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Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

Coordinates: 32°46′39″N 35°01′18″E / 32.77750°N 35.02167°E / 32.77750; 35.02167
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Technion
Israel Institute of Technology
הטכניון – מכון טכנולוגי לישראל
File:Technion official seal.svg
TypePublic
Technical
EstablishedApril 11, 1912
PresidentPeretz Lavie
Academic staff
565
Students13,800
Undergraduates9,251
Postgraduates3,435
1,004
Location
Haifa
,
Israel
CampusUrban
1,325 dunams (327 acres)
ColorsBlue and White    
AffiliationsCESAER
Websitewww.technion.ac.il/en/
File:Nobel Prize Press Conference, Technion.jpg
Nobel Prize Press Conference, 2011 Technion

The Technion – Israel Institute of Technology (Template:Lang-he, haTekhnion — Makhon tekhnologi le'Israel) is a public research university in Haifa, Israel. Established in 1912, the Technion is the oldest university in Israel.[1] The university offers degrees in science and engineering, and related fields such as architecture, medicine, industrial management and education. It has 19 academic faculties, 52 research centers and 1 affiliated teaching hospital. Since its founding, it has awarded more than 100,000 degrees[2] and its graduates are cited for providing the skills and education behind the creation and protection of the State of Israel.[3][4]

The university's principal language of instruction is Hebrew. Choosing the language of instruction was the subject of a national debate in pre-Israel statehood that became an important milestone in the consolidation of Hebrew as the spoken language in the State of Israel.[5]

Technion's 565 faculty members currently include three Nobel Laureates in chemistry. Four Nobel Laureates have been associated with the university.

The current president of the Technion is Prof. Peretz Lavie, who was ranked in 2012 by the Israeli national newspaper TheMarker as one of the country's 100 most influential people.[6]

The Technion is cited as one of the factors behind the growth of Israel's high-tech industry and innovation, such as the country's Silicon Wadi.[7][8]

History

Main article: History of the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
Albert Einstein at Technion; 11 February 1923

The Technion was conceived in the early 1900s by the German-Jewish fund Ezrah as a school of engineering and sciences. It was to be the only institution of higher learning in the then Ottoman Palestine, other than the Bezalel Academy of Art and Design in Jerusalem (founded in 1907). Its cornerstone was laid in 1912, and studies began 12 years later in 1924. The Technion was the venue for Israel's "battle of the languages," an intense debate over the language of instruction.

In 1923 Albert Einstein visited and planted the now-famous first palm tree, as an initiative of Nobel tradition. The first palm tree still stands today in front of the old Technion building in the Hadar neighborhood. Einstein founded the first Technion Society, and served as its president upon his return to Germany.

In 1925 British industrialist Alfred Mond, 1st Baron Melchett became the Technion's first president.

Campuses

The campus on Mount Carmel, Haifa
Churchill Auditorium
Aerospace Faculty (Technion)
Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Technion
View towards the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Building from Obelisk
Computer Science Faculty Building
Faculty of Industrial Engineering & Management
Faculty of Mathematics
Erdős–Faber–Lovász conjecture
Technion Faculty of Medicine
The Obelisk, the stainless-steel structure 28 meters tall, is a kinetic sculpture

Haifa

Technion City generally refers to the 1.2-square-kilometer site located on the pine-covered north-eastern slopes of Mount Carmel. The campus comprises 100 buildings, occupied by thousands of people every day.

The Technion has two additional campuses. Its original building in midtown Haifa, in use by the Technion until the mid-1980s, now houses the Israel National Museum of Science, Technology and Space. The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine is located in the neighborhood of Bat Galim, adjacent to Rambam Hospital, the largest medical center in Northern Israel.

Recreational activities on the main campus include an olympic-size swimming pool as well as gymnastics, squash and tennis facilities.[9] The Technion Symphony Orchestra and Choir are composed mainly of Technion students and staff. Each term, the Orchestra offers a series of daytime and evening concerts. Films and live performances by leading Israeli artists take place on campus on a regular basis.

