Haplogroup M30 (mtDNA): Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox haplogroup
{{Infobox haplogroup
| name = M30
| name = M30
| origin-date = 14,600 to 30,200 YBP<ref name="soares">{{cite journal |pages=740–59 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001}}</ref>
| origin-date = 14,600 to 30,200 YBP<ref name="soares">{{cite journal|title=Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock|year=2009|url=http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(09)00163-3|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001|pmid=19500773|last1=Soares|first1=P|last2=Ermini|first2=L|last3=Thomson|first3=N|last4=Mormina|first4=M|last5=Rito|first5=T|last6=Röhl|first6=A|last7=Salas|first7=A|last8=Oppenheimer|first8=S|last9=MacAulay|first9=V|volume=84|issue=6|pages=740–59|pmc=2694979|journal=American journal of human genetics}}</ref>
| origin-place = South Asia
| origin-place = South Asia
| ancestor = [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|M4'45]]
| ancestor = [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|M4'45]]
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==Origin==
==Origin==
'''Haplogroup M30''' (coding region: 195A-514dCA-12007-15431) is a South-Asian <ref>Yonsei University, Korea. The mtDNA Haplogroup Specific Control Region Mutation Motifs
'''Haplogroup M30''' (coding region: 195A-514dCA-12007-15431) is a South-Asian<ref>Yonsei University, Korea. The mtDNA Haplogroup Specific Control Region Mutation Motifs
[http://mtmanager.yonsei.ac.kr/help/MutationMotifs.pdf]</ref> or an India-specific maternal lineage <ref>Thangaraj K, Chaubey G, Singh VK, Vanniarajan A, Thanseem I, et al. (2006) In situ origin of deep rooting lineages of mitochondrial Macrohaplogroup ‘M’ in India. BMC Genomics 7: 151 [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2164-7-151.pdf] </ref><ref>Sanghamitra Sahoo and VK Kashyap (Sep 2006) Phylogeography of mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome haplogroups reveal asymmetric gene flow in populations of Eastern India, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 131(1):84-97 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16485297] </ref> of the macrohaplogroup M identified by the mutations T195A, G15431A and G12007A <ref>Thangaraj K, Chaubey G, Singh VK, Vanniarajan A, Thanseem I, et al. (2006) In situ origin of deep rooting lineages of mitochondrial Macrohaplogroup ‘M’ in India. BMC Genomics 7: 151 [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2164-7-151.pdf] </ref>.
[http://mtmanager.yonsei.ac.kr/help/MutationMotifs.pdf]</ref> or an India-specific maternal lineage<ref name=pmid16776823>{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-7-151}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=16485297}}</ref> of the macrohaplogroup M identified by the mutations T195A, G15431A and G12007A.<ref name=pmid16776823/>


Haplogroup M30 used to be a part of M4 haplogroup distinguished by G15431A <ref>Ian Logan, 2008 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M4.htm] </ref>. Haplogroup M30 shares a common coding region mutation (12007) together with the M4, M18, M37 and M38 haplogroups from the root of [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|haplogroup M]] (superhaplogroup M4'30) <ref>Thangaraj K, Chaubey G, Singh VK, Vanniarajan A, Thanseem I, et al. (2006) In situ origin of deep rooting lineages of mitochondrial Macrohaplogroup ‘M’ in India. BMC Genomics 7: 151 [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2164-7-151.pdf] </ref><ref>Sun C, Kong Q-P, Palanichamy MG, Agrawal S, Bandelt H-J, et al. (2006) The dazzling array of basal branches in the mtDNA macrohaplogroup M from India as inferred from complete genomes. Molecular Biology Evolution 23: 683–690. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msj078 [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/3/683.full]</ref>. M4′30 super-clade is the only clade that shares an intermediate lineage between 2 haplogroups, while the rest of all M lineages have originated independently from the root of macrohaplogroup M; thus supporting the idea of rapid dispersal of [[modern humans]] along the [[Asia]]n coast after they left [[Africa]], followed by a long period of isolation <ref>Thangaraj K, Chaubey G, Singh VK, Vanniarajan A, Thanseem I, et al. (2006) In situ origin of deep rooting lineages of mitochondrial Macrohaplogroup ‘M’ in India. BMC Genomics 7: 151 [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2164-7-151.pdf] </ref>.
Haplogroup M30 used to be a part of M4 haplogroup distinguished by G15431A.<ref>Ian Logan, 2008 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M4.htm] {{full}}</ref> Haplogroup M30 shares a common coding region mutation (12007) together with the M4, M18, M37 and M38 haplogroups from the root of [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|haplogroup M]] (superhaplogroup M4'30).<ref name=pmid16776823/><ref name=pmid16361303>{{cite journal |pages=683–90 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msj078}}</ref> M4′30 super-clade is the only clade that shares an intermediate lineage between 2 haplogroups, while the rest of all M lineages have originated independently from the root of macrohaplogroup M; thus supporting the idea of rapid dispersal of [[modern humans]] along the [[Asia]]n coast after they left [[Africa]], followed by a long period of isolation.<ref name=pmid16776823/>


