Jump to content

Yuri Gagarin

Edit links
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Alonso de Mendoza (talk | contribs) at 08:57, 17 May 2020 (→Medals and orders of merit). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

"Gagarin" redirects here. For other uses, see Gagarin (disambiguation). For the band, see Yuri Gagarin (band).

Template:Eastern Slavic name

Yuri Gagarin
Юрий Алексеевич Гагарин
Gagarin in Helsinki, 1961
Born
Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin

(1934-03-09)9 March 1934
Klushino, Smolensk Oblast, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Died27 March 1968(1968-03-27) (aged 34)
Novosyolovo, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Resting placeKremlin Wall Necropolis
NationalityRussian
CitizenshipSoviet
Occupation(s)Pilot, cosmonaut
Height157 cm (5 ft 2 in)
Awards
Space career
Soviet cosmonaut
Rank Colonel (Polkovnik), Soviet Air Forces
Time in space
1 hour, 48 minutes
SelectionSoviet Air Force Group 1
MissionsVostok 1
Signature

Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin [a] (9 March 1934 – 27 March 1968) was a Soviet Air Forces pilot and cosmonaut who became the first human to journey into outer space, achieving a major milestone in the Space Race; his capsule, Vostok 1, completed one orbit of Earth on 12 April 1961. Gagarin became an international celebrity and was awarded many medals and titles, including Hero of the Soviet Union, his nation's highest honour.

Born in the village of Klushino near Gzhatsk (a town later renamed after him), in his youth Gagarin was a foundryman at a steel plant in Lyubertsy. He later joined the Soviet Air Forces as a pilot and was stationed at the Luostari Air Base, near the Norwegian border, before his selection for the Soviet space programme with five other cosmonauts. Following his spaceflight, Gagarin became deputy training director of the Cosmonaut Training Centre, which was later named after him. He was also elected as a deputy of the Soviet of the Union in 1962 and then to the Soviet of Nationalities, respectively the lower and upper chambers of the Supreme Soviet.

Vostok 1 was Gagarin's only spaceflight but he served as the backup crew to the Soyuz 1 mission, which ended in a fatal crash, killing his friend and fellow cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov. Fearing for his life, Soviet officials permanently banned Gagarin from further spaceflights. After completing training at the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy on 17 February 1968, he was allowed to fly regular aircraft. Gagarin died five weeks later when the MiG-15 training jet he was piloting with his flight instructor Vladimir Seryogin crashed near the town of Kirzhach.

Early life

Yuri Gagarin was born 9 March 1934 in the village of Klushino,[1] near Gzhatsk (renamed Gagarin in 1968 after his death).[2] His parents worked on a collective farm[3]—Alexey Ivanovich Gagarin as a carpenter and Anna Timofeyevna Gagarina as a dairy farmer.[4][b] Yuri was the third of four children. His older brother Valentin was born in 1924 and by the time Yuri was born was already helping with the cattle on the farm. His sister Zoya, born in 1927, helped take care of "Yura" and their youngest brother Boris, born in 1936.[6][7]

Like millions of Soviet Union citizens, the Gagarin family suffered during the Nazi occupation of Soviet Union during World War II. Klushino was occupied in November 1941 during the German advance on Moscow and a German officer took over the Gagarin residence. On the land behind their house, the family were allowed to build a mud hut measuring approximately 3 by 3 metres (10 by 10 ft), where they spent twenty-one months until the end of the occupation.[8] His two older siblings were deported by the Germans to Poland for slave labour in 1943 and did not return until after the war in 1945.[9][10] In 1946, the family moved to Gzhatsk, where Gagarin continued his secondary education.[8]

In 1950, aged 16, Gagarin began an apprenticeship as a foundryman at a steel plant in Lyubertsy, near Moscow,[9][10] and enrolled at a local "young workers" school for seventh-grade evening classes.[11] After graduating in 1951 from both the seventh grade and the vocational school with honours in mouldmaking and foundry work,[11] he was selected for further training at the Saratov Industrial Technical School, where he studied tractors.[9][10][12] While in Saratov, Gagarin volunteered at a local flying club for weekend training as a Soviet air cadet, where he trained to fly a biplane, and later a Yak-18.[10][12] He earned extra money as a part-time dock labourer on the Volga River.[8]

Soviet Air Force service

In 1955, Gagarin was accepted to the First Chkalovsky Higher Air Force Pilots School, a flight school in Orenburg.[13][14] He initially began training on the Yak-18 already familiar to him and later graduated to training on the MiG-15 in February 1956.[13] Gagarin twice struggled to land the two-seater trainer aircraft, and risked dismissal from pilot training. However, the commander of the regiment decided to give him another chance at landing. Gagarin's flight instructor gave him a cushion to sit on, which improved his view from the cockpit, and he landed successfully. Having completed his evaluation in a trainer aircraft,[15] Gagarin began flying solo in 1957.[9]

On 5 November 1957, Gagarin was commissioned a lieutenant in the Soviet Air Forces having accumulated 166 hours and 47 minutes of flight time. He graduated from flight school the next day and was posted to the Luostari Air Base close to the Norwegian border in Murmansk Oblast for a two-year assignment with the Northern Fleet.[16] On 7 July 1959, he was rated Military Pilot 3rd Class.[17] After expressing interest in space exploration following the launch of Luna 3 on 6 October 1959, his recommendation to the Soviet space programme was endorsed and forward by Lieutenant Colonel Babushkin.[16][18] By this point, he had accumulated 265 hours of flight time.[16] Gagarin was promoted to the rank of senior lieutenant on 6 November 1959,[17] three weeks after he was interviewed by a medical commission for qualification to the space programme.[16]

Soviet space programme

Selection and training

See also: Vostok programme
Gagarin's Vostok 3KA capsule and an effigy of him on display at the RKK Energiya museum in 2010

