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==Agriculture==
==Agriculture==
* [[Soybean#History|Soybean cultivation]]
* [[Soybean#History|Soybean cultivation]]
: Early cultivation of the soybean dates back to 4,000 years ago, and originates in Manchuria and the Korean peninsula.<ref>{{cite web|title=Korean traditional fermented soybean products: Jang|url=http://www.journalofethnicfoods.net/article/S2352-6181(15)00003-7/fulltext|website=Journal of Ethnic Foods|accessdate=24 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Utilization of Soybean as Food Stuffs in Korea|url=http://www.intechopen.com/books/soybean-and-nutrition/utilization-of-soybean-as-food-stuffs-in-korea|website=InTechOpen|publisher=InTech|accessdate=24 March 2017|language=en|doi=10.5772/21966|date=1 January 2011}}</ref> Early Chinese records mention that soybeans were gifted from the region encompassing Manchuria and Korea. Korean soybeans dating to 3000 BP are the oldest to be discovered.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Publishing|first1=Britannica Educational|title=The History of Agriculture|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|isbn=9781615309214|page=48|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fCcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=24 March 2017|language=en|quote=The original sources for soybeans and adzuki beans are still unclear, although early Chinese records mention that soybeans were a gift from the region encompassing the Northeast Plain (formerly Manchuria) and Korea. Korean soybeans dating to about 3000 BP are the oldest yet discovered.}}</ref> The oldest preserved soybeans resembling modern varieties in size and shape, dating to about 1000 BC, were found in archaeological sites in Korea.<ref name="Stark">{{cite book|last1=Stark|first1=Miriam T.|title=Archaeology of Asia|publisher=Wiley|isbn=9781405102131|page=81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PoDFdOstSNwC&pg=PA81#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=24 March 2017|language=en}}</ref> [[Radiocarbon dating]] of soybean samples recovered through [[flotation (archaeology)|flotation]] during excavations at the [[Mumun pottery period#Early Mumun|Early Mumun]] period Okbang site in Korea indicates that soybeans were cultivated as a food crop in around 1000–900 BC.<ref name=Stark />
: Early cultivation of the soybean dates back to 4,000 years ago, and originates in Manchuria and the Korean peninsula.<ref>{{cite web|title=Korean traditional fermented soybean products: Jang|url=http://www.journalofethnicfoods.net/article/S2352-6181(15)00003-7/fulltext|website=Journal of Ethnic Foods|accessdate=24 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Utilization of Soybean as Food Stuffs in Korea|url=http://www.intechopen.com/books/soybean-and-nutrition/utilization-of-soybean-as-food-stuffs-in-korea|website=InTechOpen|publisher=InTech|accessdate=24 March 2017|language=en|doi=10.5772/21966|date=1 January 2011}}</ref> Early Chinese records mention that soybeans were gifted from the region encompassing Manchuria and Korea.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Publishing|first1=Britannica Educational|title=The History of Agriculture|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|isbn=9781615309214|page=48|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fCcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=24 March 2017|language=en|quote=The original sources for soybeans and adzuki beans are still unclear, although early Chinese records mention that soybeans were a gift from the region encompassing the Northeast Plain (formerly Manchuria) and Korea. Korean soybeans dating to about 3000 BP are the oldest yet discovered.}}</ref> The first unambiguously domesticated, [[cultigen]]-sized soybean was discovered in Korea at the [[Mumun pottery period|Mumun]]-period Daundong site.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Gyoung-Ah|last2=Crawford|first2=Gary W.|last3=Liu|first3=Li|last4=Sasaki|first4=Yuka|last5=Chen|first5=Xuexiang|title=Archaeological Soybean (Glycine max) in East Asia: Does Size Matter?|journal=PLOS ONE|date=4 November 2011|volume=6|issue=11|pages=e26720|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0026720|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0026720|accessdate=18 April 2017|issn=1932-6203}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Stark|first1=Miriam T.|title=Archaeology of Asia|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781405153034|page=81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4_bT2SJ-HUC&pg=PA81#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=18 April 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Greenhouse|Heated greenhouse]]
* [[Greenhouse|Heated greenhouse]]
: Greenhouses in which the temperature could be manually manipulated first appeared in 15th century Korea. The 15th century treatise, the ''[[Sanga Yorok]]'', contains descriptions of greenhouses designed to regulate the temperature and humidity requirements of plants and crops. One of the earliest records of the [[Annals of the Joseon Dynasty]] in 1438 confirms growing [[mandarin orange]] trees in a traditional Korean greenhouse during the winter and installing an ''ondol'' system to provide heat.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yoon|first1=Sang Jun|last2=Woudstra|first2=Jan|title=Advanced Horticultural Techniques in Korea: The Earliest Documented Greenhouses|journal=Garden History|date=1 January 2007|volume=35|issue=1|pages=68–84|doi=10.2307/25472355|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25472355?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents|accessdate=24 March 2017}}</ref>
: Greenhouses in which the temperature could be manually manipulated first appeared in 15th century Korea. The 15th century treatise, the ''[[Sanga Yorok]]'', contains descriptions of greenhouses designed to regulate the temperature and humidity requirements of plants and crops. One of the earliest records of the [[Annals of the Joseon Dynasty]] in 1438 confirms growing [[mandarin orange]] trees in a traditional Korean greenhouse during the winter and installing an ''ondol'' system to provide heat.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yoon|first1=Sang Jun|last2=Woudstra|first2=Jan|title=Advanced Horticultural Techniques in Korea: The Earliest Documented Greenhouses|journal=Garden History|date=1 January 2007|volume=35|issue=1|pages=68–84|doi=10.2307/25472355|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25472355?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents|accessdate=24 March 2017}}</ref>