Haplogroup M30 was identified in 2005 based on complete [[mitochondrial genome]] sequences of 24 [[India]]n samples <ref> Revathi Rajkumar, et al (April 2005) Phylogeny and antiquity of M macrohaplogroup inferred from complete mt DNA sequence of Indian specific lineages, BMC Evolutionary Biology 2005, 5:26 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-26 [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-5-26.pdf]</ref>. It was designated as a new lineage with sub-haplogroups M30a, M30b, M30c, M30d based on observed mutations sites. The mutations characterizing this lineage were observed in five samples from eastern part of India, that is [[Bihar]] ([[Kurmi]], [[Yadav caste|Yadav]] and [[Baniya]]), [[West Bengal]] ([[Mahishya]]), [[Orissa]] ([[Sora_people|Saora]]) and two samples from [[south India]] (Christians of [[Karnataka]] and [[Lambadi]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]). Previously identified [[Haplogroup M18]] was collapsed to reside in M30 as a sub-lineage <ref>Sun C, Kong Q-P, Palanichamy MG, Agrawal S, Bandelt H-J, et al. (2006) The dazzling array of basal branches in the mtDNA macrohaplogroup M from India as inferred from complete genomes. Molecular Biology and Evolution 23: 683–690. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msj078 [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/3/683.full]</ref><ref> Revathi Rajkumar, et al (April 2005) Phylogeny and antiquity of M macrohaplogroup inferred from complete mt DNA sequence of Indian specific lineages, BMC Evolutionary Biology 2005, 5:26 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-26 [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-5-26.pdf]</ref>.
Haplogroup M30 was identified in 2005 based on complete [[mitochondrial genome]] sequences of 24 [[India]]n samples.<ref name=pmid15804362>{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-5-26}}</ref> It was designated as a new lineage with sub-haplogroups M30a, M30b, M30c, M30d based on observed mutations sites. The mutations characterizing this lineage were observed in five samples from eastern part of India, that is [[Bihar]] ([[Kurmi]], [[Yadav caste|Yadav]] and [[Baniya]]), [[West Bengal]] ([[Mahishya]]), [[Orissa]] ([[Sora_people|Saora]]) and two samples from [[south India]] (Christians of [[Karnataka]] and [[Lambadi]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]). Previously identified [[Haplogroup M18]] was collapsed to reside in M30 as a sub-lineage.<ref name=pmid16361303/><ref name=pmid15804362/>


