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Symphyotrichum genus
Some Symphyotrichum species left–right, top–bottom: S. carnerosanum (light purple rays with yellow centers), S. chilense (long bright purple rays with yellow centers), S. adnatum (short light purple rays with brownish-yellow centers), S. lateriflorum (very short white rays with yellow and bright pink centers), S. concolor (bright purple rays with pale yellow centers), S. ericoides (short white rays with yellow centers), S. defoliatum (medium-length bright light purple rays with bright yellow centers), S. ciliatum (no rays with bright yellow centers and many green bracts surrounding the flower heads), and S. novae-angliae (very bright and strong purple rays with yellow centers).
Some Symphyotrichum species left–right, top–bottom are shown: S. carnerosanum, S. chilense, S. adnatum, S. lateriflorum, S. concolor, S. ericoides, S. defoliatum, S. ciliatum, S. novae-angliae.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Astereae
Subtribe: Symphyotrichinae
Genus: Symphyotrichum

THIS PAGE HAS ALL THE DETAIL!!

Symphyotrichum is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family (Asteraceae). It is the type genus of subtribe Symphyotrichinae of tribe Astereae. The species in the genus are native from subarctic North America to Chile, Argentina, and the Falkland Islands. One species has an extensive native distribution into eastern Eurasia.

The 96 species and 12 named hybrids are split into five subgenera: Ascendentes, comprising two allopolyploid species with putative parents crossing subgenera; Astropolium, with ten species mostly of South American origin; Chapmaniana, a monotypic taxon; Symphyotrichum, with three sections containing 64 species including nine hybrids; and, Virgulus, with four sections containing 31 species including three hybrids.

Conventions[edit]

       To go directly to the list: § Species list

Converted measurements are approximations and are rounded. Millimeter measurements are not converted. To convert millimeters to inches, divide the millimeter value by exactly 25.4. If a source gives a range and includes outliers, for example (3–)6–8(–12), to conserve space, the full range will be shown in this way: 3–12. Involucres and phyllaries are usually included in descriptions, as are leaves. They are not included here for space constraints.


Legend and Glossary and Alphabetical species index

Ray floret colors given are white, pink, purple, blue - various shades not covered but adjectives pale or deep may be used; say that disk floret colors change - use the info from Slat article

Etymology - if based on a 'true' Latin name, the translation to English from Wiktionary is given. If not available in Wiktionary, another source will be used and cited. If named for a person or location, the name of the person or location is given and source cited. Latinization of surname

All species and Varieties as accepted in POWO or COL except new ones that may not be in but should be (how do I say this - ex., Symphyotrichum estesii?)

Subgenera and sections as accepted by WHOM

Placement of species is ongoing... (source).

links: author citation — basionym — the first, or original, scientific name of a plant botany — the science of plant life and a branch of biology section — series — subsection — taxonomy — variety — introduced — native —


Chromosome counts (DNA)[edit]

Further information: Ploidy and Polyploidy

Chromosome counts, when known, are labeled DNA in the Taxonomy column for each species. The base number of chromosomes is given as x = N, where N is the number of individual unique chromosomes in a single set.[a] Also shown is the ploidy, the number of complete sets of unique chromosomes in the cell nucleus for the species,[b] labeled using the following terms: diploid, triploid, tetraploid, pentaploid, hexaploid, septaploid, octaploid, decaploid, and duodecaploid.[c]

In literature, such as Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA), the ploidy of a species is often written using the value 2n representing the total number of individual chromosomes in the nucleus. For example, Symphyotrichum boreale has a base number of 8 (eight unique chromosomes), written x = 8,[1] with diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, and octaploid types written 2n = 16, 32, 48, 64.[2] Thus, individual specimens of Symphyotrichum boreale have been found with 2 (diploid), 4 (tetraploid), 6 (hexaploid), and 8 (octaploid) sets of its 8 chromosomes.

Conservation statuses[edit]

NatureServe conservation categories
  • NatureServe conservation categories
    Conservation status
     GX Presumed Extinct (0 species)
     GH Possibly Extinct (0 species)
     G1 Critically Imperiled (3 species)
     G2 Imperiled (9 species)
     G3 Vulnerable (7 species)
     G4 Apparently Secure (21 species)
     G5 Secure (35 species)
    Other categories
     GNA Not Applicable (8 species)
     GNR Not Ranked (0 species)
     NL Not listed (25 species)
IUCN Red List categories

Explain conservation statuses - Species without a Canadian or US presence are not found in NatureServe.

As of August 2021.

Conservation column abbreviations:

NatureServe conservation status (NS) - Of the species listed on this page. Valid species only. Rounded statuses. NatureServe puts hybrids under GNA. Hybrids not listed by NatureServe are in the NL count.

Note: Only NatureServe Global status are given, and only for species. GNR includes Not ranked, i.e. not yet assessed, or possibly unaccepted names. NL Not listed is not a NatureServe category but is used to represent those left out of any global status ranking

3 GNR that were not valid species names but synonyms for subspecies, so since they weren't valid, 0 is in the table. All values are only for accepted and valid species names

Talk about the IUCN a bit and that only 9 are in their DB at all.

Others - COSEWIC and CNPS


Environmental indicators

Explain C-value and its limitations (e.g., not all areas have them)

Excluding those in non-native C-values always from this source:[3]

Explain Wetland Indicator Status Rating (for North American/US plants)

WIS in the table

Wetland indicator status always from this source:[4]

Contents

Glossary[edit]

Main articles: Glossary of botanical terms and Glossary of leaf morphology
Short glossary of botanical terms used in the list
  • annual — a plant that lives only one season and must reproduce from seed
  • caudex — a root mass in a clump
  • cespitose — clump-forming
  • colonial — a plant that reproduces by growing more of itself in a different location by spreading its roots
  • colony — a group of colonial plants, also called a "clonal colony"
  • disk floret — one of the many tiny flowers in the middle of an aster flower head, colored shades of cream, yellow, brown, purple, or pink in this genus
  • perennial — a plant that lives more than one season, or perennially, and regrows from roots; usually, it can make seeds
  • ray floret — also called a "ray," one of the many small petals, which are actually tiny flowers, around the center of an aster flower head, colored shades of white, blue, purple, or pink in this genus
  • rhizome — a thick and often woody root that can develop shoots which grow into new plants

Contents

Alphabetical species index[edit]

Alphabetical index of species with links to their locations in the list

Contents

Classification[edit]

Classification of Symphyotrichum[edit]

Subtribe Symphyotrichinae contains six genera. In addition to Symphyotrichum, these are Almutaster, Ampelaster, Canadanthus, Psilactis,[5] and Sanrobertia,[6] with Symphyotrichum being the largest at 96 species and 12 named hybrids. The cladogram presented here is based on a combination of molecular and morphological data reported by Luc Brouillet et al. in 2009,[7], David R. Morgan and Blake Holland in 2012[5], and Guy L. Nesom in 2018.[6]

Classification of Symphyotrichum
  • Astereae 
    Symphyotrichinae 
        

    Canadanthus (1)

        

    Ampelaster (1)

        

    Sanrobertia (1)

         

    Symphyotrichum (96)

    (17 other subtribes)

     

Contents  • Glossary  • Alphabetical species index

Classification within Symphyotrichum[edit]

Brouillet et al. 2009, p. 12[7] [8]

Symphyotrichum has five generally accepted subgenera with some variation among sections and subsections. The subgenera here are accepted by Brouillet et al. 2006 and Semple. Brouillet et al. 2006 only informally treat sections within subgenus Virgulus but do accept the shown sections within subgenus Symphyotrichum. Their sections, both formal and informal, are used here. Semple groups the species similarly but with additional segregation of species into sections, subsections, and some series. Those are shown with a dotted line. OTHER SOURCES, TOO NESOM 2018; nesom 1994 for carnerosanum.

Brouillet et al. 2006 informally gives subsections within section Symphyotrichum: "Subsections have been recognized within sect. Symphyotrichum. They are not treated formally here. Subsectional phylogeny is mostly unresolved.

Semple subsections within section Symphyotrichum: Semple segregates S. turbinellum within its own section Turbinelli. S. carnerosanum is not on his list. He also segregates S. novae-angliae within its own Virgulus section Polyliguli, and several species within section Grandiflori subsection Mexicanae. The latter is shown here with additions by Nesom 2018.

Cladogram[edit]

The value in brackets ([  ]) before each species name is the chromosome base number for that species. Their source citations are at § Species list.

Genus Symphyotrichum

Contents  • Glossary  • Alphabetical species index

Species list[edit]

Legend[edit]

Legend
Names and photo Taxonomy Distribution and habitat Description Conservation
Scientific name and common names of the species with a photo, if available Link to the species article, author citation, basionym, year described, name etymology, chromosome counts (DNA), and list of infraspecies Distribution map with a footnoted description, short description of species' habitats, and wetland indicator statuses (WIS) for United States species that have them Basic species characteristics of lifespan (perennial or annual), root system, height, stems, ray florets, disk florets, blooming season Conservation statuses from all of the following that apply: C‑vals

Contents  • Glossary  • Alphabetical species index

Subgenus Chapmaniana[edit]

Subgenus Chapmaniana (1)
Names and photo Taxonomy Distribution and habitat Description Conservation

Symphyotrichum chapmanii

S. chapmanii
Photo of a flower head of S. chapmanii taken 24 November 2015 in Apalachicola National Forest, Florida.

Savanna aster[17]

S. chapmanii (Torr. & A.Gray) Semple & Brouillet[18]

Basionym: Aster chapmanii[19]
Described: 1841[20]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Chapman" for American physician and botanist Alvan Wentworth Chapman[21]

DNA: x = 7, diploid[17]

Map of Alabama and Florida with counties of distribution of Symphyotrichum chapmanii shaded in green
Symphyotrichum chapmanii native distribution: Primarily the Apalachicola River drainage basin. Alabama counties — Geneva and Houston; Florida counties — Alachua, Bay, Calhoun, Franklin, Gulf, Jackson, Liberty, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, St. Lucie, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington.

Wetlands, bogs, acid swamps
0–30 m (0–100 ft)[17]
WIS: OBL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system: cespitose, rhizomes
Height: 30–80 cm (12–31 in)
Stems: 1–3+, hairless
Ray florets
   color: purple to pale bluish-purple
   count: 8–23
   length: 10–20 mm
Disk florets
   color: pale yellow
   count: 47–57
Blooms: September–December

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[17]

 G2  NatureServe
Reasons for rating include frequent habitat drainage for recreation and agriculture and a restricted range. Possibly extirpated in Alabama. Last reviewed 10 November 1997.[24]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: NL

Contents  • Glossary  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Subgenus Astropolium[edit]

Subgenus Astropolium (10)
Names and photo Taxonomy Distribution and habitat Description Conservation

Symphyotrichum glabrifolium

S. glabrifolium
Details from an image of Aster glabrifolius herbarium specimen 01704961 stored at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Collected 25 December 1928, Nahuel Huapi Lake, Río Negro Province, Argentina, Cerro Vicente Lopez at 1300 meters.

S. glabrifolium (DC.) G.L.Nesom[25]

Basionym: Erigeron glabrifolius[26]
Described: 1836[27]

Etymology: Latin glaber + folium — smooth or hairless foliage

DNA: x = 5[28]

Symphyotrichum glabrifolium native distribution map
Symphyotrichum glabrifolium native distribution: Argentine provinces — Mendoza, Neuquén, Río Negro, and Santa Cruz; and central and south Chile.

Wet meadows and stream edges
1,500–2,400 m (4,920–7,870 ft)[29]

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 5–30 cm (2–12 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white or pale pink
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count:
Blooms: unspecified

Source: Sancho & Ariza Espinar 2003[29]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

Symphyotrichum graminifolium

S. graminifolium
Inflorescence from Aster squamatus var. graminifolius herbarium specimen L3030201. Collected in Ypacaray, Paraguay, 1 April 1913 by E. Hassler and stored at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center.

S. graminifolium (Spreng.) G.L.Nesom[30]

Basionym: Conyza graminifolia[31]
Described: 1826[32]

Etymology: Latin gramen + folium — grass foliage, grass-like leaves

DNA: x = 5[28]

  • Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay[30]
Symphyotrichum graminifolium distribution map
Symphyotrichum graminifolium native distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.

Humid places[33]

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: up to 1.5 m (5 ft)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: bluish or pale purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count:
Blooms: unspecified

Source: Sancho & Ariza Espinar 2003[33]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

Symphyotrichum martii

S. martii
Crop from an image of the Aster martii holotype specimen, collected at the throat of the Vacaria River, Minas Gerais, Brazil, n.d.

S. martii (Baker) G.L.Nesom[34]

Basionym: Aster martii[35]
Described: 1882[36]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Martius" for German botanist and explorer Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius[37]

DNA: x = 5[28]

Symphyotrichum martii distribution map
Symphyotrichum martii native distribution: Brazil — Minas Gerais.

Cerrado savanna, grasslands[38]

  • Lifespan: perennial[37]
  • Root system:
  • Height: 10–13 cm (4–5 in)[h][37]
  • Stems:
  • Ray florets
       color: white[38]
       count:
       length:
  • Disk florets
       color:
       count:
  • Blooms: unspecified

 NL  IUCN 3.1

Symphyotrichum patagonicum

S. patagonicum (Cabrera) G.L.Nesom[39]

Basionym: Aster patagonicus[40]
Described: 1971[41]

Etymology: Latin patagonicus — Patagonian

DNA: no information

Symphyotrichum patagonicum distribution map
Symphyotrichum patagonicum native distribution: Argentine provinces – Chubut, Mendoza, Neuquén, and Santa Cruz.

Mallines and lagoon edges
500–2,500 m (1,640–8,200 ft)[42]

Lifespan: annual
Root system:
Height: 3–30 cm (1–12 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count:
Blooms: unspecified

Source: Sancho & Ariza Espinar 2003[42]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

Symphyotrichum peteroanum

S. peteroanum
Details from a Symphyotrichum peteroanum herbarium specimen (as Aster vahlii var. latifolius). Chile, Province Biobio in the Sierra de Polcura, 1 February 1972.

S. peteroanum (Phil.) G.L.Nesom[43]

Basionym: Aster peteroanus[44]
Described: 1894[45]

Etymology: Latinization of "Peteroa" for the Planchón-Peteroa volcano in the Andes

DNA: no information

Symphyotrichum peteroanum native distribution map
Symphyotrichum peteroanum native distribution: Subantarctic mountains of Argentina and Chile.

Humid montane ecosystems
1,000–2,200 m (3,280–7,220 ft)[46]

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 20–60 cm (8–24 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count:
Blooms: unspecified

Source: Sancho & Ariza Espinar 2003[46]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

Symphyotrichum potosinum

S. potosinum
Details from a Symphyotrichum potosinum herbarium specimen stored at Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University. Collected 11 June 2016, Garden Canyon, Fort Huachuca, Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona, at 6050 ft.

Santa Rita Mountain aster[47]

S. potosinum (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[48]

Basionym: Aster potosinus[49]
Described: 1880[50]

Etymology: Latinization of Spanish potosino — Mexican state of San Luis Potosí[51]

DNA: x = 5,[28] diploid[47]

Symphyotrichum potosinum distribution map
Symphyotrichum potosinum native distribution: Huachuca Mountains in Cochise County, Arizona; Mexican states of Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacan, Oaxaca, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Veracruz, and Zacatecas.

Muddy and wet soils on stream banks
1,500–1,900 m (4,920–6,230 ft)[47]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system: colonial or cespitose, with rhizome
Height: 15–45 cm (6–18 in)
Stems: 1–3+, hairless except at leaf axils
Ray florets
   color: white
   count: 14–27
   length: 4.6–10.3 mm
Disk florets
   color: yellow
   count: 18–42
Blooms: June–September

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[47]

 G2  NatureServe
Species is extirpated from Santa Rita Mountains and possibly Chiricahua Mountains. It is threatened by road maintenance, recreation, and habitat and water supply destruction. Last reviewed 15 December 2015.[52]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: NL

Symphyotrichum regnellii

S. regnelli
Details of a Symphyotrichum regnelli herbarium specimen held at the New York Botanical Garden, collected 10 March 2001, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

S. regnellii (Baker) G.L.Nesom[54]

Basionym: Aster regnellii[55]
Described: 1882[56]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Regnell" for Swedish physician and botanist Anders Fredrik Regnell

DNA: no information

Symphyotrichum regnellii distribution map
Symphyotrichum regnellii native distribution: Argentine provinces — Corrientes and Misiones; west-central, southeast, and south Brazil.

Swamps or damp savanna soils[46]

Lifespan: perennial[57]
Root system:
Height: 60–120 cm (24–47 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white to pink
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count:
Blooms: unspecified

Main source: Sancho & Ariza Espinar 2003[46]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

Symphyotrichum subulatum

S. subulatum
Photograph of Symphyotrichum subulatum taken 10 November 2018 in Bell County, Texas.

Annual saltmarsh aster, eastern annual saltmarsh aster[58]

S. subulatum (Michx.) G.L.Nesom[59]

Basionym: Aster subulatus[60]
Described: 1803[61]

Etymology: Latin subulatus — resembling an awl

DNA: x = 5,[28] diploid[62] and tetraploid[63]

Five varieties[64]
  • S. s. var. subulatum
  • S. s. var. elongatum (Bahaman aster)
  • S. s. var. ligulatum (southern annual saltmarsh aster)
  • S. s. var. parviflorum (southwestern annual saltmarsh aster)
  • S. s. var. squamatum (southeastern annual saltmarsh aster)
  • North, Central, and South America, and the Caribbean[59][l]
Symphyotrichum subulatum distribution map
Symphyotrichum subulatum native distribution: Argentina; Bahamas; Belize; Bolivia; Brazil; Canada — New Brunswick and Ontario; Chile; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; Guatemala; Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica; Mexico; Nicaragua; Paraguay; Peru; Uruguay; US — Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Virginia; and, Venezuela. Also introduced worldwide.