Revision as of 23:16, 18 April 2017

This is a list of Korean inventions and discoveries.

Agriculture

Early cultivation of the soybean dates back to 4,000 years ago, and originates in Manchuria and the Korean peninsula.[1][2] Early Chinese records mention that soybeans were gifted from the region encompassing Manchuria and Korea.[3] The first unambiguously domesticated, cultigen-sized soybean was discovered in Korea at the Mumun-period Daundong site.[4][5]
Greenhouses in which the temperature could be manually manipulated first appeared in 15th century Korea. The 15th century treatise, the Sanga Yorok, contains descriptions of greenhouses designed to regulate the temperature and humidity requirements of plants and crops. One of the earliest records of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty in 1438 confirms growing mandarin orange trees in a traditional Korean greenhouse during the winter and installing an ondol system to provide heat.[6]
The first standardized pluviometer (rain gauge), called the cheugugi, was invented during the reign of Sejong the Great in the Joseon dynasty of Korea.[7][8][9][10][11] The cheugugi was used throughout the country for official purposes. In the 15th century, Korea was the only country to use a quantitative measuring device for the purpose of meteorological observation.[11]
In 1441, the Joseon scientist Jang Yeong-sil invented the world's first water gauge, called the supyo (수표/水標). The supyo was a calibrated stone column placed in the middle of a body of water, connected by a stone bridge,[12] that indicated drought, normal, and flood levels.[8]