Gagarin's selection for the Vostok programme was overseen by the Central Flight Medical Commission led by Major General Konstantin Fyodorovich Borodin of the Soviet Army Medical Service. He underwent physical and psychological testing conducted at Central Aviation Scientific-Research Hospital, in Moscow, commanded by Colonel A.S. Usanov, a member of the commission. The commission also included Colonel Yevgeniy Anatoliyevich Karpov, who later commanded the training centre, Colonel Vladimir Ivanovich Yazdovskiy, the head physician for Gagarin's flight, and Major-General Aleksandr Nikolayevich Babiychuk, a physician flag officer on the Soviet Air Force General Staff to the Commander in Chief of the Air Force.[19] The commission limited their selection to pilots between 25 and 30 years old. The chief engineer of the programme Sergei Korolev also specified that candidates, to fit in the limited space in the Vostok capsule, should weigh less than 72 kg (159 lb) and be no taller than 1.70 metres (5 ft 7 in) in height;[20][21] Gagarin was 1.57 metres (5 ft 2 in) tall.[22]

From a pool of 154 qualified pilots short-listed by their Air Force units, the military physicians chose 29 cosmonaut candidates, of which 20 were approved by the Credential Committee of the Soviet government. The first twelve including Gagarin were approved on 7 March 1960 and eight more were added in a series of subsequent orders issued until June.[19][c] Gagarin began training at the Khodynka Airfield in downtown Moscow on 15 March 1960. The training regimen involved vigorous and repetitive physical exercises which Alexei Leonov, a member of the initial group of twelve, described as akin to training for the Olympic Games.[23] In April 1960, they began parachute training in Saratov Oblast and each completed about 40 to 50 jumps from both low and high altitude, over both land and water.[24]

Gagarin was a candidate favoured by his peers. When they were asked to vote anonymously for a candidate besides themselves they would like to be the first to fly, all but three chose Gagarin.[25] One of these candidates, Yevgeny Khrunov, believed that Gagarin was very focused and was demanding of himself and others when necessary.[26] On 30 May 1960, Gagarin was further selected for an accelerated training group, known as the Vanguard Six or Sochi Six,[27][d] from which the first cosmonauts of the Vostok programme would be chosen. The other members of the group were Anatoliy Kartashov, Andriyan Nikolayev, Pavel Popovich, German Titov, and Valentin Varlamov. However, Kartashov and Varlamov were injured and replaced by Khrunov and Grigoriy Nelyubov.[29]

As several of the candidates selected for the programme including Gagarin did not have higher education degrees, they were enrolled into a correspondence course programme at the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy. Gagarin enrolled in the programme in September 1960 and did not earn his specialist diploma until early 1968.[30][31] Gagarin was also subjected to experiments that were designed to test physical and psychological endurance including oxygen starvation tests in which the cosmonauts were locked in an isolation chamber and the air slowly pumped out. He also trained for the upcoming flight by experiencing g-forces in a centrifuge.[29][32] Psychological tests included placing the candidates in an anechoic chamber in complete isolation; Gagarin was in the chamber on 26 July – 5 August.[33][24] In August 1960, a Soviet Air Force doctor evaluated his personality as follows:

Modest; embarrasses when his humor gets a little too racy; high degree of intellectual development evident in Yuriy; fantastic memory; distinguishes himself from his colleagues by his sharp and far-ranging sense of attention to his surroundings; a well-developed imagination; quick reactions; persevering, prepares himself painstakingly for his activities and training exercises, handles celestial mechanics and mathematical formulae with ease as well as excels in higher mathematics; does not feel constrained when he has to defend his point of view if he considers himself right; appears that he understands life better than a lot of his friends.[25]

The Vanguard Six were given the title of pilot-cosmonaut in January 1961[29] and entered a two-day examination conducted by a special interdepartmental commission led Lieutenant-General Nikolai Kamanin, the overseer of the Vostok programme. The commission was tasked with ranking the candidates based on their mission readiness for the first human Vostok mission. On 17 January, they were tested in a simulator at the M. M. Gromov Flight-Research Institute on a full-size mockup of the Vostok capsule. Gagarin, Nikolayev, Popovich, and Titov all received excellent marks on the first day of testing in which they were required to describe the various phases of the mission followed by questions from commission.[26] On the second day, they were given a written examination following which the special commission ranked Gagarin as the best candidate for the first mission. He and the next two highest-ranked cosmonauts, Titov and Nelyubov, were sent to Tyuratam for final preparations.[26] Gagarin and Titov were selected to train in the flight-ready spacecraft on 7 April. Historian Asif Siddiqi writes of the final selection:[34]

In the end, at the State Commission meeting on April 8, Kamanin stood up and formally nominated Gagarin as the primary pilot and Titov as his backup. Without much discussion, the commission approved the proposal and moved on to other last-minute logistical issues. It was assumed that in the event Gagarin developed health problems prior to liftoff, Titov would take his place, with Nelyubov acting as his backup.

Vostok 1

Main article: Vostok 1
Poyekhali!
Gagarin's voice
Problems playing this file? See media help.

On 12 April 1961, at 6:07 am UTC, the Vostok 3KA-3 (Vostok 1) spacecraft was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome. Aboard was Gagarin, the first human to travel into space, using the call sign Kedr (Russian: Кедр, Siberian pine or cedar).[35] The radio communication between the launch control room and Gagarin included the following dialogue at the moment of rocket launch:

Korolev: Preliminary stage ... intermediate... main... LIFT-OFF! We wish you a good flight. Everything's all right. Gagarin: Off we go! Goodbye, until [we meet] soon, dear friends.[36][37]

Gagarin's farewell to Korolev using the informal phrase Poyekhali! (Поехали!)[e] later became a popular expression in the Eastern Bloc that was used to refer to the beginning of the Space Age.[40][41] The five first-stage engines fired until the first separation event, when the four side-boosters fell away, leaving the core engine. The core stage then separated while the rocket was in a suborbital trajectory, and the upper stage carried it to orbit. Once the upper stage finished firing, it separated from the spacecraft, which orbited for 108 minutes before returning to Earth in Kazakhstan.[42] Gagarin became the first human to orbit the Earth.[43]

An April 1961 newsreel of Gagarin arriving in Moscow to be greeted by First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev

"The feeling of weightlessness was somewhat unfamiliar compared with Earth conditions. Here, you feel as if you were hanging in a horizontal position in straps. You feel as if you are suspended", Gagarin wrote in his post-flight report.[44] He also wrote in his autobiography released the same year that he sang the tune "The Motherland Hears, The Motherland Knows" ("Родина слышит, Родина знает") during re-entry.[45] Gagarin was recognised as a qualified Military Pilot 1st Class and promoted to the rank of major in a special order given during his flight.[17][45]