Marshes, salt marshes, roadsides, lawns
0–4,000 m (0–13,120 ft)[64]
WIS: OBL, FACW

Lifespan: annual
Root system: tap-root
Height: 30–150 cm (12–59 in)
Stems: 1, hairless or little hair
Ray florets
   color: white, pink, or pale purple
   count: 16–54 in one to three series
   length: 1.3–7 mm
Disk florets
   color: yellow sometimes with some purple
   count: 4–13
Blooms: midsummer–winter, depending on variety and location

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[65]

 G5  NatureServe[66]

 LC  IUCN 3.1[67]
? Population trend unknown

COSEWIC:
SARA: Special Concern https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/s-15.3/page-19.html Bathurst population Schedule 3

C-vals: 0–8

Symphyotrichum tenuifolium

S. tenuifolium
Photo of Symphyotrichum tenuifolium taken 31 August 2019 in New York, US.

Perennial saltmarsh aster[68]

S. tenuifolium (L.) G.L.Nesom[69]

Basionym: Aster tenuifolius[70]
Described: 1753[71]

Etymology: Latin tenuifolius — having thin leaves

DNA: x = 5,[28] diploid[72]

Two varieties[72]
  • S. t. var. tenuifolium
  • S. t. var. aphyllum (Brace’s aster)
Symphyotrichum tenuifolium distribution map
Symphyotrichum tenuifolium distribution: Bahamas, Cuba, and US (Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, and Virginia).

Coastal salt marshes, brackish marshes, low pine woods (var. aphyllum)
0–10 m (0–30 ft)[72]
WIS: OBL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system: colonial or cespitose, with rhizome
Height: 20–100 cm (8–39 in)
Stems: 1–5+, hairless or hairy in lines
Ray florets
   color: white or pink
   count: 10–25
   length: 4.5–9.5 mm
Disk florets
   color: yellow turning purple
   count: 25–54
Blooms: July–February

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[73]

 G5  NatureServe[74]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: 7–9

Symphyotrichum vahlii

S. vahlii
Photograph of Symphyotrichum vahlii taken 14 January 2019 at East Falkland, Falkland Islands.

Margarita, marsh daisy[75]

S. vahlii (Gaudich.) G.L.Nesom[76]

Basionym: Erigeron vahlii[77]
Described: 1825[78]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Vahl" for Danish-Norwegian botanist, herbalist, and zoologist Martin Vahl[75]

DNA: x = 6[79]

Two varieties[76]
  • S. v. var. vahlii
  • S. v. var. tenuifolium
Symphyotrichum vahlii distribution map
Symphyotrichum vahlii native distribution: South Argentina, Bolivia, central and south Chile, and Falkland Islands (UK).

Grassland, heathland, peaty soil, sandy soil
20–1,200 m (70–3,940 ft)[80]

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 15–60 cm (6–24 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count:
Blooms: November–February

Source: Hind & Strange 2019[80]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

Contents  • Glossary  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Subgenus Virgulus[edit]

Section Ericoidei[edit]

Subgenus Virgulus sect. Ericoidei (2)
Names and photo Taxonomy Distribution and habitat Description Conservation

Symphyotrichum ericoides

S. ericoides
Photo of inflorescence of Symphyotrichum ericoides taken 12 September 2017 in Green Lake County, Wisconsin, US.

White heath aster[81]

S. ericoides (L.) G.L.Nesom[82]

Basionym: Aster ericoides[83]
Described: 1753[84]

Etymology: ericoid — small, often leathery, usually needle-like or scale-like leaves

DNA: x = 5, diploid, tetraploid[85]

Two varieties[82]
  • S. e. var. ericoides
  • S. e. var. pansum
Symphyotrichum ericoides distribution map
Symphyotrichum ericoides native distribution: Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Québec, and Saskatchewan; Mexico — Coahuila and Nuevo León; US — Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.

Open locations with sandy, gravelly, or disturbed soil
30–2,400 m (100–7,870 ft)[87]
WIS: FAC, FACU, UPL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system: colonial or cespitose, rhizome or caudex
Height: 20–80 cm (8–31 in)
Stems: 1–3+, hairy
Ray florets
   color: white, rarely pinkish or bluish
   count: 8–20
   length: 6–20 mm
Disk florets
   color: yellow then brown
   count: 6–20
Blooms: July–November

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[88]

 G5  NatureServe[89]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 0–10

Symphyotrichum falcatum

S. falcatum
Photo of flower head of Symphyotrichum falcatum taken 2 September 2008 in Bozeman, Montana, US.

Western heath aster, white prairie aster[90]

S. falcatum (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom[91]

Basionym: Aster falcatus[92]
Described: 1834[93]

Etymology: Latin falcatus — curved, hooked, sickle-shaped

DNA: x = 5, diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, and possibly octaploid[94]

Two varieties[91]
  • S. f. var. falcatum
  • S. f. var. commutatum
Symphyotrichum falcatum distribution map
Symphyotrichum falcatum native distribution: Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Saskatchewan, and Yukon; Mexico — Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Jalisco, Nuevo León, and Sonora; US — Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.

Well-drained soils, stream banks and slopes, and others
200–2,500 m (660–8,200 ft)[96]
WIS: FAC, FACU

Lifespan: perennial
Root system: colonial or cespitose, rhizome or caudex
Height: 10–80 cm (4–31 in)
Stems: 1–5+, hairy
Ray florets
   color: white, sometimes blue or pink
   count: 15–35
   length: 8–30 mm
Disk florets
   color: yellow then brown
   count: 8–30
Blooms: July–November

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[97]

 G5  NatureServe[98]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 3–6

Contents  • Glossary  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Section Patentes[edit]

Stipitate-glandular

Subsection Brachyphylli[edit]
Subgenus Virgulus sect. Patentes subsect. Brachyphylli (2)
Names and photo Taxonomy Distribution and habitat Description Conservation

Symphyotrichum adnatum

S. adnatum
Photo of an inflorescence of Symphyotrichum adnatum taken 25 November 2019 in Punta Gorda, Florida, US.

Scaleleaf aster[99]

S. adnatum (Nutt.) G.L.Nesom[100]

Basionym: Aster adnatus[101]
Described: 1834[102]

Etymology: adnate — the leaf bases are adnate to the stem[99]

DNA: x = 5, tetraploid[99]

Symphyotrichum adnatum distribution map
Symphyotrichum adnatum native distribution: Bahamas and US (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi).

Sandy soils, scrub, woods
0–100 m (0–330 ft)[99]
WIS: FACW

Lifespan: perennial
Root system: cespitose, caudex
Height: 30–120 cm (12–47 in)
Stems: 5+, hairy
Ray florets
   color: pale to light purple
   count: 10–20
   length: 5–8 mm
Disk florets
   color: yellow
   count: 12–25
Blooms: October–December

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[99]

 G4  NatureServe[103]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: 7–8

Symphyotrichum walteri

S. walteri
Photo of Symphyotrichum walteri taken 21 December 2019 in Orange County, Florida, US.

Walter's aster[104]

S. walteri (Alexander) G.L.Nesom[105]

Basionym: Aster walteri[106]
Described: 1933[107]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Walter" for American botanist Thomas Walter, describer of Aster squarrosus[108]

DNA: x = 5, tetraploid[104]

Symphyotrichum walteri distribution map
Symphyotrichum walteri native distribution: US — Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.

Sandy and clay soils, woods edges, open areas
0–100 m (0–330 ft)[104]
WIS: FAC

Lifespan: perennial
Root system: colonial or cespitose, long rhizome with caudex
Height: 20–100 cm (8–39 in)
Stems: 1–5+, hairless or mostly so
Ray florets
   color: bluish-purple
   count: 11–26
   length: 5–11 mm
Disk florets
   color: yellow
   count: 6–30
Blooms: October–December

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[104]

 G4  NatureServe[109]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: 7–8

Contents  • Glossary  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Subsection Patentes[edit]
Subgenus Virgulus sect. Patentes subsect. Patentes (3)
Names and photo Taxonomy Distribution and habitat Description Conservation

Symphyotrichum georgianum

S. georgianum
Photo of Symphyotrichum georgianum taken 14 October 2008 in Georgia, US.

Georgia aster[110]

S. georgianum (Alexander) G.L.Nesom[111]

Basionym: Aster georgianus[112]
Described: 1933[113]

Etymology: Latin georgianus — from Georgia

DNA: x = 5, decaploid[110]

Symphyotrichum georgianum distribution map
Symphyotrichum georgianum native distribution: US — Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.

Sandy or clay soil, woodlands, mostly Piedmont
0–300 m (0–980 ft)[110]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system: colonial, rhizome
Height: 50–100 cm (20–39 in)
Stems: 1–5+, stipitate-glandular
Ray florets
   color: light purple to dark reddish-purple
   count: 12–24
   length: 14–24 mm
Disk florets
   color: white with purplish tint
   count: 20–40
Blooms: October–November

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[110]

 G3  NatureServe
Status reasons include threats of road maintenance, primarily rhizomatic reproduction, and invasive species. Last reviewed 1 April 2010.[114]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: NL

Symphyotrichum patens

S. patens
Photo of Symphyotrichum patens taken 20 October 2020 in Polkton, North Carolina, US.

Late purple aster, spreading aster[115]

S. patens (Aiton) G.L.Nesom[116]

Basionym: Aster patens[117]
Described: 1789[118]

Etymology: Latin patens — opening or open

DNA: x = 5, diploid, tetraploid[119]

Three varieties[116]
  • S. p. var. patens
  • S. p. var. gracile
  • S. p. var. patentissimum

Symphyotrichum patens distribution map Dry woodlands, sandy or clay soils, fields
0–1,000 m (0–3,280 ft)[119]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system: cespitose, rhizomes and caudex
Height: 10–100 cm (4–39 in)
Stems: 1–5+, hairy
Ray florets
   color: light purple to purple, rarely white to pinkish
   count: 12–24+
   length: 10–20 mm
Disk florets
   color: yellow, cream, or white, then purple
   count: 20–50
Blooms: August–November

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[121]

 G5  NatureServe[122]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: 5–8

Symphyotrichum phlogifolium

S. phlogifolium
Photo of Symphyotrichum phlogifolium taken 17 September 2020 in Ohio, US.

Thinleaf late purple aster[123]

S. phlogifolium (Muhl. ex Willd.) G.L.Nesom[124]

Basionym: Aster phlogifolius[125]
Described: 1803[126]

Etymology: "The specific epithet [of Aster phlogifolius] referred to the phlox-like leaves...."[127]

DNA: x = 5, tetraploid[123]

Symphyotrichum phlogifolium distribution map
Symphyotrichum phlogifolium distribution: US — Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia.

Various soils, rich mesic hardwood forests
0–1,100 m (0–3,610 ft)[123]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system: cespitose, caudex
Height: 50–130 cm (20–51 in)
Stems: 1, hairy, stipitate-glandular distally
Ray florets
   color: light to dark reddish-purple
   count: 9–17
   length: 10–20 mm
Disk florets
   color: white with purple
   count: 15–35
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[123]

 G5  NatureServe[128]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: 0–8

Contents  • Glossary  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Section Grandiflori[edit]

Subsection Mexicanae[edit]
Subgenus Virgulus sect. Grandiflori subsect. Mexicanae (7)
Names and photo Taxonomy Distribution and habitat Description Conservation

Symphyotrichum bimater

S. bimater (Standl. & Steyerm.) G.L.Nesom[129]

Basionym: Aster bimater[130]
Described: 1944[131]

Etymology: Latin bi- + mater — two mothers

DNA: x = 5[132]

Symphyotrichum bimater distribution map
Symphyotrichum bimater native distribution: Guatemala; Mexico — Chiapas and Oaxaca.

Pine-oak woods, ravines, slopes, grassy openings
1,000–2,150 m (3,280–7,050 ft)[133]

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 30–46 cm (12–18 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count:
Blooms: May–December

Source: Nesom 2018b[133]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

Symphyotrichum chihuahuense

S. chihuahuense G.L.Nesom[134]

Described: 2018[135]

Etymology: Spanish chihuahuense — of Chihuahua (state of Mexico)

DNA: x = 5[132]

Symphyotrichum chihuahuense distribution map
Symphyotrichum chihuahuense native distribution: Chihuahua and Durango (Mexico).

Grassland, oak-pine woods
1,800–2,500 m (5,910–8,200 ft)[136]

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 20–35 cm (8–14 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count:
Blooms: June–September

Source: Nesom 2018b[136]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

Symphyotrichum hintonii

S. hintonii
Details of the inflorescence of a specimen of Symphyotrichum hintonii collected in Guerrero, Mexico, on 21 December 1937.

S. hintonii (G.L.Nesom) G.L.Nesom[137]

Basionym: Aster hintonii[138]
Described: 1989[139]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Hinton" for G.B. Hinton, collector of holotype[140]

DNA: x = 5[132]

Symphyotrichum hintonii distribution map
Symphyotrichum hintonii native distribution: Mexico — Guerrero.

Oak and oak-pine woods
1,400–2,200 m (4,590–7,220 ft)[140]

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 40–80 cm (16–31 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count:
Blooms: November–January

Source: Nesom 2018b[140]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

Symphyotrichum moranense

S. moranense
Photo of a flower head of Symphyotrichum moranense taken 18 December 2020 at Acuitzio, Michoacán, México.

S. moranense (Kunth) G.L.Nesom[141]

Basionym: Aster moranensis[142]
Described: 1818[143]

Etymology: possibly Latinization of "Moran" for the Moran mine: translation to English[u] from the Latin protologue, "It grows very rarely in the mountains of Mexico, between Cerro Ventoso and the Moran mine."[144]

DNA: x = 5,[145] tetraploid[144]

Symphyotrichum moranense distribution map
Symphyotrichum moranense native distribution: Mexico — Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Distrito Federal, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, and Zacatecas.

Grassland, woodlands
1,000–2,750 m (3,280–9,020 ft)[144]

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: up to 90 cm (35 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count:
Blooms: October–April

Source: Nesom 2018b[144]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

Symphyotrichum purpurascens

S. purpurascens (Sch.Bip.) G.L.Nesom[146]

Basionym: Aster purpurascens[147] Described: 1854[148]

Etymology: Latin purpurascens — becoming purple; somewhat purple

DNA: x = 5,[132] diploid[149]

Symphyotrichum purpurascens distribution map
Symphyotrichum purpurascens native distribution: Guatemala — Huehuetenango Department; Mexico — Chiapas, Distrito Federal, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, México, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, and Tlaxcala.

Open woods
1,500–2,850 m (4,920–9,350 ft)[150]

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: unspecified
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count:
Blooms: all year

Source: Nesom 2018b[150]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

Symphyotrichum trilineatum

S. trilineatum
Inflorescence from an image of a specimen of Symphyotrichum trilineatum (then Aster trilineatus) collected on 23 August 1989 at General Zaragoza, Nuevo León, Mexico.

S. trilineatum (Sch.Bip. ex Klatt) G.L.Nesom[151]

Basionym: Aster trilineatus[152]
Described: 1884[153]

Etymology: Latin trilineatus — marked with three lines

DNA: x = 5,[145] diploid[154]

Symphyotrichum trilineatum distribution map
Symphyotrichum trilineatum native distribution: Guatemala — Huehuetenango Department and Totonicapán Department; Mexico — Chiapas, Chihuahua, Distrito Federal, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, México, Michoacán, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, and Veracruz.

Mountains (sierra)[156]
975–2,840 m (3,200–9,320 ft)[155]

Lifespan: unspecified
Root system:
Height: unspecified
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white[156]
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count:
Blooms: unspecified

 NL  IUCN 3.1

Symphyotrichum turneri

S. turneri
Detail of an image of a specimen of Symphyotrichum turneri (at that time Aster moranensis var. turneri) collected on 5 October 1985 at Súchil, Durango, Mexico.

S. turneri (S.D.Sundb. & A.G.Jones) G.L.Nesom[157]

Basionym: Aster moranensis var. turneri[158]
Described: 1986[159]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Turner" for Billie Lee Turner, American botanist and professor of botany at the University of Texas at Austin[160]

DNA: x = 5[132]

Symphyotrichum turneri distribution map
Symphyotrichum turneri native distribution: Mexico — Durango.

Woods, along waterways, and in wet pastures
2,050–2,750 m (6,730–9,020 ft)[140]

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 33–43 cm (13–17 in)[161]
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: blue to purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: October–March

Main source: Nesom 2018b[140]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

Contents  • Glossary  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Subsection Grandiflori[edit]
Subgenus Virgulus sect. Grandiflori subsect. Grandiflori (9)
Names and photo Taxonomy Distribution and habitat Description Conservation

Symphyotrichum campestre S. campestre Western meadow aster[162]

S. campestre (Nutt.) G.L.Nesom[163]

Basionym: Aster campestris[164]
Described: 1840[165]

Etymology: Latin campester — level, even, flat

DNA: x = 5, diploid[162]

Symphyotrichum campestre distribution map
Symphyotrichum campestre native distribution: Canada — Alberta and British Columbia; US — California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming.

Dry habitats, rocky and sandy soils near ponds and streams
1,500–2,500 m (4,920–8,200 ft)[162]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system: colonial or cespitose, long rhizome
Height: 10–40 cm (4–16 in)
Stems: 1–5+, stipitate-glandular
Ray florets
   color: light purple
   count: 15–31
   length: 5–15 mm
Disk florets
   color: yellow
   count: 25–40
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[162]

 G5  NatureServe[166]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 4

Symphyotrichum estesii


May Prairie aster, Estes's aster[167]

S. estesii Semple[168]

Described: 2019[168]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Estes" for Dwayne Estes who "discovered" the species[168]

DNA: x = 5, octaploid[169]

Map of the US state of Tennessee with Coffee County shaded in light green and the approximate location of May Prairie State Natural Area shaded in darker green
Distribution map of Symphyotrichum estesii

Hydroxeric soils in open, sunny, flat prairies
Approx. 330 m (1,070 ft)[z][170]
WIS: NL[aa]

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 30–85 cm (12–33 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–November

Source: Semple 2019a[170]

 G1  NatureServe
Reason for rating is the restricted range of 12 acres (5 ha). Last reviewed 21 October 2020.[171]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: NL

Symphyotrichum fendleri

S. fendleri
Photo of a flower head of Symphyotrichum fendleri taken 15 September 2020 at Gove, Kansas, US.

Fendler’s aster[172]

S. fendleri (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[173]

Basionym: Aster fendleri[174]
Described: 1849[175]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Fendler" for Augustus Fendler, provider of holotype[176]

DNA: x = 5, diploid[172]

Symphyotrichum fendleri distribution map
Symphyotrichum fendleri native distribution: US — Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas.