Tel Aviv

Technion's Division of Continuing Education and External Studies has been operating in the Tel Aviv area since 1958. In July 2013, the Technion moved to a new campus in Sarona. The Technion satellite campus in Sarona includes three buildings in a 1,800 sq. meter area, with a total of 16 modern classrooms.[10] Among the programs that study at Sarona are the Technion's International MBA program, which includes students from around the world and guest lecturers from universities such as London Business School, Columbia University, and INSEAD.[11]

Cornell Tech

Main article: Cornell Tech

On 19 December 2011, a bid by a consortium of Cornell University and Technion won a competition to establish a new high-tier applied science and engineering institution in New York City. The competition was established by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg in order to increase entrepreneurship and job growth in the city's technology sector. The winning bid consisted of a 2,100,000 square feet (200,000 m2) state-of-the-art tech campus being built on Roosevelt Island, which will have its first phase completed by 2017, with a temporary off-site campus opening in 2013 at the Google New York City headquarters building at 111 Eighth Avenue.[12][13] The new 'School of Genius' in New York City has been named the Jacobs Technion-Cornell Institute.[14] Its Founding Director was Prof. Craig Gotsman, Technion's Hewlett-Packard Professor of Computer Engineering.

Most recently, AOL, has announced an investment of $5 million in a video research project at the Institute.[15] Positive media coverage abounds,[16] as well as some small scale protests from the margins of political and environmental activism.[17]

Technion Guangdong Institute of Technology

In September 2013 the Li Ka Shing Foundation and the Technion announced they would be joining forces to create a new institute for technology at Shantou University, Guangdong province, south-eastern China. The Li Ka Shing Foundation pledged a grant of US$130 million for the creation of the institute. The degrees taught, including Bachelors', Masters' and Doctorates, will be accredited by the Technion. The total construction costs are $147 million. Initially the courses will include Civil and Environmental Engineering and Computer Science. By 2020 the institute will start teaching other disciplines from Mechanics to Aerospace Engineering.[18][19][20]

Faculties

Aerospace Engineering

Founded in 1954, the Faculty of Aerospace Engineering conducts research and education in a wide range of aerospace disciplines. The Aerospace Research Center also consists of the Aerodynamics (wind tunnels) Laboratory, the Aerospace Structures Laboratory, the Combustion and Rocket Propulsion Laboratory, the Turbo and Jet Engine Laboratory, the Flight Control Laboratory and the Design for Manufacturing Laboratory.

Architecture and Town Planning

The Technion Faculty of Architecture awards BArch degrees awarded after five years of study.[21] Its graduate program in architecture accepts about 15 students each year, and it accepts about 4–5 doctoral students, focusing on subjects such as architectural theory and philosophy, bio-climate and energy conscious design, morphology, computer application, person-environment relations, housing, architectural history, and urban design.[21]

Biology

The Faculty of Biology was established in 1971. Advanced research is carried out in 23 research groups, focusing on a variety of aspects of cellular, molecular and developmental biology. The faculty has extensive collaborations with the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. The Faculty has around 350 undergraduate students and over 100 graduate students.[22]

Biomedical Engineering

Established in 1968, the Faculty of Biomedical Engineering has a multidiciplinary scope nurturing research activities that blend medical and biological engineering. Research projects have resulted in the development of patented medical aids. Recent research breakthroughs include the identification of a structured neurological code for syllables and could let paraplegics "speak" virtually through the connection of the brain to a computer.[23]

Biotechnology and Food Engineering

Unique in Israel, the Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering offers a blend of courses in engineering, life and natural sciences as well as joint degree programs with the Faculties of Biology and Chemistry. The Faculty houses biotechnology laboratories, as well as a large food processing pilot plant and a packaging laboratory. It currently has 260 undergraduates and 66 graduate students.

Civil and Environmental Engineering

In 2002, two of the original Technion Faculties – Civil and Agricultural engineering, were merged to create the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Its state vision is to "maintain and enhance the leading position of the Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering amongst the top departments in the world... and to position the Faculty as the national center for research & development and human resources for the sustainable development."[24] The Faculty is the home of Technion's expanding International School of Engineering.

