Terina (ancient city)
Τερίνα | |
 The site of Terina in 2013. It has become overgrown with vegetation since it was excavated in 1997, but the traces of the excavations are still evident on satellite photos. | |
  Shown within Italy | |
| Location | Sant’Eufemia Vetere, Province of Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy |
|---|---|
| Region | Magna Graecia |
| Type | Settlement |
| History | |
| Builder | Settlers from Croton |
| Founded | 480–470 BC |
| Periods | Classical Greece to Roman Empire |
Terina (Ancient Greek: Τερίνα) was an ancient city of Magna Graecia on the north shore of the Gulf of Saint Euphemia, about 20 km (12 mi) from Lamezia Terme in Calabria. The site of the city was allegedly found in 1922 by the archaeologist Paolo Orsi near the modern village of Sant’Eufemia Vetere, but a systematic archaeological investigation was only started in 1997 [citation needed] and it is only based on coins found there. Coins, inscriptions and other artefacts retrieved from the site can be seen in the Museo Archeologico Lametino in Lamezia Terme. However, the actual collocation of the ancient city is in Nocera Terinese where the original location is situated on top of a hill called Piano di Tirena. This hill is surrounded by two rivers merging, Savuto and Grande, and it perfectly matches the description provided by the Greek historian Strabo in his major work Geographica, which was first published around 20 AD.
History
In the fifth century BC the Greek cities Croton and Locri, both located on the Ionian Sea, vied for the control of ports on the Tyrrhenian Sea. These ports were important for conducting trade. Locri had founded the cities Medma and Hipponium there and had assumed control of Metauros. Temesa lay north of Hipponium and had close relations with Croton, which may have been its mother city. Temesa was valuable because of its copper mines and its trade with the north. Locri conquered Temesa at some time in the first half of the fifth century BC, probably in the 480s or 470s. Croton was disadvantaged by the loss and founded Terina at this time to compensate.[1] Terina's foundation is dated to 480–470 BC.[2] It started minting its own coins sometime after 480 BC, which indicates that it soon became independent from its mother city.[3]
Terina became a prosperous city and protected the route from the Tyrrhenian Sea to Croton.[4] Later in the second half of the fifth century BC Terina was attacked by Thurii, after that city's foundation in 444/3 BC. Thurii wanted to capture Terina because the city was closely connected with Croton, Thurii's enemy. The Spartan general Cleandridas who led the Thurian army planned a surprise attack, but this failed when his army was discovered. He retreated after ravaging the city's countryside.[5]
When the Bruttians arose as a new ethnic group in Lucania in 356/5 BC their first target was Terina, which they besieged and plundered.[6] When Alexander of Epirus arrived in Southerrn Italy in approximately 333 BC[7] he took the city from the Bruttians.[8] He did not possess it for long because he was defeated by a combined army of Bruttians and Lucanians at the Battle of Pandosia in 331 BC. At some later point Terina became a Roman possession.[citation needed] It was ultimately destroyed in the Second Punic War by Hannibal because he could not defend the city during his stay in Bruttium.[9]
The city was rebuilt at some point because it is mentioned again by Pliny the Elder.[10]
References
- ^ Wonder 2012, pp. 139–140; Pliny the Elder, 3.10.
- ^ Cerchiai, Jannelli & Longo 2004, p. 13.
- ^ Bicknell 1966, p. 300.
- ^ Wonder 2012, p. 140.
- ^ Polyaenus 1793, 2.10.1; Wonder 2012, pp. 138, 140.
- ^ Diodorus Siculus 1939, 16.15.2.
- ^ Justin 1997, p. 192.
- ^ Livy 1926, 8.24.4.
- ^ Strabo 1924, 6.1.5.
- ^ Pliny the Elder, 3.10.
Sources
- Primary sources
- Polyaenus (1793). Shepherd, R. (ed.). Stratagems in War. London.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Diodorus Siculus (1939). Oldfather, C. H. (ed.). Library of History. Vol. 7. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99428-7.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|editorlink=ignored (|editor-link=suggested) (help) - Justin (1853). Watson, John Selby (ed.). Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus. London: Henry G. Bohn.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|editorlink=ignored (|editor-link=suggested) (help) - Livy (1926). Foster, B. O. (ed.). History of Rome. Vol. 4. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99210-8.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Pliny the Elder (1855). Bostock, John; Riley, H. T. (eds.). Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Strabo (1924). Jones, H. L. (ed.). Geography. Vol. 3. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99201-6.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Secondary sources
- Bicknell, Peter (1966). "The Date of the Battle of the Sagra River". Phoenix. 20 (4): 294–301. JSTOR 1087054.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Cerchiai, Luca; Jannelli, Lorena; Longo, Fausto, eds. (2004). The Greek Cities of Magna Graecia and Sicily. Translated from Italian by the J. Paul Getty Trust. Los Angeles, California: Getty Publications. ISBN 978-0-89236-751-1.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Wonder, John W. (2012). "The Italiote League: South Italian Alliances of the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BC". Classical Antiquity. 31 (1): 128–151. doi:10.1525/CA.2012.31.1.128.
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Further reading
- Holloway, R. Ross; Jenkins, G. Kenneth (1983). Terina. Bellinzona: Edizioni Arte e Moneta.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Mazza, Fulvio, ed. (2001). Lamezia Terme: storia, cultura, economia. Le città della Calabria (in Italian). Vol. 11. Catanzaro: Rubbettino Editore. ISBN 978-8-84980-256-6.
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External links
- Description of Terina's archaeological site by the comune of Lamezia Terme Template:It icon
- Website of the Museo Archeologico Lametino Template:It icon
- Coins of Terina