Later the definition of M30 was narrowed down in 2006 by identifying it by the mutations T195A and G15431A besides G12007A <ref>Sun C, Kong Q-P, Palanichamy MG, Agrawal S, Bandelt H-J, et al. (2006) The dazzling array of basal branches in the mtDNA macrohaplogroup M from India as inferred from complete genomes. Molecular Biology Evolution 23: 683–690. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msj078 [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/3/683.full]</ref><ref>Maji S, Krithika S and Vasulu TS (2009) Phylogeographic distribution of mitochondiral DNA macrohaplogroup M in India. Journal of Genetics 88 [http://www.ias.ac.in/jgenet/Vol88No1/temp/jg71.pdf]</ref>.
Later the definition of M30 was narrowed down in 2006 by identifying it by the mutations T195A and G15431A besides G12007A.<ref name=pmid16361303/><ref name=pmid19417557>{{cite journal |pmid=19417557}}</ref> The study detailed an individual from the [[Reddy]] population of Andhra Pradesh categorized into M30a; a sample of [[Thogataveera]] from Andhra Pradesh classified into M30b; the presence of M30c in [[Thogataveera]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Chaturvedi]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], and the identification of M30d among [[Bhargava]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Thogataveera]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=pmid19417557/> In 2009, Subhaplogroup M30e was identified among Kathodi, Kathakur and Mathakur of western region of India.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0007447}}</ref>
The study detailed an individual from the [[Reddy]] population of Andhra Pradesh categorized into M30a; a sample of [[Thogataveera]] from Andhra Pradesh classified into M30b; the presence of M30c in [[Thogataveera]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Chaturvedi]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], and the identification of M30d among [[Bhargava]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Thogataveera]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] <ref>Maji S, Krithika S and Vasulu TS (2009) Phylogeographic distribution of mitochondiral DNA macrohaplogroup M in India. Journal of Genetics 88 [http://www.ias.ac.in/jgenet/Vol88No1/temp/jg71.pdf]</ref>. In 2009, Subhaplogroup M30e was identified among Kathodi, Kathakur and Mathakur of western region of India <ref> Chandrasekar A, et al (2009) Updating phylogeny of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup m in India: dispersal of modern human in South Asian corridor, PLoS One. 2009 Oct 13;4(10):e7447. [http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0007447]</ref>.


In 2006, Sahoo and Kashyap reported haplogroup M30 in the castes of Oriya [[Brahmin]], Karan (aka [[Karanam]]), [[Khandayat]] and Gope (aka Gour or [[Yadav]] <sup>[24]</sup>); and tribes of [[Juang people|Juang]] and Saora ([[Sora people]]) of [[Orissa]]. The Saora tribe ([[Sora people]]) exhibited a high frequency (of about 32%) of M30 followed by Karan ([[Karanam]])(about 24%), Oriya Brahmin ([[Utkala Brahmin]]) (about 20%) and [[Juang people|Juang]] (about 20%), while Khandayat and Gope showed a lower frequency (about 6%) of M30. M30 was also present at low frequencies (1.5%–2.5%) in [[Pardhan]], Naikpod Gond ([[Gondi people]]) and [[Andh]] tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh <ref>Maji S, Krithika S and Vasulu TS (2009) Phylogeographic distribution of mitochondiral DNA macrohaplogroup M in India. Journal of Genetics 88 [http://www.ias.ac.in/jgenet/Vol88No1/temp/jg71.pdf]</ref>.
In 2006, Sahoo and Kashyap reported haplogroup M30 in the castes of Oriya [[Brahmin]], Karan (aka [[Karanam]]), [[Khandayat]] and Gope (aka Gour or [[Yadav]]<ref name=pmid18257024/>); and tribes of [[Juang people|Juang]] and Saora ([[Sora people]]) of [[Orissa]]. The Saora tribe ([[Sora people]]) exhibited a high frequency (of about 32%) of M30 followed by Karan ([[Karanam]])(about 24%), Oriya Brahmin ([[Utkala Brahmin]]) (about 20%) and [[Juang people|Juang]] (about 20%), while Khandayat and Gope showed a lower frequency (about 6%) of M30. M30 was also present at low frequencies (1.5%–2.5%) in [[Pardhan]], Naikpod Gond ([[Gondi people]]) and [[Andh]] tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=pmid19417557/>