At about 7,000 metres (23,000 ft), Gagarin ejected from the descending capsule as planned and landed using a parachute.[46] There were concerns Gagarin's spaceflight record would not be certified by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), the world governing body for setting standards and keeping records in the field, which at the time required that the pilot land with the craft.[47] Gagarin and Soviet officials initially refused to admit that he had not landed with his spacecraft,[48] an omission which became apparent after Titov's subsequent flight on Vostok 2 four months later. Gagarin's spaceflight records were nonetheless certified and again reaffirmed by the FAI, which revised its rules, and acknowledged that the crucial steps of the safe launch, orbit, and return of the pilot had been accomplished. Gagarin continues to be internationally recognised as the first human in space and first to orbit the Earth.[49]

After the Vostok 1 flight

Gagarin in Warsaw, 1961

Gagarin's flight was a triumph for the Soviet space programme and he became a national hero of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc, as well as a worldwide celebrity. Newspapers around the globe published his biography and details of his flight. He was escorted in a long motorcade of high-ranking officials through the streets of Moscow to the Kremlin where, in a lavish ceremony, Nikita Khrushchev awarded him the title Hero of the Soviet Union. Other cities in the Soviet Union also held mass demonstrations, the scale of which were second only to the World War II Victory Parades.[50]

Gagarin and Valentina Tereshkova (seated to his right) signing autographs at a youth forum in 1964

Gagarin gained a reputation as an adept public figure and was noted for his charismatic smile.[51][52][53] On 15 April 1961, accompanied by officials from the Soviet Academy of Sciences, he answered questions at a press conference in Moscow reportedly attended by 1,000 reporters.[54] Gagarin visited the United Kingdom three months after the Vostok 1 mission, going to London and Manchester.[51][55] While in Manchester, despite heavy rain, he refused an umbrella, insisted that the roof of the convertible car he was riding in remain open, and stood so the cheering crowds could see him.[51][56] Gagarin toured widely abroad, accepting the invitation of about 30 countries in the years following his flight.[57] In just the first four months, he also went to Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Hungary, and Iceland.[58] Because of his popularity, US president John F. Kennedy barred Gagarin from visiting the United States.[39]

In 1962, Gagarin began serving as a deputy to the Soviet of the Union,[59] and was elected to the Central Committee of the Young Communist League. He later returned to Star City, the cosmonaut facility, where he spent several years working on designs for a reusable spacecraft. He became a lieutenant colonel of the Soviet Air Forces on 12 June 1962, and received the rank of colonel on 6 November 1963.[17] On 20 December, Gagarin became Deputy Training Director of the cosmonaut training facility.[60] Soviet officials, including Kamanin, tried to keep Gagarin away from any flights, being worried about losing their hero in an accident noting that he was "too dear to mankind to risk his life for the sake of an ordinary space flight".[61] Kamanin was also concerned by Gagarin's drinking and believed the sudden rise to fame had taken its toll on the cosmonaut. While acquaintances say Gagarin had been a "sensible drinker", his touring schedule placed him in social situations in which he was increasingly expected to drink alcohol.[9][12]

Gagarin with U.S. Vice President Hubert Humphrey, French Prime Minister Georges Pompidou and the Gemini 4 astronauts at the 1965 Paris Air Show

Two years later, he was re-elected as a deputy of the Soviet Union but this time to the Soviet of Nationalities, the upper chamber of legislature.[59] The following year, he began to re-qualify as a fighter pilot[62] and was backup pilot for his friend Vladimir Komarov on the Soyuz 1 flight after five years without piloting duty. Kamanin had opposed Gagarin's reassignment to cosmonaut training; he had gained weight and his flying skills had deteriorated. Despite this, he remained a strong contender for Soyuz 1 until he was replaced by Komarov in April 1966 and reassigned to Soyuz 3.[63]

The Soyuz 1 launch was rushed due to implicit political pressures[64] and despite Gagarin's protests that additional safety precautions were necessary.[65] Gagarin accompanied Komarov to the rocket before launch and relayed instructions to Komarov from ground control following multiple system failures aboard the spacecraft.[66] Despite their best efforts, Soyuz 1 crash landed after its parachutes failed to open, killing Komarov instantly.[67] After the Soyuz 1 crash, Gagarin was permanently banned from training for and participating in further spaceflights.[68] He was also grounded from flying aircraft solo, a demotion he worked hard to lift. He was temporarily relieved of duties to focus on academics with the promise that he would be able to resume flight training.[69] On 17 February 1968, Gagarin successfully defended his aerospace engineering thesis on the subject of spaceplane aerodynamic configuration and graduated cum laude from the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy.[31][69][70]

Personal life

Gagarin and Göran Sedvall at the 1964 Swedish bandy final
Gagarin and his wife Valentina clapping at a concert in Moscow in 1964.
Gagarin and his wife Valentina at a concert in Moscow in 1964.

Gagarin was a keen sportsman and played ice hockey as a goal keeper.[71] He was also a basketball fan and coached the Saratov Industrial Technical School team, as well as being a referee.[72]

In 1957, while a cadet in flight school, Gagarin met Valentina Goryacheva at the May Day celebrations at the Red Square in Moscow.[73] She was a medical technician who had graduated from Orenburg Medical School.[10][12][74] They were married on 7 November of the same year,[10] the same day Gagarin graduated from his flight school, and they had two daughters.[75][76] Yelena Yurievna Gagarina, born 1959,[76] is an art historian who has worked as the director-general of the Moscow Kremlin Museums since 2001;[77][78] and Galina Yurievna Gagarina, born 1961,[76] is a professor of economics and the department chair at Plekhanov Russian University of Economics in Moscow.[77][79] Following his rise to fame, at a Black Sea resort in September 1961, he was reportedly caught by his wife during a liaison with a nurse who had aided him after a boating incident. He attempted to escape through a window and jumped off a second floor balcony. The resulting injury left a permanent scar above his left eyebrow.[9][12]