Chemical Engineering

The Wolfson Faculty of Chemical Engineering is Israel's oldest and largest faculty in the field, educating the vast majority of chemical engineers in Israel's chemical industries.[22] Research activities include materials, complex fluids, processing, transport and surface phenomena and process control.

Chemistry

The Schulich Faculty of Chemistry offers a variety of joint programs, including with materials engineering, chemical engineering, physics, and food engineering. It also offers a joint degree with the Faculty of Biology leading to a degree in molecular biochemistry. Around 100 research projects at the faculty are sponsored by industry and national and international foundations. It also offers a variety of outreach and youth programs.[25]

Computer Science

Founded in 1969, this is one of the largest Technion faculties, with over 1,000 undergraduate students and 200 graduate students. The Faculty of Computer Science was ranked 15th among 500 universities in computer sciences for 2011 and of 18th of 500 in since 2012.[26] The Faculty is located in the Taub Family Science and Technology Center, following the support of the philanthropist Henry Taub.

Education in Technology and Science

Founded in 1965, the Department of Education in Technology & Science trains undergraduates in the most advanced methods of teaching science and technology in schools. The faculty is home to a research and development center in the field. It has over 350 undergraduate students and 100 graduate students.

Electrical Engineering

The Faculty of Electrical Engineering claims to be the major source of engineers who lead the development of advanced Israeli technology in the fields of electronics, computers and communications. Some 2000 undergraduate students study in the department for a BSc degree in electrical engineering / computer engineering / computer and software engineering, and 400 graduate students study for the degrees of MSc and PhD The department has extensive relations with industry as well as academic and industrial special liaison support programs.[27]

Humanities and Arts

The Department of Humanities and Arts serves all the Technion community, offering courses taught by renowned visiting and adjunct scholars including philosophy of science, social and political sciences, linguistics, psychology, law and anthropology and an array of theoretical and performing arts courses.

The Technion Theater

The Technion Theater was established in 1986, by Prof. Ouriel Zohar. The theater teaches 8 courses, and it has about 150 students per semester. The theater presented 52 performances in different styles, some by Hanoch Levin, Yehoshua Sobol, Moliere, Shakespeare, Pierre de Marivaux, Henrik Ibsen and Bernard Shaw among others. The theater also presented plays written by the director and the actors. The theater is invited to many festivals in Europe universities. Director Scandar Copti received Ophir Award in 2010, played in "End End" directed by Zohar, which was presented in Jerusalem festival in 2001. Shlomo Plessner participated in collective plays "soft mattress" and "Mix Marriage" 1986–1987. The play "Transparent Chains" by Sheli Baliti from the Faculty of Chemical Engineering performed at Bratislava in 2006, Granada, Haifa Cinematheque, Neve Yosef Festival and the Theatre Department at the University of Haifa in 2007. The play An Enemy of the People by Ibsen, the main actor Rooney Navon, professor at the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, received honorable nomination at Benevento in Italy in 2009, and also in Isfia near Haifa. The Show "invisible clothes" written and directed by Prof. Ouriel Zohar presented at The International Theater Festival in Saint Petersburg State University in 2012.

Industrial Engineering and Management

The William Davidson Faculty of Industrial Engineering & Management at the Technion (IE&M) is the oldest such department in Israel. IE&M was launched as a Technion academic Department in 1958. The Department grew under the leadership of Pinchas Naor, who served as its founding Dean. Naor's vision was to combine Industrial engineering with Management by creating a large, inherently multidisciplinary unit covering a wide spectrum of activities such as applied engineering, mathematical modeling, economics, behavioral sciences, operations research, and statistics.[28]

Materials Science and Engineering

Home to Nobel Laureate in Chemistry Distinguished Prof. Dan Shechtman, the Faculty of Materials Engineering is Israel's major study center in materials science. The Faculty houses the Electron Microscopy Center, the X-Ray Diffraction Laboratory, the Atomic force microscopy Laboratory and the Physical and Mechanical Measurements lab.

