greatest in the Netherlands (91%), Sweden (90%), Denmark (87%), Spain (84%), Ireland (80%), Belgium (77%), Luxembourg (75%), the United Kingdom (71%) and France (71%).[91] In recent years, support has risen most significantly in Malta, from 18% in 2006 to 65% in 2015 and in Ireland from 41% in 2006 to 80% in 2015.[92]

After the approval of same-sex marriage in Portugal in January 2010, 52% of the Portuguese population stated that they were in favor of the legislation.[93] In 2008, 58% of the Norwegian voters supported same-sex marriage, which was introduced in the same year, and 31 percent were against it.[94] In January 2013, 54.1% of Italians respondents supported same-sex marriage.[95] In a late January 2013 survey, 77.2% of Italians respondents supported the recognition of same-sex unions.[96] According to an Ipsos poll published in 2021, 83% of Italians were in favour of legal recognition for same-sex couples, 10% stated they were against and 7% didn't have a specific position on the issue.[97] 59% of surveyed Italians stated they were in favour of same-sex couples jointly adopting children, while 36% were opposed.[97]

In Greece, support more than tripled between 2006 and 2017. In 2006, 15% of Greeks said that they agreed with same-sex marriage being allowed throughout Europe,[92] rising to 50.04% by 2017. A survey in 2020 indicated that 56% of the Greek population accept same-sex marriage.[98] [99]

In Ireland, a 2008 survey revealed 84% of people supported civil unions for same-sex couples (and 58% for same-sex marriage),[100] while a 2010 survey showed 67% supported same-sex marriage[101] by 2012 this figure had risen to 73% in support.[102] On 22 May 2015, 62.1% of the electorate voted to enshrine same-sex marriage in the Irish constitution as equal to heterosexual marriage.

In Croatia, a poll conducted in November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea.[103] In Poland, support for same sex marriages has increased from 17% in 2006[104] to 45% in 2019,[105] according to Eurobarometer; other polls show a majority supporting registered parterships.[106][107]

In the European Union, support tends to be the lowest in Bulgaria, Latvia, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and Lithuania. The average percentage of support for same-sex marriage in the European Union as of 2006 when it had 25 members was 44%, which had descended from a previous percentage of 53%. The change was caused by more socially conservative nations joining the EU.[92] In 2015, with 28 members, average support was at 61%.[91]