Some sources have said that Gagarin commented during his flight, "I don't see any God up here," though no such words appear in the verbatim record of his conversations with Earth stations during the spaceflight.[80] In a 2006 interview, Gagarin's friend Colonel Valentin Petrov stated that Gagarin never said these words and that the quote originated from Nikita Khrushchev's speech at the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU about the state's anti-religion campaign, saying "Gagarin flew into space, but didn't see any god there".[81] Petrov also said Gagarin had been baptised into the Orthodox Church as a child, and a 2011 Foma magazine article quoted the rector of the Orthodox Church in Star City saying, "Gagarin baptized his elder daughter Yelena shortly before his space flight; and his family used to celebrate Christmas and Easter and keep icons in the house".[82]

Death

Plaque on a brick wall with inscription: Юрий Алексеевич Гагарин, 1934-03-09–1968-03-27
Plaque indicating Gagarin's interment in the Kremlin Wall

On 27 March 1968, while on a routine training flight from Chkalovsky Air Base, Gagarin and flight instructor Vladimir Seryogin died when their MiG-15UTI crashed near the town of Kirzhach. The bodies of Gagarin and Seryogin were cremated and their ashes interred in the walls of the Kremlin.[83] Wrapped in secrecy, the cause of the crash that killed Gagarin is uncertain and became the subject of several theories.[84][85] At least three investigations into the crash were conducted separately by the Air Force, official government commissions, and the KGB.[86][87] According to a biography of Gagarin by Jamie Doran and Piers Bizony, Starman: The Truth Behind the Legend of Yuri Gagarin, the KGB worked "not just alongside the Air Force and the official commission members but against them."[86]

The KGB's report, declassified in March 2003, dismissed various conspiracy theories and instead indicated the actions of airbase personnel contributed to the crash. The report states that an air-traffic controller provided Gagarin with outdated weather information and that by the time of his flight, conditions had deteriorated significantly. Ground crew also left external fuel tanks attached to the aircraft. Gagarin's planned flight activities needed clear weather and no outboard tanks. The investigation concluded Gagarin's aircraft entered a spin, either due to a bird strike or because of a sudden move to avoid another aircraft. Because of the out-of-date weather report, the crew believed their altitude was higher than it was and could not react properly to bring the MiG-15 out of its spin.[87] Another theory, advanced in 2005 by the original crash investigator, hypothesizes that a cabin air vent was accidentally left open by the crew or the previous pilot, leading to oxygen deprivation and leaving the crew incapable of controlling the aircraft.[84] A similar theory, published in Air & Space magazine, is that the crew detected the open vent and followed procedure by executing a rapid dive to a lower altitude. This dive caused them to lose consciousness and crash.[85]

On 12 April 2007, the Kremlin vetoed a new investigation into the death of Gagarin. Government officials said they saw no reason to begin a new investigation.[88] In April 2011, documents from a 1968 commission set up by the Central Committee of the Communist Party to investigate the accident were declassified. The documents revealed that the commission's original conclusion was that Gagarin or Seryogin had manoeuvred sharply, either to avoid a weather balloon or to avoid "entry into the upper limit of the first layer of cloud cover", leading the jet into a "super-critical flight regime and to its stalling in complex meteorological conditions".[89]

A MiG-15UTI, the same type as Gagarin was flying when he was killed

Alexei Leonov, who was also a member of a state commission established to investigate Gagarin's death, was conducting parachute training sessions that day and heard "two loud booms in the distance". He believes that a Sukhoi Su-15 was flying below its minimum altitude and, "without realizing it because of the terrible weather conditions, he passed within 10 or 20 meters of Yuri and Seregin's plane while breaking the sound barrier". The resulting turbulence would have sent the MiG-15UTI into an uncontrolled spin. Leonov said the first boom he heard was that of the jet breaking the sound barrier and the second was Gagarin's plane crashing.[90] In a June 2013 interview with Russian television network RT, Leonov said a report on the incident confirmed the presence of a second aircraft, an "unauthorized" Su-15, flying in the area. However, as a condition of being allowed to discuss the declassified report, Leonov was barred from disclosing the name of the Su-15 pilot who was 80 years old and in poor health as of 2013.[91]

Awards and honours

Medals and orders of merit

Yuri Gagarin with awards.

On 14 April 1961, Gagarin was honoured with a 12-mile (19 km) parade attended by millions of people that concluded at the Red Square. After a short speech, he was bestowed the Hero of the Soviet Union,[92][93] Order of Lenin,[92] Merited Master of Sports of the Soviet Union[94] and the first Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR.[93] On 15 April, the Soviet Academy of Sciences awarded him with the Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Gold Medal, named after the Russian pioneer of space aeronautics.[95] Gagarin had also been awarded four Soviet commemorative medals over the course of his career.[17]

He was honoured as a Hero of Socialist Labor (Czechoslovakia) on 29 April 1961,[96][97] and Hero of Socialist Labor (Bulgaria, including the Order of Georgi Dimitrov) the same year.[17] On the eighth anniversary of the beginning of the Cuban Revolution (26 July), President Osvaldo Dorticos of Cuba presented him with the first Commander of the Order of Playa Girón, a newly created medal.[98]

Gagarin was also awarded the 1960 Gold Air Medal and the 1961 De la Vaulx Medal from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale in Switzerland.[99] He received numerous awards from other nations that year, including the Star of the Republic of Indonesia (2nd Class), the Order of the Cross of Grunwald (1st Degree) in Poland, the Order of the Flag of the Republic of Hungary, the Hero of Labor award from Democratic Republic of Vietnam,[17] the Italian Columbus Day Medal,[100] and a Gold Medal from the British Interplanetary Society.[101][102] President Jânio Quadros of Brazil decorated Gagarin on 2 August 1961 with the Order of Aeronautical Merit, Commander grade.[103] During a tour of Egypt in late January 1962, Gagarin received the Order of the Nile[104] and the golden keys to the gates of Cairo.[57] On 22 October 1963, Gagarin and Valentina Tereshkova were honoured with the Order of Karl Marx from the German Democratic Republic.[105]

Tributes

The date of Gagarin's space flight, 12 April, has been commemorated. Since 1962, it has been celebrated in the USSR and most of its former territories as Cosmonautics Day.[106] Since 2000, Yuri's Night, an international celebration, is held annually to commemorate milestones in space exploration.[107] In 2011, it was declared the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations.[108]

Yuri Gagarin statue at the Royal Greenwich Observatory in London

A number of buildings and locations have been named for Gagarin. The Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City was named on 30 April 1968.[109] The launch pad at Baikonur Cosmodrome from which Sputnik 1 and Vostok 1 were launched is now known as Gagarin's Start. Gagarin Raion in Sevastopol, Ukraine, was named after him during the period of the Soviet Union. The Russian Air Force Academy was renamed the Gagarin Air Force Academy in 1968.[110] A street in Warsaw, Poland, is called Yuri Gagarin Street.[111] The town of Gagarin, Armenia was renamed in his honour in 1961.[112]

In 1961 the Olympic sports training center in Chernihiv in Ukraine, was named Stadion Yuri Gagarin and the 25 May 1964, Gagarin in person attended the stadium.