Open, sandy, silty, shaly, often rocky soils and similar
600–2,000 m (1,970–6,560 ft)[172]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system: cespitose, thick woody caudices
Height: 6–30 cm (2–12 in)
Stems: 1–10+, sparse hair
Ray florets
   color: light to dark purple
   count: 10–20
   length: 5–10 mm
Disk florets
   color: yellow, then reddish-purple
   count: 7–30
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[172]

 G4  NatureServe[177]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: 6–7

Symphyotrichum fontinale

S. fontinale
Photo of two flower heads of Symphyotrichum fontinale taken in southern Florida on 29 November 2019.

Florida water aster[178]

S. fontinale (Alexander) G.L.Nesom[179]

Basionym: Aster fontinalis[180]
Described: 1933[181]

Etymology: Latin fontinalis — water spring or fountain

DNA: x = 5, decaploid[182]

Map of Georgia and Florida with county boundaries and distribution of Symphyotrichum fontinale shaded in green
Symphyotrichum fontinale distribution: Georgia counties — Grady; Florida counties — Alachua, Citrus, Collier, Dixie, Lee, Liberty, Marion, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Pasco, and Taylor.

Wetlands, including marshes, sandhills, hammocks, flood plains, and rocky bluffs along streams
0–50 m (0–160 ft)[178]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system: colonial, long rhizome
Height: 30–90 cm (12–35 in)
Stems: 1–5+, some hair or hairless
Ray florets
   color: purplish-blue to light purple
   count: 15–30
   length: 7–13 mm
Disk florets
   color: cream to pale yellow, then reddish-purple
   count: 19–25
Blooms: November–December

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[178]

 G3  NatureServe
Last reviewed 7 June 1996.[185]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: NL

Symphyotrichum grandiflorum

S. grandiflorum
Photo of Symphyotrichum grandiflorum taken 28 October 2020 near Fayetteville, North Carolina, US.

Large-flowered aster[186]

S. grandiflorum (L.) G.L.Nesom[187]

Basionym: Aster grandiflorus[188]
Described: 1753[189]

Etymology: Latin grandiflorus — large-flowered

DNA: x = 5, hexaploid, duodecaploid[186]

Symphyotrichum grandiflorum distribution map
Symphyotrichum grandiflorum native distribution: North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia (US).

Sandy soils and hills, thickets, roadsides
0–200 m (0–660 ft) and higher[186]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system: colonial; woody rhizomes
Height: 50–100 cm (20–39 in)
Stems: 1–5+, some hair, stipitate-glandular
Ray florets
   color: light to reddish-purple
   count: 14–35
   length: 11–20 mm
Disk florets
   color: yellow then reddish-purple
   count: 25–35
Blooms: September–November

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[186]

 G4  NatureServe[190]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: NL

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae

S. novae-angliae
Photo of several flower heads of Symphyotrichum novae-angliae taken 20 September 2020 at Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada.

New England aster[191]

For cultivars, see: List of Symphyotrichum novae-angliae cultivars

S. novae-angliae (L.) G.L.Nesom[192]

Basionym: Aster novae-angliae[193]
Described: 1753[194]

Etymology: Latinization of "New England"

DNA: x = 5, diploid[191]

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae range map
Symphyotrichum novae-angliae range map: Native distribution in green: Canada — Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Québec; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Introduced North American distribution in blue: US — Montana, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

Open, typically moist habitats
0–1,600 m (0–5,250 ft)[191]
WIS: FACW

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 30–120 cm (12–47 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: deep pink to deep purple (sometimes pale pink or white)
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–November

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[191]

 G5  NatureServe[195]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 1–8

Symphyotrichum oblongifolium

S. oblongifolius
Photo of many flower heads of Symphyotrichum oblongifolium taken on 18 September 2017 in Iowa County, Wisconsin, US.

Aromatic aster, oblong-leaved aster[196]

S. oblongifolium (Nutt.) G.L.Nesom[197]

Basionym: Aster oblongifolius[198]
Described: 1818[199]

Etymology: Latin oblongifolius — oblong-leafed

DNA: x = 5, diploid, tetraploid[196]

Symphyotrichum oblongifolium distribution map
Symphyotrichum oblongifolium native distribution: Mexico — Coahuila; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.

Open and dry, rocky or sandy soils
100–1,500 m (330–4,920 ft)[196]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 10–80 cm (4–31 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: light to dark purple or pinkish-purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–November

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[196]

 G5  NatureServe[200]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: 5–10

Symphyotrichum pygmaeum

S. pygmaeum
Flower head close-up cropped from a Symphyotrichum pygmaeum specimen collected 16 July 2008 from Victoria Island, Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut, Canada, at 20-30 meters elevation. Stored at Université de Montréal Biodiversity Centre.

Pygmy aster[201]

S. pygmaeum (Lindl.) Brouillet & Selliah[202]

Basionym: Aster pygmaeus[203]
Described: 1834[204]

Etymology: Latin pygmaeus — short; of reduced stature

DNA: unknown[205]

Symphyotrichum pygmaeum distribution map
Symphyotrichum pygmaeum native distribution: areas of Alaska, Yukon, and Northwest Territories.

Sandy or silty wet areas, gravelly tundra, tundra slopes
0–200 m (0–660 ft)[201]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 1.5–15 cm (2⁄3–6 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: summer

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[201]

 G4  NatureServe[206]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: NL

Symphyotrichum yukonense

S. yukonense
Flower head close-up cropped from a Symphyotrichum yukonense specimen collected 11 July 1970 from Kayak shale, about 13 miles due west of Sam Lake, Yukon, Canada, at 2001 feet elevation. Stored at New York Botanical Garden.

Yukon aster[207]

S. yukonense (Cronquist) G.L.Nesom[208]

Basionym: Aster yukonensis[209]
Described: 1945[210]

Etymology: Latin yukonensis — Yukon

DNA: x = 5, diploid[207]

Symphyotrichum yukonense distribution map
Symphyotrichum yukonense native distribution: areas of Alaska, Yukon, and Northwest Territories.

Mud flats, rocky or silty lakeshores
300–1,500 m (980–4,920 ft)[207]
WIS: FACW

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 5–30 cm (2–12 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: purple to blue
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: July–August

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[207]

 G3  NatureServe
Reason for rating includes that it is a rare pioneer species with fluctuating populations. Last reviewed 23 June 2016.[212]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: NL

Contents  • Glossary  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Section Concolores[edit]

Subgenus Virgulus sect. Concolores (5)
Names and photo Taxonomy Distribution and habitat Description Conservation

Symphyotrichum concolor

S. concolor
Photo of flower head of Symphyotrichum concolor taken 24 October 2011 in Montgomery County, North Carolina, US.

Eastern silver aster[213]

S. concolor (L.) G.L.Nesom[214]

Basionym: Aster concolor[215]
Described: 1753[216]

Etymology: Latin concolor — of the same color throughout

DNA: x = 4, diploid,[217] tetraploid[218]

Two varieties[214]
  • S. c. var. concolor
  • S. c. var. devestitum
Symphyotrichum concolor distribution map
Symphyotrichum concolor native distribution: Bahamas and US (Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia).

Scrub, flatwoods, fields, roadsides
0–600 m (0–1,970 ft)[219]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 30–80 cm (12–31 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: purple, rarely white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–December

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[220]

 G5  NatureServe[221]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: 6–9

Symphyotrichum lucayanum

S. lucayanum
Close-up of an inflorescence from a specimen collected 8 November 1973 west of Freeport, West Grand Bahama, Bahamas.

Pineland aster[222]

S. lucayanum (Britton) G.L.Nesom[223]

Basionym: Aster lucayanus[224]
Described: 1906[225]

Etymology: Latinization of "Lucayan" — the Lucayan people or Lucayan Archipelago

DNA: no information

Symphyotrichum lucayanum distribution map
Symphyotrichum lucayanum distribution: endemic to the island of Grand Bahama.

Pine woodlands and wetland edges[222]

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 50 cm (20 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: unspecified

Source: Leon Levy Native Plant Preserve n.d.[222]

 NL  NatureServe

 NT  IUCN 3.1[226]
↓ Population decreasing

Symphyotrichum plumosum

S. plumosum
Photo of a close-up of a flower head of Symphyotrichum plumosum taken 24 August 2021 in Florida, US.

S. plumosum (Small) Semple[227]

Basionym: Aster plumosus[228]
Described: 1924[229]

Etymology: Latin plumosus — feathered

DNA: x = 4, diploid[230]

Map of Florida showing county borders with green shading on counties representing the distribution of Symphyotrichum plumosum.
Symphyotrichum plumosum native distribution: Central Florida Panhandle — counties of Calhoun, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, and Wakulla.

Deep, sandy soils, pine flatwoods, pine-scrub oak woods
0–40 m (0–130 ft)[230]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 40–100 cm (16–39 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: October–November

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[230]

 G2  NatureServe
Reasons for rating include restricted range, threats of construction and clearing for pine plantations, and fire suppression. Last reviewed 26 May 2021.[231]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: NL

Symphyotrichum pratense

S. pratense
Photo of a flower head of Symphyotrichum pratense taken on 4 October 2013 in western Alabama, US.

Barrens silky aster[232]

S. pratense (Raf.) G.L.Nesom[233]

Basionym: Aster pratensis[234]
Described: 1817[235]

Etymology: Latin pratensis — meadow

DNA: x = 5, diploid, tetraploid[232]

Symphyotrichum pratense distribution map
Symphyotrichum pratense native distribution: US — Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.

Prairies and fields, woodland and scrub, roadsides
0–500 m (0–1,640 ft)[232]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 40–60 cm (16–24 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: October–November

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[232]

 G4  NatureServe[236]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: 6–9

Symphyotrichum sericeum

S. sericeum
Close-up photo of a small inflorescence of Symphyotrichum sericeum taken 29 August 2017 in central Wisconsin, US.

Western silvery aster[237]

S. sericeum (Vent.) G.L.Nesom[238]

Basionym: Aster sericeus[239]
Described: 1800[240]

Etymology: Latin sericeus — silken

DNA: x = 5, diploid, tetraploid[237]

Symphyotrichum sericeum distribution map
Symphyotrichum sericeum native distribution: Canada — Manitoba and Ontario; US — Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, and Wisconsin.

Many open habitats
100–500 m (330–1,640 ft)[237]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 30–70 cm (12–28 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: purple to deep purple, rarely white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[237]

 G5  NatureServe[241]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

SARA: Threatened https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/s-15.3/page-17.html Schedule 1

C-vals: 7–10

Contents  • Glossary  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Subgenus Virgulus named hybrids[edit]

Subgenus Virgulus named hybrids (3)
Names and photo Taxonomy Distribution and habitat Description Conservation

Symphyotrichum × amethystinum

S. × amethystinum
Photo of inflorescence of Symphyotrichum × amethystinum taken 27 September 2020 in London, Ontario, Canada.

Amethyst aster[242]

S. × amethystinum (Nutt.) G.L.Nesom[243]

Basionym: Aster amethystinus[244]
Described: 1840[245]
Parents: S. ericoides × S. novae-angliae[246]

Etymology: Latin amethystinus — of the color of amethyst

DNA: x = 5, diploid[242]

Symphyotrichum × amethystinum recorded occurrences
Symphyotrichum × amethystinum recorded occurrences: Canada — Ontario; US — Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin.

Prairies or fields, disturbed ground, near parent plants
200–400 m (660–1,310 ft)[242]

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 30–120 cm (1–4 ft)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: light purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[242]

 GNA  NatureServe[247]

Symphyotrichum × batesii

S. × batesii (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom[248]

Basionym: Aster batesii[249]
Described: 1931[250]
Parents: S. ericoides × S. oblongifolium[251]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Bates" for John Mallory Bates,[252] collector of holotype[253][254]

DNA: no information

Symphyotrichum × batesii recorded occurrences map
Symphyotrichum × batesii recorded occurrences: Nebraska.

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 40–60 cm (16–24 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: blue
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: unspecified

Source: Rydberg 1931[253]

 NL  NatureServe

Symphyotrichum × columbianum

S. × columbianum (Piper) G.L.Nesom[255]

Basionym: Aster columbianus[256]
Described: 1913[257]
Parents: S. campestre × S. ericoides[258]

Etymology: Latin columbianus — Columbian, perhaps the meaning, "Of or from any of the places called Columbia," considering the range

DNA: no information

  • Oregon and Washington (US)[255]
Symphyotrichum × columbianum recorded occurrences map
Symphyotrichum × columbianum recorded occurrences: Oregon and Washington.

Lifespan: unspecified
Root system:
Height: 40–70 cm (16–28 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: unspecified

Source: Piper 1913[259]

 GNA  NatureServe[260]

Contents  • Glossary  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Subgenus Ascendentes[edit]

Subgenus Ascendentes (2)
Names and photo Taxonomy Distribution and habitat Description Conservation

Symphyotrichum ascendens

S. ascendens
Symphyotrichum ascendens inflorescence, 12 September 2018, Cache National Forest, Deweyville, Utah.

Long-leaved aster, intermountain aster, western aster[261]

S. ascendens (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom[262]

Basionym: Aster ascendens[263]
Described: 1834[264]

Etymology: Latin ascendens — ascending, rising

DNA: allopolyploid x = 13,[265] diploid and tetraploid[261]

Symphyotrichum ascendens distribution map
Symphyotrichum ascendens native distribution: Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan; Canada — Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

Grasslands, sagebrush steppe, meadows
500–3,200 m (1,640–10,500 ft)[261]
WIS: FAC, FACU

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 20–60 cm (8–24 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: pale purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: July–September[266]

Main source: Brouillet et al. 2006[261]

 G5  NatureServe[267]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 3–10

Symphyotrichum defoliatum

S. defoliatum
San Bernardino aster (Symphyotrichum defoliatum), 16 October 2016, San Diego County, California.

San Bernardino aster[268]

S. defoliatum (Parish) G.L.Nesom[269]

Basionym: Aster defoliatus[270]
Described: 1904[271]

Etymology: Latin foliatus — leafy; type specimen found at San Bernardino, California[272]

DNA: allopolyploid and backcrossed x = 18,[273] diploid[268]

Topographical map of California with the range of Symphyotrichum defoliatum outlined in red
Endemic range of Symphyotrichum defoliatum outlined in red: San Gabriel Mountains, San Bernardino Mountains, and Peninsular Ranges.

Seeps, marshes, swamps, meadows, montane forests, coastal scrubs[275]
0–2,050 m (0–6,730 ft)[274]
WIS: OBL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 40–100 cm (16–39 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white or pale purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: July–November

Source: Allen 2012[274]

 G2  NatureServe
Historical total of 76 occurrences, 25 of those recently observed, and at least 26 are extirpated as of 2010. Last reviewed 14 July 2015.[276]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

CNPS: 1B.2[275]

C-vals: NL

Contents  • Glossary  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Subgenus Symphyotrichum[edit]

Section Conyzopsis[edit]

Subgenus Symphyotrichum sect. Conyzopsis (3)
Names and photo Taxonomy Distribution and habitat Description Conservation

Symphyotrichum ciliatum

S. ciliatum
Photo of inflorescence of Symphyotrichum ciliatum taken 5 September 2015 in the Farmington Bay area, Utah, US.

Rayless annual aster, rayless alkali aster[277]

S. ciliatum (Ledeb.) G.L.Nesom[278]

Basionym: Erigeron ciliatus[279]
Described: 1829[280]

Etymology: Latin ciliatus — having cilia (hair)

DNA: x = 7,[281] diploid[277]

Symphyotrichum ciliatum native distribution map
Symphyotrichum ciliatum native distribution: Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan, and Yukon; China — China North-Central, China Southeast, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, Manchuria, and Xinjiang; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Russia — Altai Republic, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, Tuva, Western Siberia, and Zabaykalsky Krai; Tadzhikistan; US — Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming; Uzbekistan.

Moist prairies, steppes, salty areas (natural or manmade)
0–2,000 m (0–6,560 ft)[277]
WIS: FAC, FACW, FACU

Lifespan: annual
Root system:
Height: 7–70 cm (3–28 in)
Stems:
Ray florets: rayless
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[277]

 G5  NatureServe[282]

 LC  IUCN 3.1[283]
? Population trend unknown

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 1–3

Symphyotrichum frondosum

S. frondosum
Photo of an inflorescence of Symphyotrichum frondosum taken 27 August 2016 at Big Bear Lake, California, US.

Short-rayed alkali aster[284]

S. frondosum (Nutt.) G.L.Nesom[285]

Basionym: Tripolium frondosum[286]
Described: 1840[287]

Etymology: Latin frondosus — leafy, full of leaves

DNA: x = 7,[281] diploid[284]

Symphyotrichum frondosum distribution map
Symphyotrichum frondosum native distribution: Canada — British Columbia; Mexico — Baja California; US — Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

Wet meadows, marshes, saline conditions
10–2,200 m (30–7,220 ft)[284]
WIS: FACW

Lifespan: annual, sometimes perennial
Root system:
Height: 5–140 cm (2–55 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: pink or pinkish-white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[284]

 G4  NatureServe[288]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:
SARA: Endangered https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/s-15.3/page-17.html

C-vals: 8

Symphyotrichum laurentianum

S. laurentianum
Photo of inflorescence of Symphyotrichum laurentianum taken 10 September 2007 in the Magdalen Islands, Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Québec, Canada.