Opinion polls

  Indicates the country/territory has legalised same-sex marriage nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex marriage is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has civil unions or registered partnerships
  Indicates that the country has pending civil union or registered partnership legislation
  Indicates that the country has pending same-sex marriage legislation
Country Pollster Year For[b] Against[b] Neither[c] Margin
of error 		Source
Andorra Andorra Institut d'Estudis Andorrans 2013 70%
(79%) 		19%
(21%) 		11% [108]
Armenia Armenia Pew Research Center 2015 3%
(3%) 		96%
(97%) 		1% ±3% [109][110]
Austria Austria Eurobarometer 2019 66%
(69%) 		30%
(31%) 		4% [111]
Belarus Belarus Pew Research Center 2015 16%
(16%) 		81%
(84%) 		3% ±4% [109][110]
Belgium Belgium Ipsos 2023 72%
(81%) 		17% [9% support some rights]
(19%) 		10% not sure ±3.5% [112]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Pew Research Center 2015–2016 13%
(14%) 		84%
(87%) 		4% ±4% [109][110]
Bulgaria Bulgaria GLOBSEC 2023 21% 69% 11% [113]
Croatia Croatia Eurobarometer 2019 39%
(41%) 		55%
(59%) 		6% [111]
Cyprus Cyprus Eurobarometer 2019 36%
(38%) 		60%
(62%) 		4% [111]
Czech Republic Czech Republic GLOBSEC 2023 72% 24% 4% [114]
Denmark Denmark Eurobarometer 2019 89%
(92%) 		8%
(8%) 		3% [111]
Estonia Estonia HumanrightsEE 2023 53%
(58%) 		39%
(42%) 		8% [115]
Finland Finland Eurobarometer 2019 76%
(78%) 		21%
(22%) 		3% [111]
France France Ipsos 2023 66%
(73%) 		25% [15% support some rights]
(27%) 		9% not sure ±3.5% [112]
Pew Research Center 2023 82%
 14% 4% ±3.6% [116]
Georgia (country) Georgia Women's Initiatives Supporting Group 2021 10%
(12%) 		75%
(88%) 		15% [117]
Germany Germany Ipsos 2023 62%
(71%) 		25% [12% support some rights]
(29%) 		14% not sure ±3.5% [112]
Pew Research Center 2023 80%
 19% 1% ±3.6% [116]
Greece Greece Pew Research Center 2023 49% 50% 1% ±3.6% [116]
Hungary Hungary Ipsos 2023 47%
(57%) 		36% [20% support some rights]
(43%) 		18% not sure ±3.5% [112]
Pew Research Center 2023 31% 64% 5% ±3.6% [116]
Iceland Iceland Gallup 2006 89% 11% – [118]
Republic of Ireland Ireland Ipsos 2023 64%
(72%) 		25% [13% support some rights]
(28%) 		11% [112]
Italy Italy Ipsos 2023 61%
(67%) 		30% [21% support some rights]
(33%) 		9% not sure ±3.5% [112]
Pew Research Center 2023 74%
 26% – ±3.6% [116]
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Pew Research Center 2016 7%
(7%) 		89%
(93%) 		4% [109][110]
Latvia Latvia GLOBSEC 2023 40% 46% 14% [119]
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Institut 2021 72% 28% 0% [120]
Lithuania Lithuania GLOBSEC 2023 22% 60% 19% [121]
Luxembourg Luxembourg Eurobarometer 2019 85%
(90%) 		9%
(10%) 		6% [111]
Malta Malta Eurobarometer 2019 67%
(73%) 		25%
(27%) 		8% [111]
Moldova Moldova Europa Libera Moldova 2022 14% 86% [122]
Netherlands Netherlands Ipsos 2023 80%
(85%) 		14% [6% support some rights]
(15%) 		7% not sure ±3.5% [112]
Pew Research Center 2023 89%
 10% 1% ±3.6% [116]
Norway Norway Pew Research Center 2017 72%
(79%) 		19%
(21%) 		9% [109][110]
Poland Poland Ipsos 2023 32%
(36%) 		57% [35% support some rights]
(64%) 		11% ±3.5% [112]
Pew Research Center 2023 41% 54% 5% ±3.6% [116]
Portugal Portugal Ipsos 2023 80%
(84%) 		15% [11% support some rights]
(16%) 		5% [112]
Romania Romania Ipsos 2023 25%
(30%) 		59% [26% support some rights]
(70%) 		17% ±3.5% [112]
Russia Russia Ipsos 2021 17%
(21%) 		64% [12% support some rights]
(79%) 		20% not sure ±4.8% [123]
FOM 2019 7%
(8%) 		85%
(92%) 		8% ±3.6% [124]
Serbia Serbia Civil Rights Defender 2020 26% – – ±3.33% [125]
Slovakia Slovakia GLOBSEC 2023 28% 63% 9% [126]
Slovenia Slovenia Eurobarometer 2019 62%
(64%) 		35%
(36%) 		3% [111]
Spain Spain Ipsos 2023 78%
(82%) 		17% [12% support some rights]
(18%) 		5% not sure ±3.5% [112]
Pew Research Center 2023 87%
 11% 2% ±3.6% [116]
Sweden Sweden Ipsos 2023 75%
(82%) 		16% [7% support some rights]
(18%) 		9% not sure ±3.5% [112]
Pew Research Center 2023 92%
 5% 3% ±3.6% [116]
Switzerland Switzerland Ipsos 2023 54%
(61%) 		34% [16% support some rights]
(39%) 		13% not sure ±3.5% [112]
Turkey Turkey Ipsos 2023 20%
(28%) 		52% [22% support some rights]
(72%) 		28% not sure ±3.5% [112]
Ukraine Ukraine Rating 2023 37%
 42%
22% ±1.5% [127]
United Kingdom United Kingdom YouGov 2023 77%
(84%) 		15%
(16%) 		8% [128]
Ipsos 2023 64%
(70%) 		27% [14% support some rights]
(30%) 		9% not sure ±3.5% [112]
Pew Research Center 2023 73%
 23% 4% ±3.6% [116]
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by dependent territory
Country Pollster Year For Against Neutral[c] Source
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands Spyr.fo 2019 71.1% 12.6% 16.7% [129]
Gibraltar Gibraltar Inter-Ministerial Committee Consultation 2015 63% 37% 0% [130]
Northern Ireland Northern Ireland YouGov 2019 55% - - [131][132]