The age of M30 lineage was estimated at 33,042 ± 7,840 Years Before Present <ref> Revathi Rajkumar, et al (April 2005) Phylogeny and antiquity of M macrohaplogroup inferred from complete mt DNA sequence of Indian specific lineages, BMC Evolutionary Biology 2005, 5:26 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-26 [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-5-26.pdf]</ref>. However, Thangarajah, et al (2006) dated it to 15,400 ± 6300 YBP. Rajkumar, et al. also put forward the coalescence time of haplogroup M30 that was estimated to be 15,400 ± 6300 ybp and that of its sub-haplogroups M30a and M30c were calculated to be 5100 ± 3600 ybp. The ages of M30b and M30d were computed to be 4177 ± 2800 years and 12,800 ± 5700 ybp respectively (Thangaraj et al. 2006) <ref>Maji S, Krithika S and Vasulu TS (2009) Phylogeographic distribution of mitochondiral DNA macrohaplogroup M in India. Journal of Genetics 88 [http://www.ias.ac.in/jgenet/Vol88No1/temp/jg71.pdf]</ref>. This period corresponds with the late-[[Mesolithic]] in India and the [[Levant]].
The age of M30 lineage was estimated at 33,042 ± 7,840 Years Before Present.<ref name=pmid15804362/> However, Thangarajah, et al (2006) dated it to 15,400 ± 6300 YBP. Rajkumar, et al. also put forward the coalescence time of haplogroup M30 that was estimated to be 15,400 ± 6300 ybp and that of its sub-haplogroups M30a and M30c were calculated to be 5100 ± 3600 ybp. The ages of M30b and M30d were computed to be 4177 ± 2800 years and 12,800 ± 5700 ybp respectively (Thangaraj et al. 2006).<ref name=pmid19417557/> This period corresponds with the late-[[Mesolithic]] in India and the [[Levant]].


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
M30 has a broad geographic, ethnic and linguistic range in India. It has been detected in northern and southern India, in [[Australoid]]s and [[Caucasoid]]s, and in [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] and [[Indo-European]] speakers
M30 has a broad geographic, ethnic and linguistic range in India. It has been detected in northern and southern India, in [[Australoid]]s and [[Caucasoid]]s, and in [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] and [[Indo-European]] speakers.<ref name=pmid17620140>{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-8-223 |pmc=1945034}}</ref> Six of the Arabia's haplogroup M lineages were noted to have come from India, one of which is M30.<ref name=Winters2008>{{cite journal |first1=Clyde |last1=Winters |year=2008 |title=Origin and Spread of Dravidian Speakers |journal=International Journal of Human Genetics |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=325-9 |url=http://www.ferris.edu/ISAR/krepublishers.pdf}}</ref> This supposedly lends credence to the long speculated possibility of [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] speakers migrating through [[Iran]] to [[India]]. This view is supported by the presence of Indian haplogroups in Iran (Gonzalez et al. 2007), and the close relationship between the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] and [[Elamite]] languages (McAlpin 1974, 1981).<ref name=Winters2008/>
<ref> Ana M González, et al (2007) Mitochondrial lineage M1 traces an early human backflow to Africa, BMC Genomics. 2007; 8: 223, doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-223 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1945034/]</ref>. Six of the Arabia's haplogroup M lineages were noted to have come from India, one of which is M30 <ref>Clyde Winters (2008) Origin and Spread of Dravidian Speakers, International Journal of Human Genetics, 8(4): 325-329
[http://www.ferris.edu/ISAR/krepublishers.pdf] </ref>. This supposedly lends credence to the long speculated possibility of [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] speakers migrating through [[Iran]] to [[India]]. This view is supported by the presence of Indian haplogroups in Iran (Gonzalez et al. 2007), and the close relationship between the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] and [[Elamite]] languages (McAlpin 1974, 1981)<ref>Clyde Winters (2008) Origin and Spread of Dravidian Speakers, International Journal of Human Genetics, 8(4): 325-329
[http://www.ferris.edu/ISAR/krepublishers.pdf]</ref>.