Gulf of St. Lawrence aster[289]

S. laurentianum (Fernald) G.L.Nesom[290]

Basionym: Aster laurentianus[291]
Described: 1914[292]

Etymology: Laurentian — near the Saint Lawrence River

DNA: x = 7,[281] diploid[289]

Symphyotrichum laurentianum distribution map
Symphyotrichum laurentianum native distribution: Canada — New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Québec on the south shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Brackish or salty marshes, shores, and dunes
Sea level (0 m (0 ft))[289]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: annual
Root system:
Height: 1–13 cm (1⁄2–5 in)
Stems:
Ray florets: rayless
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–September

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[289]

 G1  NatureServe[293]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:
SARA: Threatened https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/s-15.3/page-17.html

C-vals: NL

Contents  • Glossary  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Section Occidentales[edit]

Subgenus Symphyotrichum sect. Occidentales (11)
Names and photo Taxonomy Distribution and habitat Description Conservation

Symphyotrichum chilense

S. chilense
Symphyotrichum chilense taken at Regional Parks Botanic Garden located in Tilden Regional Park near Berkeley, California, US, on 26 September 2016.

Pacific aster, common California aster[294]

S. chilense (Nees) G.L.Nesom[295]

Basionym: Aster chilensis[296]
Described: 1832[297]

Etymology: Latin chilensis — Chilean (although it does not occur in Chile[294])

DNA: x = 8,[298] hexaploid, octaploid, duodecaploid[294]

Symphyotrichum chilense distribution map
Symphyotrichum chilense native distribution: Canada — British Columbia; US — Washington, Oregon, and California including the Channel Islands.

Coastal salt marshes, dunes and banks, grasslands, coniferous forests
0–500 m (0–1,640 ft)[294]
WIS: FAC

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 40–120 cm (16–47 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: light purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: June–October[299]

Main source: Brouillet et al. 2006[294]

 G5  NatureServe[300]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 3–7

Symphyotrichum eatonii

S. eatonii
Inflorescence of Symphyotrichum eatonii taken in the Red Butte area near Salt Lake City, Utah, US, on 15 September 2014.

Eaton's aster[301]

S. eatonii (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[302]

Basionym: Aster foliaceus var. eatonii[303]
Described: 1884[304]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Eaton"[305] for Daniel Cady Eaton,[306] American botanist

DNA: x = 8,[298] diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, octaploid[301]

Symphyotrichum eatonii distribution map
Symphyotrichum eatonii native distribution: Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan; US — Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

Sunny wetlands
500–3,100 m (1,640–10,170 ft)[301]
WIS: FAC[aq]

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 40–100 cm (16–39 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white to pink
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: July–August

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[301]

 G5  NatureServe[307]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 4–6

Symphyotrichum foliaceum

S. foliaceum
Inflorescences of Symphyotrichum foliaceum taken 7 August 2008 in British Columbia, Canada.

Alpine leafybract aster, leafy aster, leafy-bracted aster[308]

S. foliaceum (Lindl. ex DC.) G.L.Nesom[309]

Basionym: Aster foliaceus[310]
Described: 1836[311]

Etymology: from Latin folium — foliaceous, resembling a leaf

DNA: x = 8,[298] diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, octaploid, decaploid, duodecaploid[312][313]

Five varieties[309]
  • S. f. var. foliaceum
  • S. f. var. apricum
  • S. f. var. canbyi
  • S. f. var. cusickii (Cusick's aster)[ar][313]
  • S. f. var. parryi
Symphyotrichum foliaceum distribution map
Symphyotrichum foliaceum native distribution: Canada — Alberta and British Columbia; US — Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

Meadows, open areas in woods, slopes, grasslands
1,000–3,600 m (3,280–11,810 ft)[312][313]
WIS: UPL, FACU

Lifespan: perennial[308]
Root system:
Height: 5–100 cm (2–39 in)[308][313]
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: shades of purple[308]
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: June–September

Main source: Brouillet et al. 2006[314][313]

 G5  NatureServe[315]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 4–8

Symphyotrichum greatae

S. greatae
Close-up of the inflorescence of a Symphyotrichum greatae herbarium specimen collected 13 October 1970, Los Angeles County, California, US.

Greata's aster[316]

S. greatae (Parish) G.L.Nesom[317]

Basionym: Aster greatae[318]
Described: 1902[319]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Greata" for Mr. L. A. Greata[319]

DNA: x = 8,[298] diploid[320]

Symphyotrichum greatae distribution map
Symphyotrichum greatae native distribution: on south slopes of the San Gabriel Mountains in California.

Damp places in canyons of the south slopes of the San Gabriel Mountains
300–2,000 m (980–6,560 ft)[316]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial[320]
Root system:
Height: 50–150 cm (20–59 in)[320]
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: pale purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Main source: Allen 2012[316]

 G2  NatureServe[321]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

CNPS: 1B.3[322]

C-vals: NL

Symphyotrichum hallii

S. hallii
Symphyotrichum hallii taken 31 August 2018, Eugene, Oregon, US.

Hall's aster[323]

S. hallii (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[324]

Basionym: Aster hallii[325]
Described: 1872[326]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Hall" for E. Hall[327] (Elihu Hall 1822-1882),[328] botanical explorer of the Rocky Mountains[329]

DNA: x = 8,[298] diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid[323]

Symphyotrichum hallii distribution map
Symphyotrichum hallii native distribution: Oregon and Washington — Puget Sound region, Willamette Valley, outliers in Columbia Gorge and central Washington. County distribution: Oregon — Benton, Clackamas, Douglas, Hood River, Josephine, Lane, Linn, Marion, Multnomah, Polk, and Wasco; Washington — Clark, King, Okanogan, and Skagit.

Open habitats of its limited range
0–500 m (0–1,640 ft)[323]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 30–60 cm (12–24 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white, sometimes pale purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: July–August

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[323]

 G4  NatureServe[331]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: 4

Symphyotrichum hendersonii

S. hendersonii
Isotype of Aster hendersonii stored at the Harvard University Herbarium. Collected 5 August 1894 at the Saint Maries River, Kootenai County, Idaho.

Henderson's aster[332]

S. hendersonii (Fernald) G.L.Nesom[333]

Basionym: Aster hendersonii[334]
Described: 1895[335]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Henderson" for Prof. L. F. Henderson,[336] American botanist Louis Forniquet Henderson[337]

DNA: x = 8,[298] diploid, tetraploid[332]
Symphyotrichum hendersonii distribution map
Symphyotrichum hendersonii native distribution: US — California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington.

Meadows, forest openings, banks
1,000–1,500 m (3,280–4,920 ft) and higher[332]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 70–150 cm (28–59 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: July–August

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[332]

 G4  NatureServe[338]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: NL

Symphyotrichum jessicae

S. jessicae
Symphyotrichum jessicae specimen collected Nez Perce County, Idaho, 2 September 2004. Stored at the New York Botanical Garden Steere Herbarium.

Jessica's aster[339]

S. jessicae (Piper) G.L.Nesom[340]

Basionym: Aster jessicae[341]
Described: 1898[342]

Etymology: Latinization of the name "Jessica"

DNA: x = 8,[298] decaploid[339]

Symphyotrichum jessicae distribution map
Symphyotrichum jessicae native distribution: Palouse River and Clearwater River (Idaho) drainages; Idaho counties — Clearwater, Idaho, Latah, Lewis, and Nez Perce; Washington counties — Columbia, Walla Walla, and Whitman.

Dry grasslands, meadows, banks, woodland openings
500–1,200 m (1,640–3,940 ft)[339]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 40–150 cm (16–59 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–September

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[339]

 G2  NatureServe[344]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: 7

Symphyotrichum lentum

S. lentum
Symphyotrichum lentum photo taken 17 September 2015, Regional Parks Botanic Garden located in Tilden Regional Park near Berkeley, California, US.

Suisun marsh aster[345]

S. lentum (Greene) G.L.Nesom[346]

Basionym: Aster lentus[347]
Described: 1894[348]

Etymology: Latin lentus — has multiple meanings, desired one unclear; from Suisun Marsh[349]

DNA: x = 8,[298] diploid, octaploid[345]

Symphyotrichum lentum distribution map
Symphyotrichum lentum native distribution: California counties of Contra Costa, Napa, Sacramento, San Joaquin, Solano, and Yolo.

Freshwater marshes and swamps[350]
0–300 m (0–980 ft)[351]
WIS: OBL

Lifespan: perennial[345]
Root system:
Height: 40–150 cm (16–59 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: May–November

Main source: Allen 2012[351]

 G2  NatureServe[352]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

CNPS: 1B.2[350]

C-vals: NL

Symphyotrichum molle

S. molle
Two flower heads of Symphyotrichum molle

Soft aster[353]

S. molle (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom[354]

Basionym: Aster mollis[355]
Described: 1901[356]

Etymology: Latin mollis — soft

DNA: x = 8,[298] tetraploid[353]

Symphyotrichum molle distribution map
Symphyotrichum molle native distribution: Bighorn Mountains of Montana and Wyoming outlined in white.

Dry montane meadows
2,000–3,000 m (6,560–9,840 ft)[353]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 30–60 cm (12–24 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[353]

 G3  NatureServe[358]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: NL

Symphyotrichum spathulatum

S. spathulatum
Symphyotrichum spathulatum flower heads photographed 29 July 2016, Mono County, California, US.

Western mountain aster[359]

S. spathulatum (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom[360]

Basionym: Aster spathulatus[361]
Described: 1834[362]

Etymology: Latin spathulatus — like a spatula

DNA: x = 8,[298] diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, octaploid[363]

Three varieties[363]
  • S. s. var. spathulatum
  • S. s. var. intermedium
  • S. s. var. yosemitanum (western bog aster)
Symphyotrichum spathulatum distribution map
Symphyotrichum spathulatum native distribution: Canada — Alberta and British Columbia; Mexico — Baja California; US — California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

Montane meadows, open woodlands
100–2,900 m (330–9,510 ft)[363]
WIS: FAC

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 20–80 cm (8–31 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: July–August

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[364]

 G5  NatureServe[365]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 4–7

Symphyotrichum subspicatum

S. subspicatum
Symphyotrichum subspicatum photograph taken 1 August 2016, Mount Waddington, British Columbia, Canada.

Douglas's aster[366]

S. subspicatum (Nees) G.L.Nesom[367]

Basionym: Aster subspicatus[368]
Described: 1832[369]

Etymology: Latin subspicatus — spiky below

DNA: x = 8,[298] hexaploid, octaploid, decaploid, duodecaploid[366]

Symphyotrichum subspicatum distribution map
Symphyotrichum subspicatum native distribution: Canada — Alberta and British Columbia; US — Alaska, California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington.

Disturbed and weedy open areas, marshes, thickets
0–1,000 m (0–3,280 ft)[366]
WIS: FAC, FACW

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 40–120 cm (16–47 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: July–September

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[366]

 G5  NatureServe[370]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 3

Contents  • Glossary  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Section Symphyotrichum[edit]

Subsection Dumosi[edit]
Subgenus Symphyotrichum sect. Symphyotrichum subsect. Dumosi (16)
Names and photo Taxonomy Distribution and habitat Description Conservation

Symphyotrichum boreale

S. boreale
Symphyotrichum boreale inflorescence photographed 20 August 2018, Longridge Point, Cochrane District, Ontario, Canada.

Rush aster, slender white aster, northern bog aster[2]

S. boreale (Torr. & A.Gray) Á.Löve & D.Löve[371]

Basionym: Aster laxifolius var. borealis[372]
Described: 1841[373]

Etymology: Latin borealis — northern

DNA: x = 8,[1] diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, octaploid[2]

Symphyotrichum boreale distribution map
Symphyotrichum boreale native distribution: Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Québec, Saskatchewan, and Yukon; US — Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.

Calcareous areas, wetland areas
0–1,500 m (0–4,920 ft)[2]
WIS: OBL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 13–85 cm (5–33 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white, pale pink, pale purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[2]

 G5  NatureServe[374]

 LC  IUCN 3.1[375]
? Population trend unknown

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 7–10

Symphyotrichum bullatum

S. bullatum (Klatt) G.L.Nesom[376]

Basionym: Aster bullatus[377]
Described: 1894[378]

Etymology: Latin bullatus — bubbled, inflated

DNA: x = 8[1]

Symphyotrichum bullatum distribution map
Symphyotrichum bullatum native distribution: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico (excluding northwest Mexico).

Wet ledges[379]
37–1,750 m (120–5,740 ft)[380]

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 20–30 cm (8–12 in)[381]
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: unspecified

Main source: Fernald 1900[379]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

Symphyotrichum burgessii

S. burgessii
Aster burgessii (Symphyotrichum burgessii) isotype US 00145593, collected 4 March 1911 from Greater Antilles, Guane, Pinar del Río, Cuba.

S. burgessii (Britton) G.L.Nesom[382]

Basionym: Aster burgessii[383]
Described: 1914[384]

Etymology: Latinization of the name "Burgess"

DNA: x = 8[1]

Symphyotrichum burgessii distribution map
Symphyotrichum burgessii distribution in provinces of Cuba with 2011 names — Artemisa, Cienfuegos, La Habana, Matanzas, Mayabeque, Pinar del Río, Sancti Spíritus, and Villa Clara.

Rocky river banks[386]

Lifespan: unspecified
Root system:
Height: up to 50 cm (20 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: unspecified

Source: Britton 1914[386]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

Symphyotrichum dumosum

S. dumosum
Symphyotrichum dumosum photographed 13 October 2020, Polkton, North Carolina, US.

Bushy aster[387]

S. dumosum (L.) G.L.Nesom[388]

Basionym: Aster dumosus[389]
Described: 1753[390]

Etymology: Latin dumosus — overgrown with thorn or briar

DNA: x = 8,[1] diploid, tetraploid[387]

Symphyotrichum dumosum distribution map
Symphyotrichum dumosum native distribution: Canada — New Brunswick and Ontario; Dominican Republic; Haiti; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.

Wetlands, muddy or mucky areas, sand, woods
0–700 m (0–2,300 ft)[387]
WIS: FAC

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 20–100 cm (8–39 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: pale blue, pink, or pale purple to white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[387]

 G5  NatureServe[391]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 0–8

Symphyotrichum eulae

S. eulae
Inflorescence close-up from a Symphyotrichum eulae specimen collected 5 November 1981 at Brazos County, Texas, US.

Eula's aster[392]

S. eulae (Shinners) G.L.Nesom[393]

Basionym: Aster eulae[394]
Described: 1950[395]

Etymology: Latinization of the name "Eula" for Eula Whitehouse, American botanist, botanical illustrator, and plant collector

DNA: x = 8,[1] hexaploid[392]

Symphyotrichum eulae distribution map Part shade, soils with clay or silt, bottom areas or stream banks
0–100 m (0–330 ft)[392]
WIS: FAC

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 5–150 cm (2–59 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white, sometimes light blue or light purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[392]

 G4  NatureServe[397]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: NL

Symphyotrichum lanceolatum

S. lanceolatum
Symphyotrichum lanceolatum photographed 30 September 2020, Indiana, US.

Lance-leaved aster, panicled aster, white panicled aster[398]

S. lanceolatum (Willd.) G.L.Nesom[399]

Basionym: Aster lanceolatus[400]
Described: 1803[401]

Etymology: Latin lanceolatus — lance-shaped

DNA: x = 8,[1] tetraploid, pentaploid, hexaploid, septaploid, octaploid[402]

Five varieties[402]
  • S. l. var. lanceolatum
  • S. l. var. hesperium
  • S. l. var. hirsuticaule
  • S. l. var. interior
  • S. l. var. latifolium
Symphyotrichum lanceolatum distribution map
Symphyotrichum lanceolatum native distribution: Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Québec, and Saskatchewan; Mexico — Baja California, Chihuahua, and Sonora; US — Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.

Stream banks, thickets, borders, ditches, meadows, mucky soils (depending on variety)
10–2,700 m (30–8,860 ft)[402]
WIS: FAC, FACW, OBL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 30–200 cm (12–79 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white to pinkish or pale blue-purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: July–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[404]

 G5  NatureServe[405]

 LC  IUCN 3.1[406]
? Population trend unknown

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 2–5

Symphyotrichum lateriflorum

S. lateriflorum
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum photographed 25 September 2012, Campbell County, Tennessee, US.

Calico aster, white woodland aster, side-flowering aster[407]

S. lateriflorum (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve[408]

Basionym: Solidago lateriflora[409]
Described: 1753[410]

Etymology: Latin lateri + florum — side flower

DNA: x = 8,[1] diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid[407]

Symphyotrichum lateriflorum distribution map
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum native distribution: Canada — Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Québec; Mexico — Veracruz; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.

Mostly shade, dry to humid soils, woodland edges
0–400 m (0–1,310 ft)[407]
WIS: FAC, FACW

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 20–120 cm (8–47 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white, rarely pinkish or purplish
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[407]

 G5  NatureServe[411]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 1–10

Symphyotrichum leone

S. leone
Aster leonis holotype collected 7 December 1915 from marshes west of Batabanó, Cuba.

S. leone (Britton) G.L.Nesom[412]

Basionym: Aster leonis[413]
Described: 1920[414]

Etymology: Latinization of surname of type collector Leon[413]

DNA: x = 8[1]

Symphyotrichum leone distribution map
Symphyotrichum leone native distribution: Cuba.

Marshes[415]

Lifespan: unspecified
Root system:
Height: 30 cm (12 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: pink
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: unspecified

Source: Britton 1920[415]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

Symphyotrichum nahanniense

S. nahanniense
Symphyotrichum nahanniense photographed 16 August 2012 at Nahanni National Park Reserve, Northwest Territories, Canada.