Mathematics

The Faculty of Mathematics houses both pure and applied mathematics, and was home to the mathematician Paul Erdős. Founded in 1950, it has around 46 faculty members, 200 undergraduate students and 100 graduate students. It provides instruction for students in all other Technion faculties and organizes mathematics competition for gifted high school students and a summer camp in number theory.

Mechanical Engineering

Founded in 1948, the Technion Faculty of Mechanical Engineering has over 830 students and 215 graduate students. Research is conducted in the faculty's 36 laboratories across the whole spectrum of mechanical engineering, from nano-scale fields through to applied engineering of national projects.[29]

Medicine

The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine is home to two Nobel Laureates: Prof. Avram Hershko and Prof. Aaron Ciechanover. It is one of four state-sponsored medical schools in Israel. It was founded in 1979 through the philanthropy of Bruce Rappaport and is active in basic science research and pre-clinical medical training in anatomy, biochemistry, biophysics, immunology, microbiology, physiology, and pharmacology.[30] Other facilities on the Faculty of Medicine campus include teaching laboratories, a medical library, lecture halls, and seminar rooms. Academic programs lead to Master of Science (M.S.), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), and Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degrees. It also offers medical training leading to a M.D. degree to qualified American and Canadian graduates of pre-med programs under the Technion American Medical Students Program (TeAMs).[31] The school has developed collaborative research and medical education programs with various institutions in medicine and bio-medical engineering including Harvard University, Johns Hopkins University, University of Toronto, Florida Atlantic University and Mayo Medical School.

Physics

The Faculty of Physics engages in experimental and theoretical research in the fields of astrophysics, high energy physics, solid state physics and biophysics. Founded in 1960, it includes the Einstein Institute of Physics, the Lidow Physics Complex, The Rosen Solid State Building and the Werksman Physics Building.

Multidisciplinary centers

Nanotechnology and science

The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI) was established in January 2005 as a joint endeavour of the Russell Berrie Foundation, the government of Israel, and the Technion. It is one of the largest academic programs in Israel, and is among the largest nanotechnology centers in Europe and the US. RBNI has over 110 faculty members, and approximately 300 graduate students and postdoctoral fellows under its auspices at Technion. Its multidisciplinary activities span 14 different faculties.

Energy research

The GTEP Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program is a multidisciplinary center of excellence bringing together Technion's top researchers in energy science and technology from over nine different faculties.[32] Founded in 2007, GTEP's 4-point strategy targets research and development of alternative fuels; renewable energy sources; energy storage and conversion; and energy conservation. The GTEP is presently the only center in Israel offering graduate studies in energy science and technology.

Space research

The Normal and Helen Asher Space Research Institute (ASRI) is a specialized institute dedicated to multidisciplinary scientific research. Established in 1984, its members come from five Technion faculties, and it has a technical staff of Technion scientists in a variety of space-related fields: (Physics, Aerospace Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Autonomous Systems and Computer Sciences).

Technology transfer

Technion has an impressive record in technology transfer. Its dedicated office to bridge the transition of scientific and technological discovery to successfully commercialized innovation has been active since 2007 as T3 – Technion Technology Transfer. As of 2011, 424 patents were granted to Technion innovations, with 845 patents pending. T3's partners include incubators, entrepreneurs, private investors, VCs and angel groups. It has strategic partnerships with Microsoft, IBM, Intel, Philips, Johnson & Johnson, Coca Cola, among others.

Technion international

The Technion International (TI) is a department in the Technion, offering courses taught entirely in English. The TI began its first year in 2009, and now offers a full BSc in Civil Engineering, BSc in Chemical Engineering as well as various study abroad options, all taught in English. Student come from all over the globe – Asia, Africa, North and South America, Europe and Israel. They live on campus and enjoy trips around Israel and activities throughout the year.

