Siphoviridae
Siphoviridae is a family of double-stranded DNA viruses in the order Caudovirales. Bacteria and archaea serve as natural hosts. There are currently 313 species in this family, divided among 47 genera.[2][3] The characteristic structural features of this family are a nonenveloped head and noncontractile tail.
Structure
Viruses in Siphoviridae are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and head-tail geometries[2] (morphotype B1) or a prolate capsid (morphotype B2), and T=7 symmetry. The diameter is around 60 nm.[2] Members of this family are also characterized by their filamentous, cross-banded, noncontractile tails, usually with short terminal and subterminal fibers. Genomes are double stranded and linear, around 50kb in length,[2] containing about 70 genes. The guanine/cytosine content is usually around 52%.
Genus | Structure | Symmetry | Capsid | Genomic arrangement | Genomic segmentation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pbiunalikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Yualikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Sfi1unalikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Phijlunalikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Che8likevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Bronlikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Sap6likevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Andromedalikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Sfi21dtunalikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Pgonelikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Lambdalikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7, levo | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Skunalikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Cjwunalikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Corndoglikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Phifllikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Xp10likevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Tunalikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Wbetalikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
D3112likevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
77likevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Charlielikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
D3likevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
T5likevirus | Head-Tail | T=13 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Tp2unalikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
T5likevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Reylikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Hk578likevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
3alikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Che9clikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Phietalikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Tm4likevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Halolikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Phic3unalikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Iebhlikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Chilikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
N15likevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
C5likevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Phie125likevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
P23likevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Psimunalikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Jerseylikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Spbetalikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Bignuzlikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
C2likevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Barnyardlikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Omegalikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Phicbklikevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
L5likevirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Life cycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by adsorption into the host cell. Replication follows the replicative transposition model. DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by -1 ribosomal frameshifting, and +1 ribosomal frameshifting. The virus exits the host cell by lysis, and holin/endolysin/spanin proteins.[2] Bacteria and archaea serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are passive diffusion.[2]
Genus | Host details | Tissue tropism | Entry details | Release details | Replication site | Assembly site | Transmission |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pbiunalikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Yualikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Sfi1unalikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Phijlunalikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Che8likevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Bronlikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Sap6likevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Andromedalikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Sfi21dtunalikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Pgonelikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Lambdalikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Skunalikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Cjwunalikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Corndoglikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Phifllikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Xp10likevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Tunalikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Wbetalikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