Nahanni aster[416]

S. nahanniense (Cody) Semple[417]

Basionym: Aster nahanniensis[418]
Described: 1974[419]

Etymology: Latinization of "Nahanni" for the South Nahanni River[416]

DNA: x = 8,[1] diploid[416]

Symphyotrichum nahanniense general range
Symphyotrichum nahanniense has been found at seven hot springs locations within the Nahanni National Park Reserve in Northwest Territories, Canada. The general location of those hot springs is outlined in green on this map.

Stream banks near hot mineral springs
About 1,000 m (3,280 ft)[416]

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 7–39 cm (3–15 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white to pale pink
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–September

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[416]

 G3  NatureServe[421]

 NT  IUCN 3.1[422]
— Population stable

COSEWIC:
SARA: Special Concern https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/s-15.3/page-17.html

C-vals: NL

Symphyotrichum ontarionis

S. ontarionis
Symphyotrichum ontarionis photographed 21 September 2017, Green Lake County, Wisconsin, US.

Ontario aster, bottomland aster[423]

S. ontarionis (Wiegand) G.L.Nesom[424]

Basionym: Aster ontarionis[425]
Described: 1928[426]

Etymology: Latinization of "Ontario" for Lake Ontario, "apparently limited to the upper St. Lawrence Valley not far from Lake Ontario"[427]

DNA: x = 8,[1] tetraploid[428]

Two varieties[424]
  • S. o. var. ontarionis
  • S. o. var. glabratum
Symphyotrichum ontarionis distribution map
Symphyotrichum ontarionis native distribution: Canada — Ontario and Québec; US — Alabama, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, and Wisconsin.

Moist soils or shores, other wetlands, field edges
10–300 m (30–980 ft)[428]
WIS: FAC

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 20–120 cm (8–47 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white, rarely pinkish to light purple or light blue
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: July–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[429]

 G5  NatureServe[430]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 3–10

Symphyotrichum praealtum

S. praealtum
Symphyotrichum praealtum photographed 20 October 2018, southwest Mississippi, US.

Willowleaf aster, willow aster[431]

S. praealtum (Poir.) G.L.Nesom[432]

Basionym: Aster praealtus[433]
Described: 1811[434]

Etymology: Latin praealtus — very high or very deep

DNA: x = 8,[1] tetraploid, hexaploid, octaploid[431]

Symphyotrichum praealtum distribution map
Symphyotrichum praealtum native distribution: Canada — Ontario; Mexico — Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Nuevo León; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.

Usually moist and wet areas
0–400 m (0–1,310 ft)[431]
WIS: FACW, OBL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 10–200 cm (4–79 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: pale blue-purple to pale purple or pinkish-purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[431]

 G5  NatureServe[435]

 LC  IUCN 3.1[436]
? Population trend unknown

COSEWIC:
SARA: Threatened https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/s-15.3/page-17.html

C-vals: 3–9

Symphyotrichum racemosum

S. racemosum
Symphyotrichum racemosum photographed 14 October 2020, Mississippi, US.

Small white aster, smooth white oldfield aster[437]

S. racemosum (Elliott) G.L.Nesom[438]

Basionym: Aster racemosus[439]
Described: 1823[440]

Etymology: Latin racemosus — full of clusters, clustering

DNA: x = 8,[1] diploid[437]

Symphyotrichum racemosum distribution map
Symphyotrichum racemosum native distribution: US — Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.

Moist to wet, often brackish, soils and wetlands
0–200 m (0–660 ft)[437]
WIS: FACW

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 30–90 cm (12–35 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white, rarely pink
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[437]

 G4  NatureServe[441]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: 0–8

Symphyotrichum schaffneri

S. schaffneri (S.D.Sundb. & A.G.Jones) G.L.Nesom[442]

Basionym: Aster schaffneri[443]
Described: 1986[444]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Schaffner" for J.G. Schaffner[445]

DNA: x = 8[1]

Symphyotrichum schaffneri distribution map
Symphyotrichum schaffneri native distribution: Mexico — Puebla and Veracruz.

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 30–100 cm (12–39 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: unspecified

Source: Sundberg & Jones 1986[447]

 NL  NatureServe

 NL  IUCN 3.1

Symphyotrichum simmondsii

S. simmonsii
Symphyotrichum simmondsii photographed 18 December 2020, near Miromar Lakes, Florida, US.

Simmonds' aster[448]

S. simmondsii (Small) G.L.Nesom[449]

Basionym: Aster simmondsii[450]
Described: 1913[451]

Etymology: Latinization of the name "Simmonds"

DNA: x = 8,[1] octaploid[448]

Symphyotrichum simmondsii distribution map
Symphyotrichum simmondsii native distribution: US — Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.

Moist to dry soils
0–50 m (0–160 ft)[448]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 10–120 cm (4–47 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: pale purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: October–January

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[448]

 G4  NatureServe[453]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: 5–7

Symphyotrichum tradescantii

S. tradescantii
Symphyotrichum tradescantii photographed 23 August 2020, Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia, Canada.

Tradescant's aster, shore aster[454]

S. tradescantii (L.) G.L.Nesom[455]

Basionym: Aster tradescantii[456]
Described: 1753[457]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Tradescant" for either John Tradescant the Elder or his son, John Tradescant the Younger, both English botanists

DNA: x = 8,[1] diploid, tetraploid[454]

Symphyotrichum tradescantii distribution map
Symphyotrichum tradescantii native distribution: Canada — New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Québec; US — Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont.

Wet and rocky habitats such as shores, streams, and freshwater estuaries
0–200 m (0–660 ft)[454]
WIS: FACW

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 5–70 cm (2–28 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: July–September

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[454]

 G4  NatureServe[458]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 0–10

Symphyotrichum welshii

S. welshii
Symphyotrichum welshii photographed 4 October 2018, southwestern Utah, US.

Welsh's aster[459]

S. welshii (Cronquist) G.L.Nesom[460]

Basionym: Aster welshii[461]
Described: 1994[462]
Etymology: Latinization of surname "Welsh" for American botanist Stanley Larson Welsh, collector of the type specimen[462]

DNA: x = 8,[1] diploid[459]

Symphyotrichum welshii distribution map
Symphyotrichum welshii native distribution: US — Arizona, Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming.

Wet soils in dry areas
1,300–2,300 m (4,270–7,550 ft)[459]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 30–100 cm (12–39 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: pink to white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[459]

 G2  NatureServe[463]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: NL

Contents  • Glossary  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Subsection Heterophylli[edit]
Series Concinni[edit]
Subgenus Symphyotrichum sect. Symphyotrichum subsect. Heterophylli series Concinni (2)
Names and photo Taxonomy Distribution and habitat Description Conservation

Symphyotrichum laeve

S. laeve
Symphyotrichum laeve photographed 6 September 2020, MacGregor Point Provincial Park, Saugeen Shores, Ontario, Canada.

Smooth aster[464]

S. laeve (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve[465]

Basionym: Aster laevis[466]
Described: 1753[467]

Etymology: Latin levis — light, not heavy

DNA: x = 8,[468] hexaploid[469]

Four varieties[469]
  • S. l. var. laeve
  • S. l. var. concinnum
  • S. l. var. geyeri (Geyer’s aster)
  • S. l. var. purpuratum
Symphyotrichum laeve distribution map
Symphyotrichum laeve native distribution: Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan, and Yukon (introduced in New Brunswick and Québec); Mexico — Coahuila; US — Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.

Open and dry habitats
0–2,400 m (0–7,870 ft)[469]
WIS: FACU, UPL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 20–70 cm (8–28 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: pale to dark blue or purple, seldom white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: July–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[472]

 G5  NatureServe[473]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 2–10

Symphyotrichum oolentangiense

S. oolentangiense
Symphyotrichum oolentangiense photographed 29 August 2017, Marquette County, Wisconsin, US.

Azure aster, skyblue aster[474]

S. oolentangiense (Riddell) G.L.Nesom[475]

Basionym: Aster oolentangiensis[476]
Described: 1835[477]

Etymology: Latinization of "Olentangy River," spelled incorrectly (with two 'o's) in protologue[478]

DNA: x = 8,[468] tetraploid[474]

Symphyotrichum oolentangiense distribution map
Symphyotrichum oolentangiense native distribution: Canada — Ontario, Mexico — Coahuila, US — Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, and Wisconsin.

Dry or dry to wet habitats
50–500 m (160–1,640 ft)[474]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 20–150 cm (8–59 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: "usually pale to azure blue to violet-purple, rarely rosy, white or bluish white"
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[474]

 G5  NatureServe[479]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 2–9

Contents  • Glossary  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Series Cordifolii[edit]
Subgenus Symphyotrichum sect. Symphyotrichum subsect. Heterophylli series Cordifolii (7)
Names and photo Taxonomy Distribution and habitat Description Conservation

Symphyotrichum anomalum

S. anomalum
Symphyotrichum anomalum photographed 2 September 2018, Benton County, Arkansas, US.

Manyray aster[480]

S. anomalum (Engelm.) G.L.Nesom[481]

Basionym: Aster anomalus[482]
Described: 1843[483]

Etymology: Latin anomalus — abnormal, an anomaly

DNA: x = 8,[468] diploid[480]

Symphyotrichum anomalum distribution map
Symphyotrichum anomalum native distribution: US — Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma.

Dry soils over limestone, acid soils
50–500 m (160–1,640 ft)[480]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 20–120 cm (8–47 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: pale blue to pale purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[480]

 G4  NatureServe[484]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: 6–8

Symphyotrichum ciliolatum

S. ciliolatum
Symphyotrichum ciliolatum photographed 3 August 2019, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada.

Lindley's aster, fringed blue aster[485]

S. ciliolatum (Lindl.) Á.Löve & D.Löve[486]

Basionym: Aster ciliolatus[487]
Described: 1836[488]

Etymology: ciliolate — covered in small hairs also Lindley - John Lindley?

DNA: x = 8,[468] hexaploid[485]

Symphyotrichum ciliolatum distribution map
Symphyotrichum ciliolatum native distribution: Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan, and Yukon; US — Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.

Rich, open deciduous forests, trails, stream banks
0–2,000 m (0–6,560 ft)[485]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 10–120 cm (4–47 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: pale to deep blue or bluish-purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: July–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[485]

 G5  NatureServe[489]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 2–9

Symphyotrichum cordifolium

S. cordifolium
Symphyotrichum cordifolium photographed 13 October 2012, Baltimore Woods Nature Center, Marcellus, New York, US.

Heartleaf aster, common blue wood aster[490]

S. cordifolium (L.) G.L.Nesom[491]

Basionym: Aster cordifolius[492]
Described: 1753[493]

Etymology: Latin cordifolius — having heart-shaped leaves

DNA: x = 8,[468] diploid, tetraploid[490]

Symphyotrichum cordifolium distribution map
Symphyotrichum cordifolium native distribution: Canada — Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Québec; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.

Mostly rich, moist soils and woods
0–1,200 m (0–3,940 ft)[490]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 20–120 cm (8–47 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: blue to purple, sometimes whitish to pink
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[490]

 G5  NatureServe[494]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 2–8

Symphyotrichum drummondii

S. drummondii
Symphyotrichum drummondii photographed 21 September 2019, Carol Stream, Illinois, US.

Drummond's aster[495]

S. drummondii (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom[496]

Basionym: Aster drummondii[497]
Described: 1835[498]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Drummond" for Scottish naturalist Thomas Drummond (d. 1835)[499]

DNA: x = 8,[468] diploid, tetraploid[500]

Two varieties[500]
  • S. d. var. drummondii
  • S. d. var. texanum (Texas aster)
Symphyotrichum drummondii distribution map
Symphyotrichum drummondii native distribution: Mexico — Coahuila; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.

Depending on variety, including old fields, woodlands, savannas[499]
0–500 m (0–1,640 ft)[500]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 30–120 cm (12–47 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: bright blue to purple, sometimes white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–November

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[502]

 G5  NatureServe[503]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: 2–5

Symphyotrichum shortii

S. shortii
Symphyotrichum shortii, 1 October 2017, at edge of forested limestone bluffs, on the West Fork of the Red River at the Clarksville Greenway, Montgomery County, Tennessee, US.

Short's aster[504]

S. shortii (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom[505]

Basionym: Aster shortii[506]
Described: 1834[507]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Short" for American botanist Charles Wilkins Short[508]

DNA: x = 8,[468] diploid, tetraploid[504]

Symphyotrichum shortii distribution map
Symphyotrichum shortii native distribution: Canada — Ontario; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.

Thin rocky soils of woodlands and thickets often around limestone bluffs
100–500 m (330–1,640 ft)[504]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 30–150 cm (12–59 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: blue or purple-blue, seldom pinkish or white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[504]

 G5  NatureServe[509]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 5–8

Symphyotrichum undulatum

S. undulatum
Symphyotrichum undulatum photographed 1 October 2018, Archbald Pothole State Park, Archbald, Pennsylvania, US.

Wavyleaf aster[510]

S. undulatum (L.) G.L.Nesom[511]

Basionym: Aster undulatus[512]
Described: 1753[513]

Etymology: Latin undulatus — wavy
DNA: x = 8,[468] diploid, tetraploid[510]

Symphyotrichum undulatum distribution map
Symphyotrichum undulatum native distribution: Canada — Nova Scotia and Ontario; US — Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia.

Dry or well-drained, loamy or rocky soils
200–1,500 m (660–4,920 ft)[510]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 30–160 cm (12–63 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: blue to purple, sometimes pale purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[510]

 G5  NatureServe[514]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 2–7

Symphyotrichum urophyllum

S. urophyllum
Symphyotrichum urophyllum photographed 29 August 2017, Port McNicoll, Ontario, Canada.

White arrowleaf aster, arrowleaf aster[515]

S. urophyllum (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom[516]

Basionym: Aster urophyllus[517]
Described: 1836[518]

Etymology: of Greek origin — tail-like leaf[519]

DNA: x = 8,[468] diploid[515]

Symphyotrichum urophyllum distribution map
Symphyotrichum urophyllum native distribution: Canada — Ontario; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.

Open, dry to mesic habitats
40–300 m (130–980 ft) and higher[515]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 40–120 cm (16–47 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white to pale pink or light blue
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[515]

 G4  NatureServe[520]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 0–6

Contents  • Glossary  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Subsection Porteriani[edit]
Subgenus Symphyotrichum sect. Symphyotrichum subsect. Porteriani (5)
Names and photo Taxonomy Distribution and habitat Description Conservation

Symphyotrichum depauperatum

S. depauperatum
Symphyotrichum depauperatum photographed 13 September 2009 at the serpentine grassland demonstration area in Nottingham County Park, Nottingham, Pennsylvania, US.

Serpentine aster, starved aster[521]

S. depauperatum (Fernald) G.L.Nesom[522]

Basionym: Aster depauperatus[523]
Described: 1908[524]

Etymology: Latin de- + pauper — of poor or impoverished

DNA: x = 8, diploid[521]

Symphyotrichum depauperatum distribution map
Symphyotrichum depauperatum native distribution: US — Maryland (Baltimore and Cecil Counties); North Carolina (Granville County); and, Pennsylvania (Chester, Delaware, and Lancaster Counties).

Serpentine or diabasic soils
400–1,000 m (1,310–3,280 ft)[521]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system: colonial or cespitose; branched rhizome
Height: 20–50 cm (8–20 in)
Stems: 1–3+, nearly hairless
Ray florets
   color: white, seldom pink
   count: 7–14
   length: 3–6.2 mm
Disk florets
   color: yellow then brown
   count: 7–17
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[521]

 G2  NatureServe[526]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: 9–10

Symphyotrichum parviceps

S. parviceps
Inflorescence from a Symphyotrichum parviceps specimen (Aster parviceps) collected 18 September 1914 at Hannibal, Missouri. Stored at the New York Botanical Garden.

Smallhead aster, small white aster[527]

S. parviceps (E.S.Burgess) G.L.Nesom[528]

Basionym: Aster ericoides var. parviceps[529]
Described: 1898[530]

Etymology: Latin parvus — small, little, puny

DNA: x = 8, diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid[527]

Symphyotrichum parviceps distribution map
Symphyotrichum parviceps native distribution: US — Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma.

Dry, sandy, or loamy soils; barrens, fields, roadsides, old cemeteries
200–400 m (660–1,310 ft)[527]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial (sometimes short-lived)
Root system: colonial or cespitose; long rhizome
Height: 30–100 cm (12–39 in)
Stems: 1–3+, hairy
Ray florets
   color: white, seldom pink
   count: 9–23
   length: 3.7–7.3 mm
Disk florets
   color: pale yellow then purplish
   count: 5–28
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[527]

 G4  NatureServe[531]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: 3–8

Symphyotrichum pilosum

S. pilosum
Symphyotrichum pilosum var. pilosum photographed 29 September 2020, Indiana, US.

Hairy aster, frost aster, hairy white oldfield aster[532]

S. pilosum (Willd.) G.L.Nesom[533]

Basionym: Aster pilosus[534]
Described: 1803[535]

Etymology: Latin pilosus — hairy, shaggy

DNA: x = 8, tetraploid, pentaploid, hexaploid[536]

Two varieties[536]
  • S. p. var. pilosum
  • S. p. var. pringlei (Pringle's aster)
Symphyotrichum pilosum distribution map
Symphyotrichum pilosum native distribution: Canada — Ontario and Québec; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.

Various and many, depending on variety
0–1,100 m (0–3,610 ft)[536]
WIS: FAC, FACU

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 5–150 cm (2–59 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white, rarely pinkish or bluish
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[537]

 G5  NatureServe[538]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 0–9

Symphyotrichum porteri

S. porteri
Inflorescence of a Symphyotrichum porteri specimen collected 3 August 2018, Parker, Elbert County, Colorado, US.

Porter's aster, smooth white aster[539]

S. porteri (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[540]

Basionym: Aster porteri[541]
Described: 1881[542]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Porter" for American botanist Thomas Conrad Porter[543]

DNA: x = 8, diploid[539]

Symphyotrichum porteri distribution map
Symphyotrichum porteri native distribution: US — Colorado counties: Boulder, Douglas, El Paso, Gilpin, Jefferson, Larimer, Las Animas, and Teller; New Mexico counties: Harding and San Miguel; Wyoming counties: Albany, Carbon, and Laramie.