Gagarin has been honoured on the Moon by astronauts and astronomers. During the American space programme's Apollo 11 mission in 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left a memorial satchel containing medals commemorating Gagarin and Komarov on the Moon's surface.[113][114] In 1971, Apollo 15 astronauts David Scott and James Irwin left the small Fallen Astronaut sculpture at their landing site as a memorial to the American astronauts and Soviet cosmonauts who died in the Space Race; the names on its plaque included Yuri Gagarin and 14 others.[115][116] In 1970, a 262 km (163-mile) wide crater on the far side was named after him.[117] Gagarin was inducted as a member of the 1976 inaugural class of the International Space Hall of Fame in New Mexico.[118]

Gagarin is memorialised in music; a cycle of Soviet patriotic songs titled The Constellation Gagarin (Созвездье Гагарина, Sozvezdie Gagarina) was written by Aleksandra Pakhmutova and Nikolai Dobronravov in 1970–1971.[119] The most famous of these songs refers to Gagarin's poyekhali!: in the lyrics, "He said 'let's go!' He waved his hand".[40][119] He was the inspiration for the pieces "Hey Gagarin" by Jean-Michel Jarre on Métamorphoses, "Gagarin" by Public Service Broadcasting, and "Gagarin, I loved you" by Undervud.[120]

Russian ten-ruble commemorating Gagarin in 2001

Vessels have been named for Gagarin; Soviet tracking ship Kosmonavt Yuri Gagarin was built in 1971[121] and the Armenian airline Armavia named their first Sukhoi Superjet 100 in his honour in 2011.[122]

Two commemorative coins were issued in the Soviet Union to honour the 20th and 30th anniversaries of his flight: a one-ruble coin in copper-nickel (1981) and a three-ruble coin in silver (1991). In 2001, to commemorate the 40th anniversary of Gagarin's flight, a series of four coins bearing his likeness was issued in Russia; it consisted of a two-ruble coin in copper-nickel, a three-ruble coin in silver, a ten-ruble coin in brass-copper and nickel, and a 100-ruble coin in silver.[123] In 2011, Russia issued a 1,000-ruble coin in gold and a three-ruble coin in silver to mark the 50th anniversary of his flight.[124]

In 2008, the Kontinental Hockey League named their championship trophy the Gagarin Cup.[125] In a 2010 Space Foundation survey, Gagarin was ranked as the sixth-most-popular space hero, tied with the fictional character James T. Kirk from Star Trek.[126] A Russian docudrama titled Gagarin: First in Space was released in 2013. Previous attempts at portraying Gagarin were disallowed; his family took legal action over his portrayal in a fictional drama and vetoed a musical.[127]

Statues, monuments and murals

Bust of Gagarin at Birla Planetarium in Kolkata, India

There are statues of Gagarin and monuments to him located in the town named after him as well as in Orenburg, Cheboksary, Irkutsk, Izhevsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, and Yoshkar-Ola in Russia, as well as in Nicosia, Cyprus, Druzhkivka, Ukraine, Karaganda, Kazakhstan, and Tiraspol, Moldova. On 4 June 1980, Monument to Yuri Gagarin in Gagarin Square, Leninsky Avenue, Moscow, was opened.[128] The monument is mounted to a 38 m (125 ft) tall pedestal and is constructed of titanium. Beside the column is a replica of the descent module used during his spaceflight.[129]

In 2011, a statue of Gagarin was unveiled at Admiralty Arch in The Mall in London, opposite the permanent sculpture of James Cook. It is a copy of the statue outside Gagarin's former school in Lyubertsy.[130] In 2013, the statue was moved to a permanent location outside the Royal Observatory, Greenwich.[131]

In 2012, a statue was unveiled at the site of NASA's original spaceflight headquarters on South Wayside Drive in Houston. The sculpture was completed in 2011 by Leonov, who is also an artist, and was a gift to Houston commissioned by various Russian organisations. Houston Mayor Annise Parker, NASA Administrator Charles Bolden, and Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak were present for the dedication.[132][133] The Russian Federation presented a bust of Gagarin to several cities in India including one that was unveiled at the Birla Planetarium in Kolkata in February 2012.[134]

In April 2018, a bust of Gagarin erected on the street in Belgrade, Serbia, that bears his name was removed, after less than week. A new work was commissioned following the outcry over the disproportionately small size of its head which locals said was an "insult" to Gagarin.[135][136] Belgrade City Manager Goran Vesic stated that neither the city, the Serbian Ministry of Culture, nor the foundation that financed it had prior knowledge of the design.[137]

In August 2019, the Italian artist Jorit painted Gagarin's face on the facade of a twenty-story building in the district of Odintsovo, Russia.[138][139] The mural is the largest portrait of Gagarin in the world.[140]

50th anniversary

50th anniversary stamp of Ukraine

The 50th anniversary of Gagarin's journey into space was marked in 2011 by tributes around the world. A film titled First Orbit was shot from the International Space Station, combining sound recordings from the original flight with footage of the route taken by Gagarin.[141] The Russian, American, and Italian crew of Expedition 27 aboard the ISS sent a special video message to wish the people of the world a "Happy Yuri's Night", wearing shirts with an image of Gagarin.[142]

The Central Bank of the Russian Federation released gold and silver coins to commemorate the anniversary.[124] The Soyuz TMA-21 spacecraft was named Gagarin with the launch in April 2011 to coincide with the 50th anniversary of his mission.[143][144]