Outreach programs

Technion offers after-school and summer enrichment courses for young people on subjects ranging from introductory electronics and computer programming to aerospace, architecture, biology, chemistry and physics. Two examples are Scitech[33] and the Math Summer Camp, devoted to number theory.[34]

Technion recently set up and orchestrated the Israeli chapter of Engineers Without Borders,[35] which among other projects, installed a network of biogas systems in rural Nepal providing sustainable energy and improved sanitation.[36]

Academics

PikiWiki Israel 10615 technion ecological garden

In 2015, the Shanghai Academic Ranking rated the Technion as 77th in its list of the top 100 universities in the world.[37] Also in 2012, the magazine Business Insider ranked Technion among the top 25 engineering schools in the world.[38][39]

In 2012, the Center for World University Rankings ranked Technion 51st in the world and third in Israel in its CWUR World University Rankings.[40]

For national rankings in 2011, Technion was ranked the No. 2 of universities in Israel by ARWU. In global rankings for that year, Technion was ranked #102–150 by ARWU, No. 220 by QS,.[41]

It was ranked #201–225 by Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[42]

In 2013, the Technion was the only school outside of the United States to make it into the top 10 on a new Bloomberg Rankings list of schools whose graduates are CEOs of top U.S. tech companies.[43]

Research highlights

Rasagiline-3D-balls
  • In 1982, Dan Shechtman discovered a Quasicrystal structure. This is a structure with a Symmetry in the order of 5 – a phenomenon considered impossible until then by the then-current prevailing theories of Crystallography. In 2011 he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this discovery.
  • In 2004, two Technion professors, Avram Hershko and Aaron Ciechanover, won the Nobel Prize for the discovery of the biological system responsible for disassembling protein in the cell.
  • Shulamit Levenberg, 37, was chosen by Scientific American magazine as one of the leading scientists in 2006 for the discovery of a method to transplant skin in a way the body does not reject.[44]
  • Moussa B.H. Youdim developed Rasagiline, a drug marketed by Teva Pharmaceuticals as Azilect (TM) for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease, especially Parkinsons.
  • In 1998, Technion successfully launched the "Gurwin TechSat II" microsatellite, making Technion one of five universities with a student program that designs, builds, and launches its own satellite. The satellite stayed in orbit until 2010[45]
  • In the 1970s, computer scientists Abraham Lempel and Jacob Ziv developed the Lempel-Ziv-Welch algorithm for data compression. In 1995 and 2007 they won an IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal for pioneering work in data compression and especially for developing the algorithm.

Demographics

The percentage of Arab students at the Technion equals the percentage of the general Arab population in Israel: 20%.[46][47]

People

File:Shechtman (2).jpg
Dan Shechtman, who has taught at Technion since 1975, was awarded the 2011 Nobel Laureates in Chemistry for the discovery of quasicrystals.

Selected Faculty

Notable alumni

Technion graduates have been estimated to constitute over 70 percent of the founders and managers of high-tech businesses in Israel. 80 percent of Israeli NASDAQ companies were founded and/or are led by Technion graduates, and 74 percent of managers in Israel's electronic industries hold Technion degrees.[48] In the book, Technion Nation, Shlomo Maital, Amnon Frenkel and Ilana Debare document the contribution of Technion alumni in building the modern State of Israel.