D3112likevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
77likevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Charlielikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
D3likevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
T5likevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Tp2unalikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
T5likevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Reylikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Hk578likevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
3alikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Che9clikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Phietalikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Tm4likevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Halolikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Phic3unalikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Iebhlikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Chilikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
N15likevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
C5likevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Phie125likevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
P23likevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Psimunalikevirus | Bacteria; archea | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Jerseylikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Spbetalikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Bignuzlikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
C2likevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Barnyardlikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Omegalikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Phicbklikevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
L5likevirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Taxonomy
Group: dsDNA
- Family: Siphoviridae
- Genus: Che8likevirus
- Mycobacterium phage ardmore
- Mycobacterium phage avani
- Mycobacterium phage boomer
- Mycobacterium phage Che8
- Mycobacterium phage Che9d
- Mycobacterium phage deadp
- Mycobacterium phage dlane
- Mycobacterium phage dorothy
- Mycobacterium phage dotproduct
- Mycobacterium phage drago
- Mycobacterium phage fruitloop
- Mycobacterium phage gumbie
- Mycobacterium phage ibhubesi
- Mycobacterium phage Llij
- Mycobacterium phage mozy
- Mycobacterium phage mutaforma13
- Mycobacterium phage Pacc40
- Mycobacterium phage PMC
- Mycobacterium phage ramsey
- Mycobacterium phage rockyhorror
- Mycobacterium phage SG4
- Mycobacterium phage shauna1
- Mycobacterium phage shilan
- Mycobacterium phage spartacus
- Mycobacterium phage taj
- Mycobacterium phage tweety
- Mycobacterium phage wee
- Mycobacterium phage yoshi
- Genus: L5likevirus
- Mycobacterium phage alma
- Mycobacterium phage arturo
- Mycobacterium phage astro
- Mycobacterium phage backyardigan
- Mycobacterium phage BBPiebs31
- Mycobacterium phage benedict
- Mycobacterium phage bethlehem
- Mycobacterium phage billknuckles
- Mycobacterium phage bruns
- Mycobacterium phage Bxb1
- Mycobacterium phage Bxz2
- Mycobacterium phage Che12
- Mycobacterium phage cuco
- Mycobacterium phage D29
- Mycobacterium phage doom
- Mycobacterium phage ericb
- Mycobacterium phage euphoria
- Mycobacterium phage george
- Mycobacterium phage gladiator
- Mycobacterium phage goose
- Mycobacterium phage hammer
- Mycobacterium phage heldan
- Mycobacterium phage Jasper
- Mycobacterium phage JC27
- Mycobacterium phage jeffabunny
- Mycobacterium phage JHC117
- Mycobacterium phage KBG
- Mycobacterium phage kssjeb
- Mycobacterium phage kugel
- Mycobacterium phage L5
- Mycobacterium phage lesedi
- Mycobacterium phage LHTSCC
- Mycobacterium phage lockley
- Mycobacterium phage marcell
- Mycobacterium phage microwolf
- Mycobacterium phage mrgordo
- Mycobacterium phage museum
- Mycobacterium phage nepal
- Mycobacterium phage packman
- Mycobacterium phage peaches
- Mycobacterium phage Perseus
- Mycobacterium phage pukovnik
- Mycobacterium phage rebeuca
- Mycobacterium phage redrock
- Mycobacterium phage Ridgecb
- Mycobacterium phage rockstar
- Mycobacterium phage saintus
- Mycobacterium phage skipole
- Mycobacterium phage solon
- Mycobacterium phage switzer
- Mycobacterium phage SWU1
- Mycobacterium phage Ta17a
- Mycobacterium phage tiger
- Mycobacterium phage timshel
- Mycobacterium phage trixie
- Mycobacterium phage turbido
- Mycobacterium phage twister
- Mycobacterium phage U2
- Mycobacterium phage violet
- Mycobacterium phage wonder
- Rhodococcus phage RER2
- Rhodococcus phage RGL3
- Genus: Pgonelikevirus
- Mycobacterium phage acadian
- Mycobacterium phage athena
- Mycobacterium phage chrisnmich
- Mycobacterium phage cooper
- Mycobacterium phage gadjet
- Mycobacterium phage nigel
- Mycobacterium phage oline
- Mycobacterium phage Pg1
- Mycobacterium phage pipefish
- Mycobacterium phage rosebush
- Mycobacterium phage stinger
- Mycobacterium phage zemanar
- Genus: Phietalikevirus
- Staphylococcus phage 11
- Staphylococcus phage 29
- Staphylococcus phage 37
- Staphylococcus phage 53
- Staphylococcus phage 55
- Staphylococcus phage 69
- Staphylococcus phage 71
- Staphylococcus phage 80
- Staphylococcus phage 85
- Staphylococcus phage 88
- Staphylococcus phage 92
- Staphylococcus phage 96
- Staphylococcus phage 187
- Staphylococcus phage 52a
- Staphylococcus phage 80alpha
- Staphylococcus phage Cnph82
- Staphylococcus phage Ew
- Staphylococcus phage Ipla5
- Staphylococcus phage Ipla7
- Staphylococcus phage Ipla88