Notes

  1. ^ Russian: Юрий Алексеевич Гагарин, IPA: [ˈjʉrʲɪj ɐlʲɪˈksʲejɪvʲɪtɕ ɡɐˈɡarʲɪn]; Gagarin's first name is sometimes transliterated as Yuriy, Youri, or Yury.
  2. ^ Alexey and Anna's names are sometimes transliterated as Aleksei Ivanovich and Anna Timofeevna, respectively.[5]
  3. ^ The first twelve announced on 7 March 1960 were Lieutenant Alexei Leonov, Senior Lieutenants Ivan Anikeyev, Valery Bykovsky, Yuri Gagarin, Viktor Gorbatko, Grigori Nelyubov, Andriyan Nikolayev, German Titov, Boris Volynov, and Georgy Shonin, Captain Pavel Popovich and Engineer Captain Vladimir Komarov. On 9 March 1960, Senior Lieutenant Yevgeny Khrunov was added. Senior Lieutenants Dmitri Zaikin and Valentin Filatyev joined the group on 25 March. They were followed by Major Pavel Belyayev and Senior Lieutenants Valentin Bondarenko, Valentin Varlamov and Mars Rafikov who joined on 28 April 1960. Captain Anatoly Kartashov was the last to join in June 1960.[19]
  4. ^ The group was also nicknamed the "Lilies" by their fellow cosmonauts, a reference to "Lilies of the Valley", a song by composer Oscar Feltsman.[28][29]
  5. ^ Some sources translate this phrase as "Let's go!"[38][39]