Rocky Mountain foothills
1,800–2,900 m (5,910–9,510 ft)[539]
WIS: FACU

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 10–50 cm (4–20 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white, seldom pinkish
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: July–September

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[539]

 G3  NatureServe[545]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: NL

Symphyotrichum priceae

S. priceae
Symphyotrichum priceae specimen inflorescence collected 3 October 1988, Wilson County, Tennessee, US.

Miss Price's aster,[546] Price's aster, lavender oldfield aster[547]

S. priceae (Britton) G.L.Nesom[548]

Basionym: Aster priceae[549]
Described: 1901[550]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Price" for collector Sadie F. Price[546]

DNA: x = 8, octaploid[547]

Symphyotrichum priceae distribution map
Symphyotrichum priceae native distribution: US — Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, and Tennessee.

Broken limestone on cedar glades and roadsides
200–400 m (660–1,310 ft)[547]
WIS: FACU

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 30–100 cm (12–39 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: bluish-purple, rarely white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[547]

 G4  NatureServe[551]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: 7–8

Contents  • Glossary  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Subsection Symphyotrichum[edit]
Series Punicei[edit]
Subgenus Symphyotrichum sect. Symphyotrichum subsect. Symphyotrichum series Punicei (5)
Names and photo Taxonomy Distribution and habitat Description Conservation

Symphyotrichum elliottii

S. elliottii
Symphyotrichum elliottii photographed 13 November 2020, Florida, US.

Elliott's aster[552]

S. elliottii (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[553]

Basionym: Aster elliottii[554]
Described: 1841[555]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Elliott" for American botanist Stephen Elliott[556]

DNA: x = 8,[557] diploid[552]

Symphyotrichum elliottii distribution map
Symphyotrichum elliottii native distribution by state: US — Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia.

Swamps, bogs, marshes, brackish marshes
0–50 m (0–160 ft)[552]
WIS: OBL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 60–200 cm (24–79 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: pink or sometimes light purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[552]

 G4  NatureServe[558]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: NL

Symphyotrichum firmum

S. firmum
Symphyotrichum firmum photographed 26 September 2019, Thunder Bay District, Ontario, Canada.

Glossy-leaved aster[559]

S. firmum (Nees) G.L.Nesom[560]

Basionym: Aster firmus[561]
Described: 1818[562]

Etymology: Latin firmus — stable, strong, firm

DNA: x = 8, diploid[559]

Symphyotrichum firmum distribution map
Symphyotrichum firmum native distribution: Canada — Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan; US — Georgia, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New York.

Wet soils, fens, marshes
100–400 m (330–1,310 ft)[559]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 40–250 cm (16–98 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: blue to pale purple, sometimes white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[559]

 G5  NatureServe[563]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 3–10

Symphyotrichum prenanthoides

S. prenanthoides
Symphyotrichum prenanthoides photographed 10 October 2020, Middlesex, Ontario, Canada.

Crookedstem aster[564]

S. prenanthoides (Muhl. ex Willd.) G.L.Nesom[565]

Basionym: Aster prenanthoides[566]
Described: 1803[567]

Etymology: "resembling Prenanthes, possibly referring to the winged petiole"[568]

DNA: x = 8,[557] tetraploid[564]

Symphyotrichum prenanthoides distribution map
Symphyotrichum prenanthoides native distribution: Canada — Ontario; US — Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.

Mostly wetlands such as swamps, seeps, moist areas
100–1,500 m (330–4,920 ft)[564]
WIS: FAC

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 20–120 cm (8–47 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: light purple to blue, rarely white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[564]

 G4  NatureServe[569]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:
SARA: Special Concern https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/s-15.3/page-17.html

C-vals: 3–10

Symphyotrichum puniceum

S. puniceum
Symphyotrichum puniceum photographed 21 September 2016, Beaver County, Pennsylvania, US.

Purplestem aster, red-stemmed aster, swamp aster[570]

S. puniceum (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve[571]

Basionym: Aster puniceus[572]
Described: 1753[573]

Etymology: Latin puniceus — pure lively red, scarlet

DNA: x = 8,[557] diploid, tetraploid[574]

Two varieties[574]
  • S. p. var. puniceum
  • S. p. var. scabricaule (roughstem aster)
Symphyotrichum puniceum distribution map
Symphyotrichum puniceum native distribution: Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Québec, and Saskatchewan; US — Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.

Wetland habitats
0–2,000 m (0–6,560 ft)[574]
WIS: OBL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 7–300 cm (3–118 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: usually pale to dark blue, pale purple or purple, seldom white or pink
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–November

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[575]

 G5  NatureServe[576]

 LC  IUCN 3.1[577]
? Population trend unknown

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 3–10

Symphyotrichum rhiannon

S. rhiannon
Symphyotrichum rhiannon specimen collected 11 October 2006, Clay County, North Carolina, US.

Rhiannon's aster, Buck Creek aster[578]

S. rhiannon Weakley & Govus[579]

Described: 2004[580]

Etymology: Rhiannon Weakley, daughter of Alan Weakley, and goddess Rhiannon,[581] a figure in the Mabinogion stories

DNA: x = 8,[557] hexaploid[582]

Symphyotrichum rhiannon distribution map
Symphyotrichum rhiannon native distribution map. Species is endemic to the Buck Creek Serpentine Barrens in Clay County, North Carolina. Map source: USDA, NRCS PLANTS Database with additional information from Kauffman, G.L.; Nesom, G.L.; Weakley, A.S.; Govus, T.E.; Cotterman, L.M. (2004). "A new species of Symphyotrichum (Asteraceae: Astereae) from a serpentine barren in western North Carolina". SIDA, Contributions to Botany. 21: 827–839. ISSN 0036-1488. Retrieved 8 September 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.

Serpentine barrens
900–1,300 m (2,950–4,270 ft)[584]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 15–60 cm (6–24 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: blue to pale purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: September–November

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[584]

 G1  NatureServe[578]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: NL

Contents  • Glossary  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Series Symphyotrichum[edit]
Subgenus Symphyotrichum sect. Symphyotrichum subsect. Symphyotrichum series Symphyotrichum (6)
Names and photo Taxonomy Distribution and habitat Description Conservation

Symphyotrichum anticostense

S. anticostense
Cropping of an image of a Symphyotrichum anticostense specimen held at the Harvard University Herbaria, collected 9 August 1909 at Fort Fairfield, Aroostook County, Maine, US.

Anticosti aster[585]

S. anticostense (Fernald) G.L.Nesom[586]

Basionym: Aster anticostensis[587]
Described: 1915[588]

Etymology: Latinization of "Anticosti" for Anticosti Island

DNA: allopolyploid[cf] x = 8,[557] decaploid[585]

Symphyotrichum anticostense distribution map
Symphyotrichum anticostense native distribution: Canada — New Brunswick and Québec; US — Maine.

Calcareous river shores, limestone lake shores
0–100 m (0–330 ft)[585]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 10–90 cm (4–35 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: pale purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–September

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[585]

 G3  NatureServe[589]

 LC  IUCN 3.1[590]
? Population trend unknown

COSEWIC:
SARA: Special Concern https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/s-15.3/page-17.html

C-vals: 7

Symphyotrichum carnerosanum

S. carnerosanum
Symphyotrichum carnerosanum photographed 13 June 2021 at Arteaga, Coahuila, México.

S. carnerosanum (S.Watson) G.L.Nesom[591]

Basionym: Aster carnerosanus[592]
Described: 1891[593]

Etymology: type from "Carneros Pass in the mountains of Coahuila"[594]

DNA: undetermined, but expected to be x = 8[595]

Symphyotrichum carnerosanum distribution map
Symphyotrichum carnerosanum distribution: Mexican states — Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas.

495–2,850 m (1,620–9,350 ft)[596]

Lifespan: unspecified
Root system:
Height: 30 cm (12 in) or less[594]
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: pale purple[594]
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: July–November[596]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

Symphyotrichum novi-belgii

S. novi-belgii
Symphyotrichum novi-belgii photographed 28 August 2019 at Paroisse de Grand Manan, New Brunswick, Canada.

New York aster[597]

S. novi-belgii (L.) G.L.Nesom[598]

Basionym: Aster novi-belgii[599]
Described: 1753[600]

Etymology: Latin for New Belgium — refers to New Netherland, now New York[601]

DNA: x = 8,[557] hexaploid[602]

Four varieties[598]
  • S. n. var. novi-belgii
  • S. n. var. crenifolium
  • S. n. var. elodes
  • S. n. var. villicaule
Symphyotrichum novi-belgii distribution map
Symphyotrichum novi-belgii native distribution: Canada — Labrador, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Québec; US — Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia.

Mostly sea or stream shores, thickets, dunes, barrens (depending on variety)
0–800 m (0–2,620 ft)[602]
WIS: FACW, OBL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 17–100 cm (7–39 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: blue-purple or purple, rarely pink or white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[603]

 G5  NatureServe[604]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 0–9

Symphyotrichum retroflexum

S. retroflexum
Inflorescence close-up from a Symphyotrichum retroflexum specimen collected 6 October 1993, Table Rock State Park, Pickens County, South Carolina, US.

Rigid whitetop aster[605]

S. retroflexum (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom[606]

Basionym: Aster retroflexus[607]
Described: 1836[608]

Etymology: retroflex — bend backwards

DNA: x = 8,[557] hexaploid[605]

Symphyotrichum retroflexum native distribution map
Symphyotrichum retroflexum native distribution: US — Blue Ridge Mountains of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. Source: USDA, NRCS PLANTS Database with added information from John C. Semple's Astereae Lab.

Moist or dry wooded areas, moist meadows
400–1,500 m (1,310–4,920 ft)[605]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 40–100 cm (16–39 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: blue to purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[605]

 G4  NatureServe[609]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: NL

Symphyotrichum robynsianum

S. robynsianum
Symphyotrichum robynsianum photographed 24 August 2019, Longridge Point, Cochrane district, Ontario, Canada.

Robyn's aster[610]

S. robynsianum (J.Rousseau) Brouillet & Labrecque[611]

Basionym: Aster robynsianus[612]
Described: 1957[613]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Robyns" for Walter Robyns, a director of the National Botanic Garden of Belgium[614]

DNA: x = 8,[557] hexaploid, decaploid[610]

Symphyotrichum robynsianum distribution map
Symphyotrichum robynsianum native distribution: Canada — Manitoba, Ontario, and Québec; US — Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin.

Moist, open, sandy, gravelly or rocky habitats
10–400 m (30–1,310 ft)[610]
WIS: FACW

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 10–80 cm (4–31 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: dark blue-purple, seldom white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–September

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[610]

 G5  NatureServe[615]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

COSEWIC:

C-vals: 9

Symphyotrichum turbinellum

S. turbinellum
Symphyotrichum turbinellum photographed 12 October 2019, Franklin, Missouri, US.

Prairie aster[616]

S. turbinellum (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom[617]

Basionym: Aster turbinellus[618]
Described: 1835[619]

Etymology: unknown

DNA: x = 8, duodecaploid[616]

Symphyotrichum turbinellum distribution map
Symphyotrichum turbinellum native distribution: US — Primarily the Ozarks of Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Nebraska, and Oklahoma.

Generally dry, acidic soils
60–900 m (200–2,950 ft)[616]
WIS: NL

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 30–100 cm (12–39 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: light blue to purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: August–October

Source: Brouillet et al. 2006[616]

 G4  NatureServe[620]

 NL  IUCN 3.1

C-vals: 6–8

Contents  • Glossary  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Subgenus Symphyotrichum named hybrids[edit]

Subgenus Symphyotrichum named hybrids (9)
Names and photo Taxonomy Distribution and habitat Description Conservation

Symphyotrichum × finkii

S. × finkii (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom[621]

Basionym: Aster finkii[622]
Described: 1931[623]
Parents: S. cordifolium × S. shortii[624]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Fink" for B. Fink,[253] American lichenologist Bruce Fink[625]

DNA: no information

Symphyotrichum × finkii recorded occurrences map Wooded bluffs and fencerows[626]

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 30–40 cm (12–16 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: pale purple or pinkish
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: unspecified

Source: Rydberg 1931[253]

 GNA  NatureServe[627]

Symphyotrichum × gravesii

S. × gravesii
Aster gravesii (Symphyotrichum x gravesii) specimen collected 2 October 1902, Ithaca, Tompkins County, New York, US.

Graves' aster[628]

S. × gravesii (E.S.Burgess) G.L.Nesom[629]

Basionym: Aster gravesii[630]
Described: 1901[631]
Parents: S. dumosum × S. laeve[632]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Graves" for C.B. Graves,[628] American physician and botanist Charles Burr Graves[633]

DNA: no information

Symphyotrichum × gravesii recorded occurrences map
Symphyotrichum × gravesii recorded occurrences: Connecticut.

Dry woods[628]

Lifespan: unspecified
Root system:
Height: 60 cm (24 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: September

Source: Britton 1901[628]

 GNA  NatureServe[634]

Symphyotrichum × longulum

S. × longulum
Aster longulus specimen collected July 1892, Mille Lacs County, Minnesota, US.

S. × longulum (E.Sheld.) G.L.Nesom[635]

Basionym: Aster longulus[636]
Described: 1894[637]
Parents: S. boreale × S. puniceum[638]

Etymology: Latin longulus — rather long, far or lengthy

DNA: no information

Symphyotrichum × longulum recorded occurrences map
Symphyotrichum × longulum recorded occurrences: Canada — Saskatchewan; US — Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, and Wisconsin.

Swampy and marshy areas[639]

Lifespan: unspecified
Root system:
Height: 5–13 cm (2–5 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: light purple to white
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: unspecified

Source: Sheldon 1894[639]

 GNA  NatureServe[640]

Symphyotrichum × salignum

S. × salignum
Symphyotrichum × salignum inflorescence photographed 19 August 2019, Lobnya, Moscow region, Russia.

S. × salignum (Willd.) G.L.Nesom[641]

Basionym: Aster salignus[642]
Described: 1803[643]
Parents: S. lanceolatum var. lanceolatum × S. novi-belgii var. novi-belgii[644]

Etymology: Latin salignus — willow

DNA: no information

Symphyotrichum × salignum recorded occurrences map
Symphyotrichum × salignum recorded occurrences: US — Wisconsin. There is also an extensive presence of this hybrid in Europe and western Asia in the following countries: Assam, Austria, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Krym, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Yugoslavia.

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: unspecified
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white, turning blue
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: unspecified

Source: Willdenow 1803[645]

 NL  NatureServe

Symphyotrichum × schistosum

S. × schistosum
Aster schistosus specimen detail, collected 15 September 1907 in the vicinity of Millboro, Bath County, in the Allegheny Mountains, Virginia, US.

S. × schistosum (E.S.Steele) G.L.Nesom[646]

Basionym: Aster schistosus[647]
Described: 1911[648]
Parents: S. cordifolium × S. laeve[649]

Etymology: Latin schistosus — from the protologue for "the substratum upon which this species grows"[650]

DNA: no information

Symphyotrichum × schistosum recorded occurrences map
Symphyotrichum × schistosum recorded occurrences: US — Virginia.

Shale gravel, dry hills[651]

Lifespan: unspecified
Root system:
Height: 15–100 cm (6–39 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: deep blue
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: unspecified

Source: Steele 1911[651]

 GNA  NatureServe[652]

Symphyotrichum × subgeminatum

S. × subgeminatum
Symphyotrichum x subgeminatum specimen collected 4 September 1895, Mount Desert Island, Hancock County, Maine, US.

S. × subgeminatum (Fernald) G.L.Nesom[653]

Basionym: Aster foliaceus var. subgeminatus[654]
Described: 1915[655]
Parents: S. ciliolatum × S. novi-belgii var. novi-belgii[485] (also backcrosses with its parents)[656]

Etymology: Latin sub- + geminatus — almost + doubled or paired, "usually paired heads"[657]

DNA: no information

Symphyotrichum × subgeminatum recorded occurrences
Symphyotrichum × subgeminatum recorded occurrences: Newfoundland and Québec (Canada).

"Damp bushy ravine in the limestone tableland"
200–300 m (660–980 ft)[657]

Lifespan: unspecified
Root system:
Height: 25–50 cm (10–20 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: blue-purple
   count: 10–15
   length: 10–13 mm
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: unspecified

Source: Maunder 2009[658]

 GNA  NatureServe[659]

Symphyotrichum × tardiflorum

S. × tardiflorum
Symphyotrichum x tardiflorum specimen collected 7 October 1924, Pittsford, Vermont, US.

S. × tardiflorum (L.) Greuter, M.V.Agab. & Wagenitz[660]

Basionym: Aster tardiflorus[661]
Described: 1763[662]
Parents: S. cordifolium × S. puniceum[663]

Etymology: Latin tardi + florus — slow or late + flower

DNA: no information

Symphyotrichum × tardiflorum recorded occurrences map
Symphyotrichum × tardiflorum recorded occurrences: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Québec (Canada); New York (US).

Along streams[305]

Lifespan: unspecified
Root system:
Height: 30–61 cm (12–24 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: pale purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: unspecified

Source: Gray 1884[305]

 NL  NatureServe

Symphyotrichum × versicolor

S. × versicolor
Symphyotrichum x versicolor specimen collected 4 October 2018, Zwevegem, West Flanders, Belgium.

Late Michaelmas daisy grin

S. × versicolor (Willd.) G.L.Nesom[664]

Basionym: Aster versicolor[665]
Described: 1803[666]
Parents: S. laeve var. laeve × S. novi-belgii var. novi-belgii[667]

Etymology: Latin versicolor — of various colors; that changes its color

DNA: no information

Symphyotrichum × versicolor recorded occurrences by country in Europe on map
Symphyotrichum × versicolor recorded occurrences by country in Europe in blue, adjusted on map using current boundaries: Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; France; Germany; Great Britain; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Madeira; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Slovakia; Spain; Switzerland; Ukraine; and Yugoslavia.