Architecture

In the ondol system, heat and smoke from the kitchen stove circulates under the building, warming the floors, then exits through the chimneys.
Namhan Mountain Fortress
Gyeongcheonsa Pagoda
One of the earliest systems of underfloor heating, dating back 2,500 years, was invented and widely used by Koreans. The Korean ondol heating system was thought to be the oldest of its kind until the recent archaeological discovery of a similar heating system in the Alaskan Aleutian Islands. However, the archaeologist who discovered it agrees with Korean researchers that the two systems developed independently, based on the distance of 5,000 kilometers and the absence of ondol in the areas between them.[13][14][15] Inspired by the Korean ondol hydronic radiant floor heating system, the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright developed and introduced the first "radiant heating system" using hot water pipes.[16][17]
The ancient Silla kingdom created an early refrigeration system called seokbinggo, which were subterranean chambers used to store ice and food.[18][19]
Koreans developed a unique and distinct fortress tradition.[20] There are numerous types of Korean fortresses, including sanseong (mountain fortress), eupseong (city fortress), pyeongjiseong, gwanseong, jangseong, chaekseong, and more.[21] Korean fortresses were based on a stone culture and built using stones, and often incorporated natural mountainous terrain, and therefore were conceptually completely different compared to Chinese fortresses, which were based on an earth culture and built using bricks from earth.[22][23] Korean fortresses were invented by Goguryeo and spread to Baekje and Silla,[24] and then inherited and further developed by Goryeo and then Joseon.[23] Goguryeo fortress ruins have been found in about 170 sites to date, including in China;[25] one of the most notable among them is Anshi Fortress, which successfully defended against Tang Taizong during the Goguryeo–Tang War.[26][27] Korea, especially Goguryeo,[21][25][28] has often been called the "country of (mountain) fortresses";[20][23][29][30] almost 2,400 mountain fortress sites have been found in Korea.[20][23] Korean-style fortresses can also be found in Japan, which were constructed and supervised by immigrants of Baekje origin.[23]
Koreans created a unique and distinct pagoda tradition using stone.[31][32][33] Pagodas were created in India using earth, then in China using wood, which spread to the Three Kingdoms of Korea, and then Japan; however, the pagoda tradition of East Asia diverged, with China creating pagodas using bricks, Korea creating pagodas using stone, and Japan continuing to use wood.[34][35][36][37][38] Korean stone pagodas were first created in Baekje during the early 7th century and then inherited by Later Silla; 90% of the pagodas in Later Silla were made of stone.[34] The stone pagoda tradition was propagated by the great abundance of high quality granite in Korea,[39] which also led to other granite creations such as the Seokguram and Cheomseongdae. Goryeo, a devoutly Buddhist state, also inherited the stone pagoda tradition.[40] Examples of Korean stone pagodas are: Mireuksa of Baekje; Dabotap and the Seven-storied stone pagoda in Tappyeong-ri of Later Silla; Gyeongcheonsa Pagoda of Goryeo; and Wongaksa Pagoda of Joseon. Examples of Korean wood pagodas are: Hwangnyongsa and Palsangjeon of Silla.

Astronomy

The earliest known constellation patterns in Korea can be found on dolmens dating back to 3000 BC.[41] The Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido is a planisphere inscribed on black marble that was completed in 1395 during the reign of King Taejo; according to its inscription, it is based on a star chart from ancient Goguryeo that was lost during wartime. It is known as the world’s second oldest star chart engraved in stone, after the Chinese Suzhou Star Chart of 1247. However, the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido's stellar positions indicate an epoch dating back to the first century AD, thus making it the oldest actual representation of the stars in the world.[42]
The Cheomseongdae is the oldest surviving astronomical observatory in Asia,[43][44][45] and possibly the world.[46][47][48] It was constructed in Seorabeol, the capital of Silla, during the reign of Queen Seondeok in the 7th century. Modeled on Baekje's Jeomseongdae, which now exists only in historical records, the Cheomseongdae influenced the construction of a Japanese observatory in 675, and Duke Zhou's observatory in China in 723.[49]

Writing

Hunminjeongeum
Hangul is the world's first featural writing system, wherein the shapes of the letters are not arbitrary, but encode phonological features of the phonemes they represent.[50] The Korean alphabet is unique among the world's writing systems, in that it combines aspects of featural, phonemic, and syllabic representation.[51] Hangul was created by Sejong the Great to promote literacy among the common people.[52]
Predating the creation of Hangul by hundreds of years, Koreans created various phonetic writing systems that were used in conjunction with Hanja, including: idu, hyangchal, gugyeol, and gakpil.[53][54][55][56] Some of them may have influenced the development of kana in Japan.[55][57][58]