Yossi Gross
File:Neri Oxman at C2MTL.JPG
Neri Oxman

See also

References

  1. ^ Sveta Reingold. "War of the Languages: Founding of the Technion/Technikum". Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  2. ^ 2014–15 Welcoming the New Academic Year, Technion website
  3. ^ Youtube: "Building the Start-up Nation." http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3RiIYgCC7Gw
  4. ^ Start-Up Nation Book. Start-Up Nation Book (18 January 2013). Retrieved on 5 October 2013.
  5. ^ Jewish History. Jewish History. Retrieved on 5 October 2013.
  6. ^ Gabison, Yoram. (16 September 2012) Israel's 100 most influential people this Jewish year / The full list – Business Israel News. Haaretz. Retrieved on 5 October 2013.
  7. ^ Israel innovators build new Silicon Valley: http://cnpublications.net/2011/06/30/israel-leads-in-high-tech-2/
  8. ^ The Secret of Israel's High-tech Success (Le Monde) http://www.worldcrunch.com/secret-israel-s-high-tech-success/3672
  9. ^ Sports Facilities. Ciar.technion.ac.il. Retrieved on 5 October 2013.
  10. ^ "Technion-Azrieli Sarona Campus". Technion. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
  11. ^ "MBA in Israel". Technion. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
  12. ^ "'Game-changing' tech campus goes to Cornell, Technion". Cornell University. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
  13. ^ Harman, Danna (14 April 2013). "The Technion: Israel's Hard Drive". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  14. ^ "Overview". Cornell Tech. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  15. ^ "Shirt that Monitors Hearts, Destroying Cancer Cells, New Gas Fields: It's Good News from Israel!". Jewish Business News. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  16. ^ "Future island". Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  17. ^ "Technion's role in U.S. militarization and domestic spying". Mondoweiss. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  18. ^ "The Technion Guangdong Institute of Technology (TGIT) in China is launched". pard.technion.co.il. 29 September 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  19. ^ "Shantou University". Li Ka Shing Foundation. 29 September 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  20. ^ Neuman, Efrat (5 October 2013). "The story behind a HK billionaire's $130 million donation to the Technion". Haaretz. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  21. ^ a b "Technion, Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning". technion.ac.il. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  22. ^ a b The Technion Insider: Technion prospectus from 2007.
  23. ^ Siegel, Judy. (23 August 2012) Israeli research may help severely paralyzed speak | JPost | Israel News. JPost. Retrieved on 5 October 2013.
  24. ^ Technion Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering דף בית. Cee.technion.ac.il. Retrieved on 5 October 2013.
  25. ^ "הפקולטה לכימיה ע"ש שוליך". Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  26. ^ ARWU ranking http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings/Technion-Israel-Institute-of-Technology.html
  27. ^ Technion – Electrical Engineering: Your Portal to High-Tech. Webee.technion.ac.il. Retrieved on 5 October 2013.
  28. ^ http://ie.technion.ac.il/
  29. ^ YouTube Technion Mechanical Engineering playlist: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5D8815BC3AF656ED
  30. ^ rambam mourns baruch rappaport visionary and generous donor. Rambam.org.il (11 January 2010). Retrieved on 5 October 2013.
  31. ^ Technion American Medical Students Program TEAMS on YouTube (3 June 2012). Retrieved on 5 October 2013.
  32. ^ "Grand Technion Energy Program - Home Page". Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  33. ^ "Scitech summer camp at the Technion". technion.ac.il. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  34. ^ "Math Summer Camp". technion.ac.il. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  35. ^ Engineering with a Soul (Video) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ci1henu1OQg
  36. ^ TECHNION FOCUS MAGAZINE – Students – Engineering with a Soul. Focus.technion.ac.il. Retrieved on 5 October 2013.
  37. ^ "3 Academic Ranking of World Universities". Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  38. ^ Technion in Top 25 engineering schools in the world. ISRAEL21c (10 July 2012). Retrieved on 5 October 2013.
  39. ^ "World University Rankings 2013-2014". Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  40. ^ "http://cwur.org/top100.html". Center for World University Rankings. 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  41. ^ "Technion 2011 ranking". QS. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  42. ^ "Technion 2011 ranking". Times. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  43. ^ "Israel's Technion Ranks High on Bloomberg List of Schools Sending Graduates to Top Tech Companies". The Algemeiner. 2 September 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  44. ^ BME Person Info | הנדסה ביו רפואית בטכניון. Bm.technion.ac.il. Retrieved on 5 October 2013.
  45. ^ Web Development Company (10 July 1998). "News". Technion Focus Magazine. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  46. ^ The Technion: Israel’s Hard Drive
  47. ^ "Outstanding Arab Students". Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  48. ^ "Fast Facts". Technion. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  49. ^ Nagourney, Saul. "Saul Amarel, 74, an Innovator In the Artificial Intelligence Field", The New York Times, 21 December 2002. Accessed 24 November 2007.
  50. ^ . The Economist, Volume 386, Issues 8561–8573. 28 March 2011 https://books.google.com/books?id=XRhXAAAAYAAJ&q=yossi+vardi+1942&dq=yossi+vardi+1942&hl=en&ei=Bq9MTqyQOIHVgQe57_zmBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAQ. Retrieved 21 September 2011. {{cite book}}: |url= missing title (help)
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