M30 haplogroup has been detected in [[Palestinians]] and is supposedly due to a recent gene flow from India into that region <ref> Ana M González, et al (2007) Mitochondrial lineage M1 traces an early human backflow to Africa, BMC Genomics. 2007; 8: 223, doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-223 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1945034/]</ref>. M30 is found in Eastern Yemeni populations, Upper [[Egypt]] and Kesra ([[Tunisia]]), while M30 individuals were found to constitute 7.5% of the total population of [[Hadramawt]] ([[Yemen]]) <ref> Viktor Černý, et al (June 2008) Regional differences in the distribution of the sub-Saharan, West Eurasian, and South Asian mtDNA lineages in Yemen, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Volume 136, Issue 2, pages 128–137 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18257024] </ref>. Apart from Saudi Arabia, M30 has also been detected in the maternal lineages of [[China]]<ref>Sun C, Kong Q-P, Palanichamy MG, Agrawal S, Bandelt H-J, et al. (2006) The dazzling array of basal branches in the mtDNA macrohaplogroup M from India as inferred from complete genomes. Molecular Biology Evolution 23: 683–690. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msj078 [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/3/683.full]</ref>.
M30 haplogroup has been detected in [[Palestinians]] and is supposedly due to a recent gene flow from India into that region.<ref name=pmid17620140/> M30 is found in Eastern Yemeni populations, Upper [[Egypt]] and Kesra ([[Tunisia]]), while M30 individuals were found to constitute 7.5% of the total population of [[Hadramawt]] ([[Yemen]]).<ref name=pmid18257024>{{cite journal |pmid=18257024}}</ref> Apart from Saudi Arabia, M30 has also been detected in the maternal lineages of [[China]].<ref name=pmid16361303/>


To sum up, M30 haplogroup individuals have been found in
To sum up, M30 haplogroup individuals have been found in
Line 44: Line 40:
==Subclades==
==Subclades==
===Tree===
===Tree===
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the Van Oven 2008 tree<ref name="vanOven">Van Oven et al. (2008), [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121449735/abstract Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation], Human Mutation (30:2), Wiley InterScience DOI:10.1002/humu.20921</ref> and subsequent published research.
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the Van Oven 2008 tree<ref name="vanOven">{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/humu.20921}}</ref> and subsequent published research.


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{{Empty section|date=June 2009}}
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==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
<references />


==External links==
==External links==

Revision as of 14:03, 3 January 2012

Haplogroup M30
Possible time of origin14,600 to 30,200 YBP[1]
Possible place of originSouth Asia
AncestorM4'45
DescendantsM30a, M30b, M30c, M30d, M30e
Defining mutations195A, 15431A, 12007A

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup M30 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

Haplogroup M30 (coding region: 195A-514dCA-12007-15431) is a South-Asian[2] or an India-specific maternal lineage[3][4] of the macrohaplogroup M identified by the mutations T195A, G15431A and G12007A.[3]

Haplogroup M30 used to be a part of M4 haplogroup distinguished by G15431A.[5] Haplogroup M30 shares a common coding region mutation (12007) together with the M4, M18, M37 and M38 haplogroups from the root of haplogroup M (superhaplogroup M4'30).[3][6] M4′30 super-clade is the only clade that shares an intermediate lineage between 2 haplogroups, while the rest of all M lineages have originated independently from the root of macrohaplogroup M; thus supporting the idea of rapid dispersal of modern humans along the Asian coast after they left Africa, followed by a long period of isolation.[3]

Haplogroup M30 was identified in 2005 based on complete mitochondrial genome sequences of 24 Indian samples.[7] It was designated as a new lineage with sub-haplogroups M30a, M30b, M30c, M30d based on observed mutations sites. The mutations characterizing this lineage were observed in five samples from eastern part of India, that is Bihar (Kurmi, Yadav and Baniya), West Bengal (Mahishya), Orissa (Saora) and two samples from south India (Christians of Karnataka and Lambadi of Andhra Pradesh). Previously identified Haplogroup M18 was collapsed to reside in M30 as a sub-lineage.[6][7]