Printing

Movable metal type was invented in Korea in the early thirteenth century,[59][60][61][62][63] predating Gutenberg’s invention in Europe by two centuries.[64] The first book to be printed with movable metal type is the Prescribed Ritual Texts of the Past and Present in 1234 during the Goryeo period.[65] The earliest surviving book to be printed with movable metal type is the Jikji, dated to 1377.[65][66] The first lead type in the world is the Byeongjinja created in 1436.[67] Metal types were called juja (cast characters), and the Joseon government operated the jujaso bureau, a continuation of Goryeo's seojeogwon, to print books and documents to be distributed to the central and local administrations, village schools, scholars, and officials.[68]

Music

Jeongganbo musical notation system
Jeongganbo is a unique traditional musical notation system created during the time of Sejong the Great that was the first East Asian system to represent rhythm, pitch, and time.[69][70]
First depicted in Goguryeo murals,[71] the janggu is the most widely used drum in traditional Korean music.
The most representative traditional instrument of Korea,[68] the gayageum was created in Gaya during the 6th century, and based on the Chinese guzheng.[72]
North Korea has developed many modernized instruments based on traditional instruments. The sohaegeum, junghaegeum, daehaegeum, and jeohaegeum are four-stringed fiddles of varying sizes, based on the traditional haegeum. The eoeungeum is a pear-shaped lute with 5 strings that is similar to the hyangbipa. The cheolhyeongeum and ongnyugeum are modernized zithers, and the jangsaenap is a modernized taepyeongso.[73]

Horology

In 1433, the scientist Jang Yeong-sil invented an automatic time-annunciating clepsydra called the Striking Palace Clepsydra under an order from Sejong the Great; the uniqueness of the clock was its capability to announce dual-times automatically with both visual and audible signals.[74] Jang developed a signal conversion technique that made it possible to measure analog time and announce digital time simultaneously as well as to separate the water mechanisms from the ball-operated striking mechanisms.[75] The conversion device was called pangmok, and was placed above the inflow vessel that measured the time, the first device of its kind in the world.[76] Hence, the Striking Palace Clepsydra is the first hydro-mechanically engineered dual-time clock in the history of horology.[77][78]

Ceramics

Inlaid celadon, 12th century
Buncheong, 15th century
Korean celadon reached its pinnacle with the invention of the sanggam inlay technique in the early 12th century during the Goryeo period.[79][80][81]
During the Joseon period, Koreans applied the sanggam tradition to create buncheong ceramics.[82][83] In contrast to the refined elegance of Goryeo celadon, buncheong is designed to be natural, unassuming, and practical.[84] However, the buncheong tradition was gradually replaced by Joseon white porcelain, its aristocratic counterpart, and disappeared in Korea by the end of the 16th century.[83] Buncheong became known and prized in Japan as Mishima.[85][86][87]
The Japanese Karatsu style of ceramics originated in Korea.[88][89]

Traditional medicine

The traditional Korean sauna, called the hanjeungmak, is a domed structure constructed of stone that was first mentioned in the Sejong Sillok of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty in the 15th century.[90][91] Supported by Sejong the Great, the hanjeungmak was touted for its health benefits and used to treat illnesses.[90] In the early 15th century, Buddhist monks maintained hanjeungmak clinics, called hanjeungso, to treat sick poor people; these clinics maintained separate facilities for men and women due to high demand.[92] Korean sauna culture and kiln saunas are still popular today, and Korean saunas are ubiquitous.[93]
Koryo hand acupuncture[94] is a modern system of acupuncture, created by Yu Tae-u in the 1970s,[95] in which the hand represents the entire body and is needled or stimulated during treatment.[96] Hand acupuncture is popular among the general population as a form of self-medication in Korea, and has adherents in Japan and North America;[95] it is also popular among overseas Koreans.[97] Korean hand acupuncture is different from American hand reflexology, another form of alternative medicine.[98]