Notes

  1. ^ Degree of recognition unknown. No actual cases to date.
  2. ^ a b Because some polls do not report 'neither', those that do are listed with simple yes/no percentages in parentheses, so their figures can be compared.
  3. ^ a b Comprises: Neutral; Don't know; No answer; Other; Refused.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Excluding Guernsey and Overseas Territories (except Gibraltar).
  2. ^ Stable union since 2005 and civil union since 2014.
  3. ^ Unregistered cohabitation between 2003 and 2014. Life partnerships životno partnerstvo since 2014.
  4. ^ Unregistered cohabitation since 2001 and registered partnerships registrované partnerství since 2006.
  5. ^ Excluding the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
  6. ^ Including the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
  7. ^ Unregistered cohabitation élettársi kapcsolat and registered partnerships bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolat since 2009.
  8. ^ Civil unions and cohabitation agreements since 2016.
  9. ^ Registrirana partnerska skupnost between 2006 and 2017. Partnership (partnerska zveza) since 2017.

References

  1. ^ a b "Same-sex spouses have EU residence rights, top court rules". BBC News. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  2. ^ a b Boffey, Daniel (14 September 2021). "MEPs condemn failure to respect rights of same-sex partners in EU". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  3. ^ Vic Gerami (2019-02-19). "'You have no right to call yourself Armenian' Say Gay Man's Attackers". The Armenian Weekly. Retrieved 2019-03-06.
  4. ^ "Same-sex marriages registered abroad are valid in Armenia". PanARMENIAN.Net. 3 July 2017.
  5. ^ "Case of Schalk and Kopf v. Austria". International Commission of Jurists. 2 July 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  6. ^ "CASE OF VALLIANATOS AND OTHERS v. GREECE". European Court of Human Rights. 7 November 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  7. ^ "CASE OF OLIARI AND OTHERS v. ITALY". European Court of Human Rights. 21 October 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  8. ^ "Where Europe stands on gay marriage and civil unions". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  9. ^ "The ECHR Unanimously Confirms the Non-Existence of a Right to Gay Marriage". European Center for Law and Justice. 15 June 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  10. ^ REPORT on the proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on measures facilitating the exercise of rights conferred on workers in the context of freedom of movement for workers - A7-0386/2013 (Report). European Parliament. 14 November 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  11. ^ Mattheuws, Janie (25 April 2017). "ECJ plans to rule on same-sex marriage in Romania". EURACTIVE.
  12. ^ "PRESS RELEASE No 02/18" (PDF). Court of Justice of the European Union. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  13. ^ Gillet, Kit (5 June 2018). "Same-sex marriages are backed in E.U. immigration ruling". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  14. ^ "Distinction between marriage and registered partnership violates ban on discrimination". Verfassungsgerichtshof Österreich. 5 December 2017.
  15. ^ "Wet tot openstelling van het huwelijk voor personen van hetzelfde geslacht en tot wijziging van een aantal bepalingen van het Burgerlijk Wetboek". www.ejustice.just.fgov.be (in Dutch). 13 February 2003.
  16. ^ "Lov om ændring af lov om ægteskabs indgåelse og opløsning, lov om ægteskabets retsvirkninger og retsplejeloven og om ophævelse af lov om registreret partnerskab". www.retsinformation.dk (in Danish). 12 June 2012.
  17. ^ "FINLEX ® - Säädökset alkuperäisinä: Laki avioliittolain muuttamisesta 156/2015". finlex.fi (in Finnish). 20 February 2015.
  18. ^ "FINLEX ® - Ursprungliga författningar: Lag om ändring av äktenskapslagen 156/2015". finlex.fi (in Swedish). 20 February 2015.
  19. ^ "LOI n° 2013-404 du 17 mai 2013 ouvrant le mariage aux couples de personnes de même sexe" (in French). Legifrance.
  20. ^ "Gesetz zur Einführung des Rechts auf Eheschließung für Personen gleichen Geschlechts" (PDF) (in German). Bundesgesetzblatt. 28 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  21. ^ "Lög um breytingar á hjúskaparlögum og fleiri lögum og um brottfall laga um staðfesta samvist (ein hjúskaparlög)". Alþingi (in Icelandic).
  22. ^ "Marriage Bill 2015 (Number 78 of 2015)". House of the Oireachtas. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  23. ^ "Mémorial A n° 125 de 2014" (PDF) (in French). Journal officiel du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. 17 July 2014.
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