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: unspecified
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: white, then violet
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: unspecified

Source: Willdenow 1803[668]

Symphyotrichum × woldenii

S. × woldenii
Aster woldenii (Symphyotrichum × woldenii) isotype, Emmet County, Iowa, 6 September 1924.

S. × woldenii (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom[669]

Basionym: Aster woldenii[670]
Described: 1931[671]
Parents: S. laeve × S. praealtum[672]

Etymology: Latinization of surname "Wolden" for B.O. Wolden, collector of type specimen[673]

DNA: no information

Symphyotrichum × woldenii recorded occurrences map
Symphyotrichum × woldenii recorded occurrences: Iowa.

Lifespan: perennial
Root system:
Height: 60 cm (24 in)
Stems:
Ray florets
   color: purple
   count:
   length:
Disk florets
   color:
   count: –
Blooms: unspecified

Source: Rydberg 1931[673]

 GNA  NatureServe[674]

Contents  • Glossary  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Derived content from Polyploidy version 04:50 7 August 2021. See that page's history for attribution.
  2. ^ Derived content from Ploidy version 02:18 5 August 2021‎. See that page's history for attribution.
  3. ^ Derived content from Polyploidy version 04:50 7 August 2021. See that page's history for attribution.
  4. ^ Semple places S. novae-angliae in its own section Polyliguli.
  5. ^ Semple places S. turbinellum in its own section Turbinelli.
  6. ^ Symphyotrichum chapmanii is found in primarily the Apalachicola River drainage basin.[22] Alabama counties — Geneva and Houston; Florida counties — Alachua, Bay, Calhoun, Franklin, Gulf, Jackson, Liberty, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, St. Lucie, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington.[23]
  7. ^ Symphyotrichum glabrifolium is found in the Argentine provinces of Mendoza, Neuquén, Río Negro, and Santa Cruz;[29] and central and south Chile.[25]
  8. ^ Measured in Latin poll., abbreviation for pollicis meaning 'thumb' or a unit of measurement of approximately 24.6 mm which converts to 0.9685 inches.
  9. ^ Symphyotrichum patagonicum is found in the Argentine provinces of Chubut, Mendoza, Neuquén, and Santa Cruz.[42]
  10. ^ Symphyotrichum potosinum is found in the Huachuca Mountains in Cochise County, Arizona[52] and the Mexican states of Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México State, Michoacan, Oaxaca, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Veracruz, and Zacatecas.[53]
  11. ^ Symphyotrichum regnellii is found in the Argentine provinces of Corrientes and Misiones;[46] and in west-central, southeast, and south Brazil.[54]
  12. ^ Symphyotrichum subulatum is native to Argentina; Bahamas; Belize; Bolivia; Brazil; Canada — New Brunswick and Ontario; Chile; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; Guatemala; Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica; Mexico; Nicaragua; Paraguay; Peru; Uruguay; US — Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Virginia; and, Venezuela. Also introduced worldwide.[59]
  13. ^ Symphyotrichum tenuifolium US distribution is in Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, and Virginia.[69]
  14. ^ Symphyotrichum ericoides: Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Québec, and Saskatchewan; Mexico — Coahuila and Nuevo León; US — Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.[82]
  15. ^ Symphyotrichum falcatum: Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Saskatchewan, and Yukon;[91] Mexico — Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Jalisco, Nuevo León, and Sonora;[95] US — Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.[91]
  16. ^ Symphyotrichum adnatum: Bahamas; US — Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi.[100]
  17. ^ Symphyotrichum walteri: US — Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.[105]
  18. ^ Symphyotrichum georgianum: US — Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.[111]
  19. ^ Symphyotrichum patens: US — Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia.[116]
  20. ^ Symphyotrichum phlogifolium: US — Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia.[124]
  21. ^ Using Google Translate.
  22. ^ Mexico — Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Distrito Federal, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, and Zacatecas.[144]
  23. ^ Mexico — Chiapas, Distrito Federal, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, México, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, and Tlaxcala.[136]
  24. ^ Guatemala — Huehuetenango Department and Totonicapán Department; Mexico — Chiapas, Chihuahua, Distrito Federal, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, México, Michoacán, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, and Veracruz.[155]
  25. ^ US — California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming.[163]
  26. ^ Elevation in the May Prairie State Natural Area.
  27. ^ Undescribed until 2019.
  28. ^ US — Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas.[173]
  29. ^ Georgia counties — Grady; Florida counties — Alachua, Citrus, Collier, Dixie, Lee, Liberty, Marion, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Pasco, and Taylor.[183][184]
  30. ^ Native distribution in green: Canada — Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Québec; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Introduced North American distribution in blue: US — Montana, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.[191]
  31. ^ US — Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.[196]
  32. ^ US — Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia.[214]
  33. ^ US — Florida counties: Calhoun, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, and Wakulla.[231]
  34. ^ US — Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.[233]
  35. ^ US — Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, and Wisconsin.[238]
  36. ^ US — Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin.[243]
  37. ^ Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan; US — Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.[262]
  38. ^ Endemic to the San Gabriel Mountains, San Bernardino Mountains, and Peninsular Ranges.[274]
  39. ^ Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan, and Yukon; China — China North-Central, China Southeast, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, Manchuria, and Xinjiang; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Russia — Altai Republic, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, Tuva, Western Siberia, and Zabaykalsky Krai; Tadzhikistan; US — Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming; Uzbekistan.[278]
  40. ^ US — Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.[284]
  41. ^ US — Washington, Oregon, California,[294] including the Channel Islands.[299]
  42. ^ Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan; US — Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.[302]
  43. ^ As Symphyotrichum bracteolatum.
  44. ^ In FNA as Symphyotrichum cusickii.[313]
  45. ^ US — Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.[309]
  46. ^ Puget Sound region, Willamette Valley, outliers in Columbia Gorge and central Washington.[323] County distribution: Oregon — Benton, Clackamas, Douglas, Hood River, Josephine, Lane, Linn, Marion, Multnomah, Polk, and Wasco; Washington — Clark, King, Okanogan, and Skagit.[330]
  47. ^ US — California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington.[332]
  48. ^ Palouse River and Clearwater River (Idaho) drainages;[339] Idaho counties — Clearwater, Idaho, Latah, LeWIS, and Nez Perce; Washington counties — Columbia, Walla Walla, and Whitman.[343]
  49. ^ California counties: Contra Costa, Napa, Sacramento, San Joaquin, Solano, and Yolo.[350]
  50. ^ US — California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.[360]
  51. ^ US — Alaska, California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington.[367]
  52. ^ Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Québec, Saskatchewan, and Yukon; US — Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.[371]
  53. ^ Excluding northwest Mexico.[376]
  54. ^ Provinces of Cuba with 2011 names — Artemisa, Cienfuegos, La Habana, Matanzas, Mayabeque, Pinar del Río, Sancti Spíritus, and Villa Clara.[385]
  55. ^ Canada — New Brunswick and Ontario; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.[388]
  56. ^ S. eulae distribution in Texas by county: Bexar, Brazoria, Brazos, Burleson, Collin, Cooke, Dallas, Denton, Ellis, Gonzales, Hardin, Haskell, Henderson, Hill, Hood, Hopkins, Hunt, Jack, Johnson, Kaufman, Limestone, Navarro, Nueces, Parker, Rockwall, San Saba, Smith, Tarrant, Travis, Walker, Waller, Washington, and Wise.[396]
  57. ^ Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Québec, and Saskatchewan;[399] Mexico — Baja California, Chihuahua, and Sonora;[403] US — Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.[399]
  58. ^ Canada — Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Québec; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.[408]
  59. ^ Symphyotrichum nahanniense has been found at seven hot springs locations within the Nahanni National Park Reserve in Northwest Territories, Canada. The general location of those hot springs is outlined in green on this map.[420]
  60. ^ US — Alabama, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, and Wisconsin.[424]
  61. ^ Mexico — Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Nuevo León; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.[431]
  62. ^ US — Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.[437]
  63. ^ US — Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina[452]
  64. ^ Canada — New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Québec; US — Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont.[455]
  65. ^ US — Arizona, Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming.[460]
  66. ^ Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan, and Yukon[465] (introduced in New Brunswick and Québec);[471] US — Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.[465]
  67. ^ US — Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, and Wisconsin.[475]
  68. ^ US — Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma.[480]
  69. ^ Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan, and Yukon; US — Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.[486]
  70. ^ Canada — Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Québec; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.[491]
  71. ^ US — Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.[496]
  72. ^ US — Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.[505]
  73. ^ US — Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia.[511]
  74. ^ US — Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.[516]
  75. ^ US — Maryland (Baltimore[525] and Cecil[526] Counties); North Carolina (Granville County);[525] and, Pennsylvania (Chester, Delaware, and Lancaster Counties).[526]
  76. ^ US — Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma.[528]
  77. ^ Canada — Ontario and Québec; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.[536]
  78. ^ US — Colorado counties: Boulder, Douglas, El Paso, Gilpin, Jefferson, Larimer, Las Animas, and Teller; New Mexico counties: Harding and San Miguel; Wyoming counties: Albany, Carbon, and Laramie.[544]
  79. ^ US — Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, and Tennessee.[548]
  80. ^ US — Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia.[552]
  81. ^ Canada — Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan; US — Georgia, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New York.[560]
  82. ^ US — Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.[565]
  83. ^ Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Québec, and Saskatchewan; US — Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.[571]
  84. ^ "[A]n allopolyploid derivative of the cross between the calcareous fen species S. boreale and the widespread shore species S. novi-belgii."[585]
  85. ^ Canada — Labrador, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Québec; US — Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia.[598]
  86. ^ US — Blue Ridge Mountains[605] of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia.[606]
  87. ^ Canada — Manitoba, Ontario, and Québec; US — Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin.[611]
  88. ^ US — Primarily the Ozarks of Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Nebraska, and Oklahoma.[616]
  89. ^ The locations are from the USDA PLANTS Database with added county information from two sources. Iowa[621][624] — Fayette[253]; West Virginia — no county information[624]; Wisconsin — Eau Claire, Grant,[626] and Waupaca.[624]
  90. ^ US — Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, and Wisconsin.[635]
  91. ^ There is also an extensive presence of this hybrid in Europe and western Asia in the following countries: Assam, Austria, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Krym, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Yugoslavia.[641]
  92. ^ Canada — New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Québec.[660]
  93. ^ Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; France; Germany; Great Britain; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Madeira; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Slovakia; Spain; Switzerland; Ukraine; and Yugoslavia.[664]