- Staphylococcus phage Ph15
- Staphylococcus phage Phieta
- Staphylococcus phage Phieta2
- Staphylococcus phage Phieta3
- Staphylococcus phage phimr11
- Staphylococcus phage phimr25
- Staphylococcus phage phinm1
- Staphylococcus phage phinm2
- Staphylococcus phage phinm4
- Staphylococcus phage Sap26
- Staphylococcus phage X2
- Genus: Skunalikevirus
- Lactococcus phage 712
- Lactococcus phage Ascc191
- Lactococcus phage Ascc273
- Lactococcus phage Ascc281
- Lactococcus phage Ascc465
- Lactococcus phage Ascc532
- Lactococcus phage Bibb29
- Lactococcus phage bil170
- Lactococcus phage CB13
- Lactococcus phage CB14
- Lactococcus phage CB19
- Lactococcus phage CB20
- Lactococcus phage jj50
- Lactococcus phage P2
- Lactococcus phage P008
- Lactococcus phage SK1
- Lactococcus phage Sl4
Proposed genera
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Siphovirus.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Siphovirus.tiff.jpg)
The organisation of genes in the genera L5likevirus, Lambdalikevirus, Phic3unalikevirus, and Psimunalikevirus and the proposed genera Sfi2likevirus, Sfi1likevirus, Sk1likevirus, and Tm4likevirus suggests that these may form a lambda supergroup (or subfamily).[5]
The following genera have been proposed but are not currently ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses:[6][7][8][9][10][11]
- Genus Cba39unalikevirus; type species: Cellulophaga phage phi39:1
- Species:
- Cellulophaga phage phi39:1
- Species:
- Genus Cba46unalikevirus; type species: Cellulophaga phage phi46:1
- Species:
- Cellulophaga phage phi46:1
- Species:
- Genus Cba18unalikevirus; type species: Cellulophaga phage phi18:1
- Species:
- Cellulophaga phage phi18:1
- Cellulophaga phage phi12:1
- Cellulophaga phage phi12:3
- Cellulophaga phage phi17:1
- Cellulophaga phage phi18:2
- Species:
- Genus Cba10unalikevirus; type species: Cellulophaga phage phi10:1
- Species:
- Cellulophaga phage phi10:1
- Cellulophaga phage phi19:1
- Species:
- Genus Cba13unalikevirus; type species: Cellulophaga phage phi13:1
- Species:
- Cellulophaga phage phi13:1
- Cellulophaga phage phi19:2
- Cellulophaga phage phiST
- Species:
- Genus Jk06likevirus; type species: Escherichia phage Jk06
- Species
- Escherichia phage Eb49
- Escherichia phage Jk06
- Escherichia phage Rogue1
- Escherichia phage AHP24
- Escherichia phage AHS24
- Escherichia phage AHP42
- Escherichia phage AKS96
- Enterobacteria phage phiJLA23
- Enterobacteria phage phiKP26
- Species
- Genus Kp36likevirus; type species: Klebsiella phage KP36
- Species
- Enterobacter phage F20
- Klebsiella phage KP36
- Species
- Genus R1tlikevirus; type species: Lactococcus phage r1t
- Species
- Lactococcus phage r1t
- Species
- Genus Rtplikevirus; type species: Escherichia phage Rtp
- Species
- Escherichia phage Rtp
- Enterobacteria phage vB_EcoS_ACG-M12
- Species
- Genus Tlslikevirus; type species: Escherichia phage Tls
- Species
- Escherichia phage Tls
- Salmonella phage FSL SP-126
- Species
Unclassified
In addition to the above viruses, many members of Siphoviridae have been grouped into an unclassified group with no genus assignment.[12] This group includes numerous phages known to infect Lactobacillus, Mycobacterium, Streptococcus, and other bacteria.
References
- ^ Safferman, R.S.; Cannon, R.E.; Desjardins, P.R.; Gromov, B.V.; Haselkorn, R.; Sherman, L.A.; Shilo, M. (1983). "Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses of Cyanobacteria". Intervirology. 19 (2): 61–66. doi:10.1159/000149339. PMID 6408019.
- ^ a b c d e f "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- ^ a b ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- ^ Lood R, Mörgelin M, Holmberg A, Rasmussen M, Collin M (2008). "Inducible Siphoviruses in superficial and deep tissue isolates of Propionibacterium acnes". BMC Microbiol. 8: 139. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-8-139. PMC 2533672. PMID 18702830.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Brüssow H, Desiere F (2001). "Comparative phage genomics and the evolution of Siphoviridae: insights from dairy phages". Mol Microbiol. 39 (2): 213–22. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02228.x. PMID 11136444.
- ^ Proux C, van Sinderen D, Suarez J, Garcia P, Ladero V, Fitzgerald GF, Desiere F, Brüssow H (2002). "The dilemma of phage taxonomy illustrated by comparative genomics of Sfi21-like Siphoviridae in lactic acid bacteria". J. Bacteriol. 184 (21): 6026–36. doi:10.1128/JB.184.21.6026-6036.2002. PMC 135392. PMID 12374837.
- ^ Gutiérrez, D; Adriaenssens, EM; Martínez, B; Rodríguez, A; Lavigne, R; Kropinski, AM; García, P (11 September 2013). "Three proposed new bacteriophage genera of staphylococcal phages: "3alikevirus", "77likevirus" and "Phietalikevirus"". Archives of Virology. 159: 389–98. doi:10.1007/s00705-013-1833-1. PMID 24022640.
- ^ Taxonomy Proposals Awaiting Ratification at ICTV
- ^ Taxonomy Proposals Pending at ICTV
- ^ Holmfeldt, K.; Solonenko, N.; Shah, M.; Corrier, K.; Riemann, L.; Verberkmoes, N. C.; Sullivan, M. B. (2013). "Twelve previously unknown phage genera are ubiquitous in global oceans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (31): 12798. doi:10.1073/pnas.1305956110. PMC 3732932. PMID 23858439.
- ^ Niu, Y. D.; McAllister, T. A.; Nash, J. H. E.; Kropinski, A. M.; Stanford, K. (2014). "Four Escherichia coli O157:H7 Phages: A New Bacteriophage Genus and Taxonomic Classification of T1-Like Phages". PLoS ONE. 9 (6): e100426. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100426. PMC 4070988. PMID 24963920.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "unclassified Siphoviridae". NCBI Taxonomy.
External links