References

  1. ^ Hall, Shayler & Vis 2007, p. 332
  2. ^ French 2010, p. 270
  3. ^ Tito, Dennis (13 November 2006). "Yuri Gagarin". Time Europe. Archived from the original on 26 March 2008.
  4. ^ Burgess & Hall 2009, pp. 41–42
  5. ^ Jenks 2012a, pp. 140–141
  6. ^ Doran & Bizony 2011, p. 11–12
  7. ^ Burgess & Hall 2009, p. 42
  8. ^ a b c Moskvitch, Katia (3 April 2011). "Yuri Gagarin's Klushino: forgotten home of space legend". BBC News. Archived from the original on 4 April 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Rodgers, Paul (3 April 2011). "Yuri Gagarin: the man who fell to Earth". The Independent. Archived from the original on 4 April 2011.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Bizony, Piers (14 March 2011). "First man of Space – the flight and plight of Yuri Gagarin". Engineering & Technology. 6 (3). Archived from the original on 26 March 2013.
  11. ^ a b "Yury Gagarin: Biography". RIA Novosti. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012.
  12. ^ a b c d e Rincon, Paul; Moskvitch, Katia (4 April 2011). "Profile: Yuri Gagarin". BBC News. Archived from the original on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ a b Burgess & Hall 2009, p. 43
  14. ^ Burgess & Hall 2009, p. 352
  15. ^ Burgess & Hall 2009, pp. 43–44
  16. ^ a b c d Burgess & Hall 2009, p. 45
  17. ^ a b c d e f g "Юрий Алексеевич Гагарин" [Gagarin Yuri Alekseevich]. Astronaut.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  18. ^ Lindsay 2013, p. 42
  19. ^ a b c Hall, Shayler & Vis 2007, p. 120
  20. ^ Siddiqi 2000, p. 244
  21. ^ Norberg 2013, p. 16
  22. ^ Impey 2015, p. 51
  23. ^ Hall, Shayler & Vis 2007, p. 121
  24. ^ a b Siddiqi 2000, p. 248
  25. ^ a b Siddiqi 2000, p. 262
  26. ^ a b c Siddiqi 2000, p. 261
  27. ^ Cavallaro 2018, p. 96
  28. ^ Belyayev, Pavel; Leonov, Alexei (14 May 1965). "How bright it is – how incredibly beautiful!". Life. Time Inc. p. 124. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ a b c d Hall, Shayler & Vis 2007, p. 122
  30. ^ Hall, Shayler & Vis 2007, p. 135
  31. ^ a b Lebedev, Vitaliy (August 2011). "Диплом гагарина" [Gagarin's diploma] (PDF). New Defence Order Strategy (in Russian). 16 (4): 117–118. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  32. ^ Doran & Bizony 2011, p. 34–38
  33. ^ Hall, Shayler & Vis 2007, p. 77
  34. ^ Siddiqi 2000, p. 271–272
  35. ^ Siddiqi 2000, p. 283
  36. ^ Hall & Shayler 2001, p. 150
  37. ^ French & Burgess 2009, p. 20
  38. ^ Evans 2010, p. 18
  39. ^ a b Orange, Richard (12 April 2011). "Yuri Gagarin: 50th anniversary of the first man in space". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  40. ^ a b Dushenko 2019, p. 1097
  41. ^ Pervushin 2011, p. Chapter 6.2 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFPervushin2011 (help)
  42. ^ Sheldon 2013, p. 219
  43. ^ Siddiqi 2000, p. 275
  44. ^ Siddiqi 2000, p. 278
  45. ^ a b Gagarin, Denisova & Borzenko 1961
  46. ^ Siddiqi 2000, p. 281
  47. ^ Angelo 2014, p. 24
  48. ^ Jenks 2011, p. 112
  49. ^ Lewis, Cathleen (12 April 2010). "Why Yuri Gagarin remains the first man in space, even though he did not land inside his spacecraft". National Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  50. ^ Pervushin 2011, Chapter 7.1 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFPervushin2011 (help)
  51. ^ a b c French, Francis (July 1998). "Yuri Gagarin's visit to manchester". Spaceflight. 40 (7). British Interplanetary Society: 261–262. Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2011 – via YuriGagarin50.org.
  52. ^ Williams, Huw (7 March 2011). "Memories sought of Yuri Gagarin's way into space". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
  53. ^ McKie, Robin (13 March 2011). "Sergei Korolev: the rocket genius behind Yuri Gagarin". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
  54. ^ "Astronaut meets press at Moscow". The Times Record. UPI. 15 April 1961. p. 1. Retrieved 15 June 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  55. ^ Callow, John (17 January 2009). "Yuri Gagarin in Manchester". Working Class Movement Library. Archived from the original on 2 July 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  56. ^ Gerovitch 2015, p. 175
  57. ^ a b Belyakov, Vladimir (2011). "На орбите дружбы" [In orbit of friendship]. МК в Египте [MK in Egypt] (in Russian). 07 (37) (published 24 April – 7 May 2011). Archived from the original on 15 June 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  58. ^ Gerovitch 2011, p. 92
  59. ^ a b Gafutulin, Nail (12 April 2011). "Космонавт и депутат" [Astronaut and deputy]. Krasnaya Zvezda (in Russian). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  60. ^ "Юрий Алексеевич Гагарин" [Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin]. Astronaut.ru (in Russian). 2 June 2013. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  61. ^ Siddiqi 2000, p. 568
  62. ^ "Gagarin". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  63. ^ Siddiqi 2000, pp. 568, 622
  64. ^ Siddiqi 2000, p. 590
  65. ^ Krulwich, Robert (18 March 2011). "Cosmonaut crashed into Earth 'crying in rage'". Krulwich Wonders. NPR. Archived from the original on 7 April 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
  66. ^ Siddiqi 2000, pp. 581–584
  67. ^ Siddiqi 2000, pp. 588–589
  68. ^ Siddiqi 2000, p. 622
  69. ^ a b Siddiqi 2000, p. 627
  70. ^ Lebedev, Vitaliy (October 2011). "Диплом Гагарина" [Gagarin's Diploma] (PDF). New Defence Order Strategy (in Russian). 17 (5): 68–69. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  71. ^ Gavrilin 1973, pp. 26–27
  72. ^ Louis & Louis 1980, p. 43
  73. ^ Burgess & Hall 2009, p. 44
  74. ^ Jenks 2012b, p. 75
  75. ^ Rosenberg, Jennifer (15 May 2019). "Biography of Yuri Gagarin, first man in space". ThoughtCo. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  76. ^ a b c The First Man in Space. New York: Crosscurrents Press. 1961. p. 79. OCLC 220499322. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  77. ^ a b Abel, Allen (May 2011). "The family he left behind". Air & Space. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  78. ^ "Gagarin in his daughter's words". Euronews.net. 12 April 2011. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  79. ^ "8 – 9 апреля заведующая кафедрой национальной и региональной экономики, проф. Г.Ю. Гагарина посетила г. Самару, где проходили праздничные мероприятия, посвященные 50-летию полета Ю.А. Гагарина в космос" [8–9 April, Head of the Department of National and Regional Economics, Prof. G. Yu. Gagarin visited the city of Samara, where festive events dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the flight of Yu. A. Gagarin in space]. Plekhanov Russian University of Economics (in Russian). 11 April 2011. Archived from the original on 17 April 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  80. ^ "Полная стенограмма переговоров Юрия Гагарина с Землей с момента его посадки в корабль (за два часа до старта) до выхода корабля "Востока-1" из зоны радиоприема" [The complete transcript from the radio reception area of the communications of Yuri Gagarin with the Earth from the moment of his entering on the ship (two hours before the launch) until he exited the Vostok 1 ship.]. Cosmoworld.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 March 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
  81. ^ "I am proud to be accused of having introduced Yury Gagarin to Orthodoxy". Interfax-religion.com. 12 April 2006. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
  82. ^ "Gagarin's family celebrated Easter and Christmas, Korolev used to pray and confess". Interfax-religion.com. 11 April 2011. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013.
  83. ^ Cavallaro 2018, p. 248
  84. ^ a b Holt, Ed (3 April 2005). "Inquiry promises to solve Gagarin death riddle". Scotland on Sunday. Archived from the original on 15 April 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
  85. ^ a b Osborn, Andrew (September 2010). "What made Yuri fall?". Air & Space. Archived from the original on 19 September 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
  86. ^ a b Doran & Bizony 2011, p. 221
  87. ^ a b Aris, Ben (28 March 2008). "KGB held ground staff to blame for Gagarin's death". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2008.
  88. ^ Osborn, Andrew (12 April 2007). "Kremlin vetoes new inquiry into mystery death of Yuri Gagarin". The Belfast Telegraph. Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
  89. ^ Malpas, Anna (8 April 2011). "Russia sheds light on Gagarin death mystery". AFP. Archived from the original on 26 March 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
  90. ^ Leonov & Scott 2004, p. 218