Alphabetical index  • Contents

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Semple n.d.f.
  2. ^ a b c d e Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum boreale.
  3. ^ Freyman 2021.
  4. ^ CRREL 2018.
  5. ^ a b Morgan & Holland 2012, p. 818.
  6. ^ a b Nesom 2018a, p. 1.
  7. ^ a b Brouillet et al. 2009, p. 12.
  8. ^ a b c d e Semple, Heard & Brouillet 2002.
  9. ^ a b c Semple, Heard & Brouillet 2002, p. 133.
  10. ^ Nesom 1994, p. 272.
  11. ^ a b c Nesom 1994, p. 274.
  12. ^ a b c Nesom 1994, p. 273.
  13. ^ Nesom 1994, p. 275.
  14. ^ a b Nesom 1994, p. 271.
  15. ^ Nesom 1994, p. 269.
  16. ^ Nesom 1994, p. 270.
  17. ^ a b c d e Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum chapmanii.
  18. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum chapmanii.
  19. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum chapmanii.
  20. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster chapmanii.
  21. ^ Torrey & Gray 1841, p. 161.
  22. ^ Semple 2014a.
  23. ^ NRCS 2014c.
  24. ^ NatureServe 2021, Eurybia chapmanii.
  25. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum glabrifolium.
  26. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum glabrifolium.
  27. ^ IPNI 2021, Erigeron glabrifolius.
  28. ^ a b c d e f Semple n.d.b.
  29. ^ a b c d Sancho & Ariza Espinar 2003, p. 10 as Aster glabrifolius.
  30. ^ a b POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum graminifolium.
  31. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum graminifolium.
  32. ^ IPNI 2021, Conyza graminifolia.
  33. ^ a b Sancho & Ariza Espinar 2003, pp. 9–10 as Aster cabrerae.
  34. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum martii.
  35. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum martii.
  36. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster martii.
  37. ^ a b c Martius 1882.
  38. ^ a b c Heiden 2020.
  39. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum patagonicum.
  40. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum patagonicum.
  41. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster patagonicus.
  42. ^ a b c d Sancho & Ariza Espinar 2003, pp. 10–11.
  43. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum peteroanum.
  44. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum peteroanum.
  45. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster peteroanus.
  46. ^ a b c d e f g Sancho & Ariza Espinar 2003, p. 11.
  47. ^ a b c d e Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum potosinum.
  48. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum potosinum.
  49. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum potosinum.
  50. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster potosinus.
  51. ^ Gray 1880.
  52. ^ a b c NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum potosinum.
  53. ^ Hassler 2021p.
  54. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum regnellii.
  55. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum regnellii.
  56. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster regnellii.
  57. ^ Sancho & Ariza Espinar 2003, p. 8 in Aster genus.
  58. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum subulatum.
  59. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum subulatum.
  60. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum subulatum.
  61. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster subulatus.
  62. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum subulatum vars. ligulatum, parviflorum, subulatum.
  63. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum subulatum vars. elongatum, squamatum.
  64. ^ a b Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum subulatum varieties.
  65. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum subulatum and varieties.
  66. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum subulatum.
  67. ^ Maiz-Tome 2016a.
  68. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum tenuifolium.
  69. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum tenuifolium.
  70. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum tenuifolium.
  71. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster tenuifolius.
  72. ^ a b c Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum tenuifolium varieties.
  73. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum tenuifolium and varieties.
  74. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum tenuifolium.
  75. ^ a b Hind & Strange 2019, p. 390.
  76. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum vahlii.
  77. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum vahlii.
  78. ^ IPNI 2021, Erigeron vahlii.
  79. ^ Nesom 1994, p. 210.
  80. ^ a b Hind & Strange 2019, pp. 387–390.
  81. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum ericoides.
  82. ^ a b c d e POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum ericoides.
  83. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum ericoides.
  84. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster ericoides.
  85. ^ Semple 2014b.
  86. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum ericoides var. ericoides.
  87. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum ericoides varieties.
  88. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum ericoides and varieties.
  89. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum ericoides.
  90. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum falcatum.
  91. ^ a b c d e POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum falcatum.
  92. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum falcatum.
  93. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster falcatus.
  94. ^ Semple 2014c.
  95. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum falcatum var. commutatum.
  96. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum falcatum varieties.
  97. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum falcatum and varieties.
  98. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum falcatum.
  99. ^ a b c d e Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum adnatum.
  100. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum adnatum.
  101. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum adnatum.
  102. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster adnatus.
  103. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum adnatum.
  104. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum walteri.
  105. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum walteri.
  106. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum walteri.
  107. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster walteri.
  108. ^ Small 1933, pp. 1382–1383.
  109. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum walteri.
  110. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum georgianum.
  111. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum georgianum.
  112. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum georgianum.
  113. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster georgianus.
  114. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum georgianum.
  115. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum patens.
  116. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum patens.
  117. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum patens.
  118. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster patens.
  119. ^ a b Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum patens varieties.
  120. ^ NRCS 2014a.
  121. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum patens and varieties.
  122. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum patens.
  123. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum phlogifolium.
  124. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum phlogifolium.
  125. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum phlogifolium.
  126. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster phlogifolius.
  127. ^ Jones 1983, p. 43.
  128. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum phlogifolium.
  129. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum bimater.
  130. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum bimater.
  131. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster bimater.
  132. ^ a b c d e Nesom 2018b, p. 1.
  133. ^ a b c Nesom 2018b, p. 6.
  134. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum chihuahuense.
  135. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum chihuahuense.
  136. ^ a b c d e Nesom 2018b, p. 5.
  137. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum hintonii.
  138. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum hintonii.
  139. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster hintonii.
  140. ^ a b c d e f g Nesom 2018b, p. 3.
  141. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum moranense.
  142. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum moranense.
  143. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster moranensis.
  144. ^ a b c d e f Nesom 2018b, p. 2.
  145. ^ a b Nesom 1994, p. 215.
  146. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum purpurascens.
  147. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum purpurascens.
  148. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster purpurascens.
  149. ^ Nesom 2018b, p. 4.
  150. ^ a b Nesom 2018b, pp. 4–5.
  151. ^ a b POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum trilineatum.
  152. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum trilineatum.
  153. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster trilineatus.
  154. ^ Morgan & Holland 2012, p. 825.
  155. ^ a b GBIF.org 2021b.
  156. ^ a b Nesom 1989.
  157. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum turneri.
  158. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum turneri.
  159. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster moranensis var. turneri.
  160. ^ Sundberg & Jones 1986, p. 177.
  161. ^ Sundberg & Jones 1986, p. 176.
  162. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum campestre.
  163. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum campestre.
  164. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum campestre.
  165. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster campestris.
  166. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum campestre.
  167. ^ a b Semple 2019b.
  168. ^ a b c Semple 2019a, p. 1.
  169. ^ Semple 2019a, p. 7.
  170. ^ a b Semple 2019a, pp. 1, 7, 9.
  171. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum estesii.
  172. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum fendleri.
  173. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum fendleri.
  174. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum fendleri.
  175. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster fendleri.
  176. ^ Kennedy 2021.
  177. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum fendleri.
  178. ^ a b c Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum fontinale.
  179. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum fontinale.
  180. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum fontinale.
  181. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster fontinalis.
  182. ^ a b Semple 2019c.
  183. ^ GBIF.org 2021d.
  184. ^ SERNEC 2021.
  185. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum fontinale.
  186. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum grandiflorum.
  187. ^ a b POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum grandiflorum.
  188. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum grandiflorum.
  189. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster grandiflorus.
  190. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum grandiflorum.
  191. ^ a b c d e f Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum novae-angliae.
  192. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum novae-angliae.
  193. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum novae-angliae.
  194. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster novae-angliae.
  195. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum novae-angliae.
  196. ^ a b c d e f Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum oblongifolium.
  197. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum oblongifolium.
  198. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum oblongifolium.
  199. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster oblongifolius.
  200. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum oblongifolium.
  201. ^ a b c Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum pygmaeum.
  202. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum pygmaeum.
  203. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum pygmaeum.
  204. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster pygmaeus.
  205. ^ a b Semple 2014d.
  206. ^ NatureServe 2021, Eurybia pygmaea.
  207. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum yukonense.
  208. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum yukonense.
  209. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum yukonense.
  210. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster yukonensis.
  211. ^ Semple 2014e.
  212. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum yukonense.
  213. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum concolor.
  214. ^ a b c d POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum concolor.
  215. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum concolor.
  216. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster concolor.
  217. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum concolor var. concolor.
  218. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum concolor var. devestitum.
  219. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum concolor varieties.
  220. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum concolor and varieties.
  221. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum concolor.
  222. ^ a b c d Leon Levy Native Plant Preserve n.d.
  223. ^ a b POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum lucayanum.
  224. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum lucayanum.
  225. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster lucayanus.
  226. ^ Freid 2019.
  227. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum plumosum.
  228. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum plumosum.
  229. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster plumosus.
  230. ^ a b c Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum plumosum.
  231. ^ a b c NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum plumosum.
  232. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum pratense.
  233. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum pratense.
  234. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum pratense.
  235. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster pratensis.
  236. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum pratense.
  237. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum sericeum.
  238. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum sericeum.
  239. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum sericeum.
  240. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster sericeus.
  241. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum sericeum.
  242. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum × amethystinum.
  243. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum × amethystinum.
  244. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum × amethystinum.
  245. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster amethystinus.
  246. ^ NRCS 2014b.
  247. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum × amethystinum.
  248. ^ a b POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum × batesii.
  249. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum × batesii.
  250. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster batesii.
  251. ^ NRCS 2014h.
  252. ^ JSTOR Global Plants n.d.
  253. ^ a b c d e Rydberg 1931, p. 102.
  254. ^ Ramirez et al. 2021.
  255. ^ a b POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum × columbianum.
  256. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum × columbianum.
  257. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster columbianus.
  258. ^ NRCS 2014n.
  259. ^ Piper 1913, p. 210.
  260. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum × columbianum.
  261. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum ascendens.
  262. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum ascendens.
  263. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum ascendens.
  264. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster ascendens.
  265. ^ Semple n.d.c.
  266. ^ Allen 2012, Symphyotrichum ascendens.
  267. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum ascendens.
  268. ^ a b Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum defoliatum.
  269. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum defoliatum.
  270. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum defoliatum.
  271. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster defoliatus.
  272. ^ Parish 1904.
  273. ^ Semple n.d.a.
  274. ^ a b c d Allen 2012, Symphyotrichum defoliatum.
  275. ^ a b CNPS 2021a.
  276. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum defoliatum.
  277. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum ciliatum.
  278. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum ciliatum.
  279. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum ciliatum.
  280. ^ IPNI 2021, Erigeron ciliatus.
  281. ^ a b c Semple n.d.d.
  282. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum ciliatum.
  283. ^ Maiz-Tome 2016b.
  284. ^ a b c d e f Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum frondosum.
  285. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum frondosum.
  286. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum frondosum.
  287. ^ IPNI 2021, Tripolium frondosum.
  288. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum frondosum.
  289. ^ a b c d e Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum laurentianum.
  290. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum laurentianum.
  291. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum laurentianum.
  292. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster laurentianus.
  293. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum laurentianum.
  294. ^ a b c d e f g Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum chilense.
  295. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum chilense.
  296. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum chilense.
  297. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster chilensis.
  298. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Semple n.d.e.
  299. ^ a b Allen 2012, Symphyotrichum chilense.
  300. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum chilense.
  301. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum eatonii.
  302. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum eatonii.
  303. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum eatonii.
  304. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster foliaceus var. eatonii.
  305. ^ a b c Gray 1884, p. 194.
  306. ^ IPNI 2021, Eaton, Daniel Cady (1834-1895).
  307. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum eatonii.
  308. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum foliaceum.
  309. ^ a b c d POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum foliaceum.
  310. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum foliaceum.
  311. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster foliaceus.
  312. ^ a b Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum foliaceum varieties.
  313. ^ a b c d e f Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum cusickii.
  314. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum foliaceum and varieties.
  315. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum foliaceum.
  316. ^ a b c Allen 2012, Symphyotrichum greatae.
  317. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum greatae.
  318. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum greatae.
  319. ^ a b IPNI 2021, Aster greatae.
  320. ^ a b c Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum greatae.
  321. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum greatae.
  322. ^ CNPS 2021b.
  323. ^ a b c d e f Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum hallii.
  324. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum hallii.
  325. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum hallii.
  326. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster hallii.
  327. ^ Gray 1884, p. 191.
  328. ^ IPNI 2021, Hall, Elihu (1822-1882).
  329. ^ Stafleu & Cowan 1979, p. 17.
  330. ^ NRCS 2014d.
  331. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum hallii.
  332. ^ a b c d e f Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum hendersonii.
  333. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum hendersonii.
  334. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum hendersonii.
  335. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster hendersonii.
  336. ^ Fernald 1895.
  337. ^ IPNI 2021, Henderson, Louis Forniquet (1853-1942).
  338. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum hendersonii.
  339. ^ a b c d e Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum jessicae.
  340. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum jessicae.
  341. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum jessicae.
  342. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster jessicae.
  343. ^ NRCS 2014o.
  344. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum jessicae.
  345. ^ a b c Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum lentum.
  346. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum lentum.
  347. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum lentum.
  348. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster lentus.
  349. ^ Greene 1894, p. 180.
  350. ^ a b c d CNPS 2021c.
  351. ^ a b Allen 2012, Symphyotrichum lentum.
  352. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum lentum.
  353. ^ a b c d e Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum molle.
  354. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum molle.
  355. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum molle.
  356. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster mollis.
  357. ^ Montana Natural Heritage Program n.d.
  358. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum molle.
  359. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum spathulatum.
  360. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum spathulatum.
  361. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum spathulatum.
  362. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster spathulatus.
  363. ^ a b c Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum spathulatum varieties.
  364. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum spathulatum and varieties.
  365. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum spathulatum.
  366. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum subspicatum.
  367. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum subspicatum.
  368. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum subspicatum.
  369. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster subspicatus.
  370. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum subspicatum.
  371. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum boreale.
  372. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum boreale.
  373. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster laxifolius var. borealis.
  374. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum boreale.
  375. ^ Maiz-Tome 2016c.
  376. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum bullatum.
  377. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum bullatum.
  378. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster bullatus.
  379. ^ a b Fernald 1900, as Aster jalapensis.
  380. ^ GBIF.org 2021a.
  381. ^ Klatt 1894.
  382. ^ a b POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum burgessii.
  383. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum burgessii.
  384. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster burgessii.
  385. ^ GBIF.org 2021f.
  386. ^ a b Britton 1914, pp. 14–15.
  387. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum dumosum.
  388. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum dumosum.
  389. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum dumosum.
  390. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster dumosus.
  391. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum dumosum.
  392. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum eulae.
  393. ^ a b POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum eulae.
  394. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum eulae.
  395. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster eulae.
  396. ^ TORCH 2021.
  397. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum eulae.
  398. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum lanceolatum.
  399. ^ a b c d POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum lanceolatum.
  400. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum lanceolatum.
  401. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster lanceolatus.
  402. ^ a b c Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum lanceolatum varieties.
  403. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum lanceolatum var. hesperium.
  404. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum lanceolatum and varieties.
  405. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum lanceolatum.
  406. ^ Maiz-Tome 2016d.
  407. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum lateriflorum.
  408. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum lateriflorum.
  409. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum lateriflorum.
  410. ^ IPNI 2021, Solidago lateriflora.
  411. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum lateriflorum.
  412. ^ a b POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum leonis.
  413. ^ a b IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum leonis.
  414. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster leonis.
  415. ^ a b Britton 1920, p. 114.
  416. ^ a b c d e f Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum nahanniense.
  417. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum nahanniense.
  418. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum nahanniense.
  419. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster nahanniensis.
  420. ^ Parks Canada 2021.
  421. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum nahanniense.
  422. ^ Lansdown 2017a.
  423. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum ontarionis.
  424. ^ a b c d POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum ontarionis.
  425. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum ontarionis.
  426. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster ontarionis.
  427. ^ Wiegand 1928, p. 179.
  428. ^ a b Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum ontarionis varieties.
  429. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum ontarionis and varieties.
  430. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum ontarionis.
  431. ^ a b c d e f Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum praealtum.
  432. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum praealtum.
  433. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum praealtum.
  434. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster praealtus.
  435. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum praealtum.
  436. ^ Smith 2016.
  437. ^ a b c d e f Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum racemosum.
  438. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum racemosum.
  439. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum racemosum.
  440. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster racemosus.
  441. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum racemosum.
  442. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum schaffneri.
  443. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum schaffneri.
  444. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster schaffneri.
  445. ^ Sundberg & Jones 1986, p. 173.
  446. ^ Sundberg & Jones 1986, pp. 175–176.
  447. ^ Sundberg & Jones 1986, p. 175.
  448. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum simmondsii.
  449. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum simmondsii.
  450. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum simmondsii.
  451. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster simmondsii.
  452. ^ a b Semple 2021e.
  453. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum simmondsii.
  454. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum tradescantii.
  455. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum tradescantii.
  456. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum tradescantii.
  457. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster tradescantii.
  458. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum tradescantii.
  459. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum welshii.
  460. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum welshii.
  461. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum welshii.
  462. ^ a b IPNI 2021, Aster welshii.
  463. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum welshii.
  464. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum laeve.
  465. ^ a b c d POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum laeve.
  466. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum laeve.
  467. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster laevis.
  468. ^ a b c d e f g h i Semple n.d.g.
  469. ^ a b c Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum laeve varieties.
  470. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum laeve var. geyeri.
  471. ^ Brouillet et al. 2020.
  472. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum laeve and varieties.
  473. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum laeve.
  474. ^ a b c d e Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum oolentangiense.
  475. ^ a b c d POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum oolentangiense.
  476. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum oolentangiense.
  477. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster oolentangiensis.
  478. ^ Riddell 1835, p. 55.
  479. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum oolentangiense.
  480. ^ a b c d e f Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum anomalum.
  481. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum anomalum.
  482. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum anomalum.
  483. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster anomalus.
  484. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum anomalum.
  485. ^ a b c d e Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum ciliolatum.
  486. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum ciliolatum.
  487. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum ciliolatum.
  488. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster ciliolatus.
  489. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum ciliolatum.
  490. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum cordifolium.
  491. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum cordifolium.
  492. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum cordifolium.
  493. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster cordifolius.
  494. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum cordifolium.
  495. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum drummondii.
  496. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum drummondii.
  497. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum drummondii.
  498. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster drummondii.
  499. ^ a b Wilhelm & Rericha 2017, p. 1098.
  500. ^ a b c Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum drummondii varieties.
  501. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum drummondii var. texanum.
  502. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum drummondii and varieties.
  503. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum drummondii.
  504. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum shortii.
  505. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum shortii.
  506. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum shortii.
  507. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster shortii.
  508. ^ Gross 1865, p. 22.
  509. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum shortii.
  510. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum undulatum.
  511. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum undulatum.
  512. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum undulatum.
  513. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster undulatus.
  514. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum undulatum.
  515. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum urophyllum.
  516. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum urophyllum.
  517. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum urophyllum.
  518. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster urophyllus.
  519. ^ Wilhelm & Rericha 2017, p. 1108.
  520. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum urophyllum.
  521. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum depauperatum.
  522. ^ a b POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum depauperatum.
  523. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum depauperatum.
  524. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster depauperatus.
  525. ^ a b Gustafson & Latham 2005, p. 1447.
  526. ^ a b c NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum depauperatum.
  527. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum parviceps.
  528. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum parviceps.
  529. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum parviceps.
  530. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster ericoides var. parviceps.
  531. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum parviceps.
  532. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum pilosum.
  533. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum pilosum.
  534. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum pilosum.
  535. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster pilosus.
  536. ^ a b c d e Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum pilosum varieties.
  537. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum pilosum and varieties.
  538. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum pilosum.
  539. ^ a b c d e Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum porteri.
  540. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum porteri.
  541. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum porteri.
  542. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster porteri.
  543. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster ericoides var. strictus, syn..
  544. ^ NRCS 2014e.
  545. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum porteri.
  546. ^ a b Britton 1901, p. 960.
  547. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum priceae.
  548. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum priceae.
  549. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum priceae.
  550. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster priceae.
  551. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum priceae.
  552. ^ a b c d e f Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum elliottii.
  553. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum elliottii.
  554. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum elliottii.
  555. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster elliottii.
  556. ^ Torrey & Gray 1841, p. 140.
  557. ^ a b c d e f g h Semple 2021d.
  558. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum elliotii.
  559. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum firmum.
  560. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum firmum.
  561. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum firmum.
  562. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster firmus.
  563. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum firmum.
  564. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum prenanthoides.
  565. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum prenanthoides.
  566. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum prenanthoides.
  567. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster prenanthoides.
  568. ^ Wilhelm & Rericha 2017, p. 1105.
  569. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum prenanthoides.
  570. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum puniceum.
  571. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum puniceum.
  572. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum puniceum.
  573. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster puniceus.
  574. ^ a b c Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum puniceum varieties.
  575. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum puniceum and varieties.
  576. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum puniceum.
  577. ^ Maiz-Tome 2016e.
  578. ^ a b NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum rhiannon.
  579. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum rhiannon.
  580. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum rhiannon.
  581. ^ a b Kauffman et al. 2004.
  582. ^ Semple n.d.h.
  583. ^ NRCS 2014f.
  584. ^ a b Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum rhiannon.
  585. ^ a b c d e f Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum anticostense.
  586. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum anticostense.
  587. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum anticostense.
  588. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster anticostensis.
  589. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum anticostense.
  590. ^ Lansdown 2017b.
  591. ^ a b POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum carnerosanum.
  592. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum carnerosanum.
  593. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster carnerosanus.
  594. ^ a b c Watson 1891.
  595. ^ Nesom 1994, p. 205.
  596. ^ a b GBIF.org 2021e.
  597. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum novi-belgii.
  598. ^ a b c d POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum novi-belgii.
  599. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum novi-belgii.
  600. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster novi-belgii.
  601. ^ Harrison 2012.
  602. ^ a b Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum novi-belgii varieties.
  603. ^ Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum novi-belgii and varieties.
  604. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum novi-belgii.
  605. ^ a b c d e Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum retroflexum.
  606. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum retroflexum.
  607. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum retroflexum.
  608. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster retroflexus.
  609. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum retroflexum.
  610. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum robynsianum.
  611. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum robynsianum.
  612. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum robynsianum.
  613. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster robynsianus.
  614. ^ Brouillet & Labrecque 1997.
  615. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum robynsianum.
  616. ^ a b c d e f Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum turbinellum.
  617. ^ POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum turbinellum.
  618. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum turbinellum.
  619. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster turbinellus.
  620. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum turbinellum.
  621. ^ a b POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum × finkii.
  622. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum × finkii.
  623. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster finkii.
  624. ^ a b c d e NRCS 2014g.
  625. ^ IPNI 2021, "Fink, Bruce (1861-1927)".
  626. ^ a b Shinners 1941, p. 407.
  627. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum × finkii.
  628. ^ a b c d Britton 1901, pp. 961–962.
  629. ^ a b POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum × gravesii.
  630. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum × gravesii.
  631. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster gravesii.
  632. ^ NRCS 2014i.
  633. ^ Stafleu & Cowan 1979, p. 982.
  634. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum × gravesii.
  635. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum × longulum.
  636. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum × longulum.
  637. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster longulus.
  638. ^ NRCS 2014j.
  639. ^ a b Sheldon 1894.
  640. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum × longulum.
  641. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum × salignum.
  642. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum × salignum.
  643. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster salignus.
  644. ^ Verloove 2014a.
  645. ^ Willdenow 1803, p. 2040.
  646. ^ a b POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum × schistosum.
  647. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum × schistosum.
  648. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster schistosus.
  649. ^ NRCS 2014k.
  650. ^ Steele 1911, p. 374.
  651. ^ a b Steele 1911, p. 373.
  652. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum × schistosum.
  653. ^ a b POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum × subgeminatum.
  654. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum × subgeminatum.
  655. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster foliaceus var. subgeminatus.
  656. ^ Maunder 2009, p. 18.
  657. ^ a b Fernald 1915, p. 16.
  658. ^ Maunder 2009, p. 29.
  659. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum × subgeminatum.
  660. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum × tardiflorum.
  661. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum × tardiflorum.
  662. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster tardiflorus.
  663. ^ NRCS 2014l.
  664. ^ a b c POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum × versicolor.
  665. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum × versicolor.
  666. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster versicolor.
  667. ^ Verloove 2014b.
  668. ^ Willdenow 1803, p. 2045.
  669. ^ a b POWO 2021, Symphyotrichum × woldenii.
  670. ^ IPNI 2021, Symphyotrichum × woldenii.
  671. ^ IPNI 2021, Aster woldenii.
  672. ^ NRCS 2014m.
  673. ^ a b Rydberg 1931, p. 103.
  674. ^ NatureServe 2021, Symphyotrichum × woldenii.

Alphabetical index  • Contents

References[edit]

Alphabetical index  • Contents

External links[edit]

Wikispecies list of Symphyotrichum species


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