Later the definition of M30 was narrowed down in 2006 by identifying it by the mutations T195A and G15431A besides G12007A.[6][8] The study detailed an individual from the Reddy population of Andhra Pradesh categorized into M30a; a sample of Thogataveera from Andhra Pradesh classified into M30b; the presence of M30c in Thogataveera of Andhra Pradesh and Chaturvedi of Uttar Pradesh, and the identification of M30d among Bhargava of Uttar Pradesh and Thogataveera of Andhra Pradesh.[8] In 2009, Subhaplogroup M30e was identified among Kathodi, Kathakur and Mathakur of western region of India.[9]

In 2006, Sahoo and Kashyap reported haplogroup M30 in the castes of Oriya Brahmin, Karan (aka Karanam), Khandayat and Gope (aka Gour or Yadav[10]); and tribes of Juang and Saora (Sora people) of Orissa. The Saora tribe (Sora people) exhibited a high frequency (of about 32%) of M30 followed by Karan (Karanam)(about 24%), Oriya Brahmin (Utkala Brahmin) (about 20%) and Juang (about 20%), while Khandayat and Gope showed a lower frequency (about 6%) of M30. M30 was also present at low frequencies (1.5%–2.5%) in Pardhan, Naikpod Gond (Gondi people) and Andh tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh.[8]

The age of M30 lineage was estimated at 33,042 ± 7,840 Years Before Present.[7] However, Thangarajah, et al (2006) dated it to 15,400 ± 6300 YBP. Rajkumar, et al. also put forward the coalescence time of haplogroup M30 that was estimated to be 15,400 ± 6300 ybp and that of its sub-haplogroups M30a and M30c were calculated to be 5100 ± 3600 ybp. The ages of M30b and M30d were computed to be 4177 ± 2800 years and 12,800 ± 5700 ybp respectively (Thangaraj et al. 2006).[8] This period corresponds with the late-Mesolithic in India and the Levant.

Distribution

M30 has a broad geographic, ethnic and linguistic range in India. It has been detected in northern and southern India, in Australoids and Caucasoids, and in Dravidian and Indo-European speakers.[11] Six of the Arabia's haplogroup M lineages were noted to have come from India, one of which is M30.[12] This supposedly lends credence to the long speculated possibility of Dravidian speakers migrating through Iran to India. This view is supported by the presence of Indian haplogroups in Iran (Gonzalez et al. 2007), and the close relationship between the Dravidian and Elamite languages (McAlpin 1974, 1981).[12]

M30 haplogroup has been detected in Palestinians and is supposedly due to a recent gene flow from India into that region.[11] M30 is found in Eastern Yemeni populations, Upper Egypt and Kesra (Tunisia), while M30 individuals were found to constitute 7.5% of the total population of Hadramawt (Yemen).[10] Apart from Saudi Arabia, M30 has also been detected in the maternal lineages of China.[6]

To sum up, M30 haplogroup individuals have been found in

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the Van Oven 2008 tree[13] and subsequent published research.

See also

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

References

  1. ^ : 740–59. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ^ Yonsei University, Korea. The mtDNA Haplogroup Specific Control Region Mutation Motifs [1]
  3. ^ a b c d . doi:10.1186/1471-2164-7-151. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ . PMID 16485297. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ^ Ian Logan, 2008 [2] [full citation needed]
  6. ^ a b c d : 683–90. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj078. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ a b c . doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-26. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. ^ a b c d . PMID 19417557. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ^ . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007447. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  10. ^ a b . PMID 18257024. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ^ a b . doi:10.1186/1471-2164-8-223. PMC 1945034 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1945034. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  12. ^ a b Winters, Clyde (2008). "Origin and Spread of Dravidian Speakers" (PDF). International Journal of Human Genetics. 8 (4): 325–9.
  13. ^ . doi:10.1002/humu.20921. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)

External links

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