  91. ^ "Death of Yuri Gagarin demystified 40 years on". RT.com. 14 June 2013. Archived from the original on 14 June 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  92. ^ a b Shapiro, Henry (14 April 1961). "Soviets give Yuri hero's welcome". The Press Democrat. Santa Rosa, California. UPI. p. 3. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  93. ^ a b "Moscow goes wild about spaceman". The Courier-News. Bridgewater, New Jersey. Associated Press. 14 April 1961. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  94. ^ "Gagarin's honors piling up fast". The Springfield News-Leader. Springfield, Missouri. Associated Press. 15 April 1961. p. 1. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  95. ^ "Astronaut meets press at Moscow (continued from page 1)". The Times Record. Troy, New York. UPI. 15 April 1961. p. 22. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  96. ^ "Czechs honor Yuri". Daily News. New York. Reuters. 30 April 1961. p. 35. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  97. ^ "Čestný titul Hrdina socialistické práce s právem nosit zlatou hvězdu Hrdiny socialistické práce" [Honorary title, Hero of socialist work with the right to wear golden star, Heroes of Socialist Labor] (PDF). Archiv Kanceláře Prezidenta Republiky (in Czech). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
  98. ^ Ryan, William L. (27 July 1961). "Castro to unify his gains". The Morning News. Wilmington, Delaware. Associated Press. p. 3. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  99. ^ "FAI Awards". Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. 10 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  100. ^ "Cosmonaut Gagarin ill in hospital". The Austin American. Austin, Texas. Associated Press. 13 October 1961. p. 31. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  101. ^ "British queen rolls out red carpet for Yuri". Deadwood Pioneer-Times. Deadwood, South Dakota. UPI. 11 July 1961. p. 6. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  102. ^ "Honours and Awards". Weather. 10 (4): 133. 1955. Bibcode:1955Wthr...10..133.. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1955.tb00173.x. Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  103. ^ "Brazilian President pins medal on Yuri, praises space flight". Tampa Bay Times. St. Petersburg, Florida. Associated Press. 3 August 1961. p. 7. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  104. ^ "Gagarin honored". Lincoln Journal Star. Lincoln, Nebraska. UPI. 1 February 1962. p. 20. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  105. ^ "Rednauts Get Top Marx". Daily News. New York. 22 October 1963. p. 210. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  106. ^ "International Day of Human Space Flight, Cosmonautics Day in Russia". Sputnik. RIA Novosti. 12 April 2014. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  107. ^ "Darwin's Day to Yuri's Night: Some science dates to remember". The Guardian. 20 September 2014. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  108. ^ "Celebrating the beginning of the space era for mankind". International Day of Human Space Flight: 12 April. United Nations. 7 April 2011. Archived from the original on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  109. ^ "Stages of the GCTC development". Yu.A. Gagarin Research & Test Cosmonaut Center. Archived from the original on 10 June 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  110. ^ "Создана Военно-воздушная академия им. Ю. А. Гагарина" [Established Air Force Academy. Yu. A. Gagarin]. Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  111. ^ "Ulica Jurija Gagarina – Ulice" [Yuri Gagarin Street – Streets]. Downtown of the Capital City of Warsaw. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  112. ^ Kiesling, Brady (June 2000). Rediscovering Armenia: An Archaeological / Touristic Gazetteer and Map Set for the Historical Monuments of Armenia (PDF). Embassy of the United States, Yerevan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2008.
  113. ^ "U.S. taking Russian medal to the Moon". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. 18 July 1969. p. 4. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  114. ^ Aldrin & McConnell 1989, p. 227
  115. ^ Pocock 2012, pp. 335–336
  116. ^ Powell, Corey S.; Shapiro, Laurie Gwen (16 December 2013). "The sculpture on the Moon". Slate. Archived from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  117. ^ "Gagarin". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Science Center. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  118. ^ Locke, Robert (6 October 1976). "Space Pioneers Enshrined". Las Vegas Optic. Las Vegas, New Mexico. Associated Press. p. 6. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  119. ^ a b Созвездье Гагарина Archived 22 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Alexandra Pakhmutova's website
  120. ^ Matveyeva, Ksenia (10 February 2015). "В роке, джазе и ска-панке. 9 песен, посвященных Юрию Гагарину" [In rock, jazz and ska-punk. 9 songs dedicated to Yuri Gagarin]. Аргументы и Факты [Arguments and Facts]. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  121. ^ Polmar & Breyer 1984, p. 309
  122. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David (15 January 2011). "Picture: first Armavia Superjet awaits delivery". FlightGlobal.com. Archived from the original on 19 January 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  123. ^ "База данных по памятным и инвестиционным монетам" [Database of commemorative and investment coins]. CBR.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
  124. ^ a b Alexander, Michael (14 April 2011). "Yuri Gagarin Featured on Russian Gold and Silver Coins". Coin Update. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  125. ^ Fraser, Adam (19 May 2010). "UFA Sports to market Kontinental Hockey League". SportsPro Media. Archived from the original on 15 December 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  126. ^ "Space Foundation Survey Reveals Broad Range of Space Heroes". Space Foundation. 27 October 2010. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  127. ^ Chilton, Martin (19 June 2013). "Yuri Gagarin movie attracts criticism". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  128. ^ "Cosmonaut honored". Daily Press. Newport News, Virginia. UPI. 6 July 1980. p. 19. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  129. ^ Englund, Will (11 April 2011). "A half-century on, Russian space flight pioneer Yuri Gagarin stands tall". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  130. ^ Parfitt, Tom (6 April 2011). "How Yuri Gagarin's historic flight was nearly grounded". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  131. ^ "Gagarin Monument Moved from London's Mall to Greenwich". RIA Novosti. 7 March 2013. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
  132. ^ "Houston mayor, NASA administrator & Russian ambassador dedicate gifts of artworks honoring Russian and US space pioneers". City of Houston. 15 October 2012. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  133. ^ Aristov, Mikhail (24 October 2012). "Houston unveils monument to first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin". Russia Beyond. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  134. ^ TNN (17 February 2012). "Gagarin bust unveiled at planetarium". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  135. ^ "Tiny head Gagarin tribute is removed". BBC News. 12 April 2018. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  136. ^ "Tiny head Gagarin statue causes dismay". BBC. 9 April 2018. Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  137. ^ "Controversial Gagarin monument to be removed, new one built". B92. 10 April 2018. Archived from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  138. ^ "Jorit, il Bansky italiano approda in Russia: a Mosca un suo murales gigante dedicato a Gagarin". it.rbth.com. 30 August 2019. Archived from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  139. ^ "La nuova opera di Jorit è in Russia: un murale dedicato a Yuri Gagarin". bonculture.it. 20 August 2019. Archived from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  140. ^ "Artista italiano realizza enorme volto di Yuri Gagarin su palazzo a Mosca". it.sputniknews.com. 31 August 2019. Archived from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  141. ^ Riley, Christopher (11 April 2011). "What Yuri Gagarin saw: First Orbit film to reveal the view from Vostok 1". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
  142. ^ "Yuri's Night 2011 International Space Station crew: 50th anniversary of human spaceflight". YouTube.com. 11 April 2011. Archived from the original on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  143. ^ Anikeev, Alexander (29 April 2011). "Spacecraft "Soyuz-TMA21"". Manned Aeronautics. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
  144. ^ "Soyuz TMA-21 Gagarin launch". Cité de l'Espace. 4 April 2011. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019.

Sources

Further reading

  • Cole, Michael D. (1995). Vostok 1: First Human in Space. Springfield, New Jersey: Enslow. ISBN 0-89490-541-4.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Yuri Gagarin.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yuri Gagarin.
External images
Memorial to Gagarin and Seregin at crash location
image icon Memorial obelisk photo
image icon Memorial obelisk closeup photo
image icon Coordinates 56°02′48″N 39°01′35″E / 56.04664°N 39.0265°E / 56.04664; 39.0265
Multimedia

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuri_Gagarin&oldid=957150725"