Military

Traditional

18th century depiction of the geobukseon
The hwacha is a mobile multiple rocket launcher that uses gunpowder to fire up to 200 singijeon rockets at one time. The hwacha was invented in 1409, but saw its greatest use during the Imjin War, most famously in the Battle of Haengju, in which 30,000 Japanese were repelled by 3,400 Koreans with the help of 40 hwachas.[99] Hwachas were used against both land and sea targets.[100]
The world's earliest naval gunships armed with mounted cannons were used to great success in 1380 at the Battle of Jinpo, in which Goryeo ships decimated Wokou pirates using newly developed gunpowder and cannons by Choe Museon.[101][102][103]
The turtle ship, also known as the geobukseon, was the first armored warship in the world.[104][105][106] Turtle ships were built during the Joseon dynasty beginning in the early 15th century up until the 19th century,[104] but are most often associated with Admiral Yi Sun-sin, who used them in battle against the Japanese in the Imjin War (1592–1598).
The myeonje baegab was a soft bulletproof vest invented in 1867 in the Joseon dynasty.[107][108]
The cheonbochong (천보총/千步銃), or the "thousand paces gun", was a type of jochong matchlock musket invented in Joseon during the reign of King Sukjong (1674–1720). Compared to other jochongs of the time that had a range of 120m, the cheonbochong was recorded to have a range of 1200m.[109]
The pigyok chinchollae (비격진천뢰/飛擊震天雷), also called the Flying Thunderbolt,[110] was a time bomb with an adjustable fuse mechanism that was invented by Yi Jangson and first used in the Imjin War at the Battle of Gyeongju in 1592. It was projected into enemy camps and formations using the wangu mortar, and also used at sea.[111][112]

Modern

File:SGR-A1.jpg
Samsung SGR-A1
In 2006, Samsung Techwin released the Samsung SGR-A1, a sentry guard robot designed to replace human counterparts at the Korean Demilitarized Zone. It is the first of its kind to have surveillance, tracking, firing, and voice-recognition systems built into a single unit.[113]
In 2010, DoDaam Systems introduced the Super aEgis II, one of a new breed of automated weapon that can identify, track, and destroy a moving target at a distance of 4 km.[114]
Daewoo's K11 is the first gun of its kind to be operational in the field, making the Republic of Korea Army the first in the world to use an airburst assault rifle as standard issue.[115][116]

Mathematics

Gusuryak by Choi Seok-jeong, published in 1700
The hexagonal tortoise problem was invented by Joseon mathematician Choi Seok-jeong (1646–1715).[117]
The first literature on the Latin square dates back to the monograph Gusuryak by Choi Seok-jeong,[118] predating Leonhard Euler by at least 67 years.[119][120]
The Korean mathematician Rimhak Ree discovered and constructed the Ree group in the mathematical field of group theory.
Chisanbop is an abacus-like calculation system using fingers that was invented in Korea in the 1940s and brought to the West in the 1970s.[121]

Science

Physical science

In 1939, vinylon, the second man-made fiber to be invented, after nylon, was developed by Ichiro Sakurada, Ri Sung-gi, and Hiroshi Kawakami at Kyoto University in Japan. However, the fiber was largely ignored until Ri Sung-gi defected to North Korea in 1950 and led its production. Vinylon is the national fiber of North Korea, and is used for the majority of textiles, outstripping fibers such as cotton or nylon.[122][123]
Simulation result for formation of inversion channel (electron density) and attainment of threshold voltage (IV) in a nanowire MOSFET.
In 1959, Dawon Kahng and Martin M. (John) Atalla at Bell Labs invented the metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), a semiconductor that is the basic element in most of today's electronic equipment.[124][125]
In 1967, Dawon Kahng and Simon Min Sze invented the floating gate transistor, which provides the foundation for many forms of semiconductor memory devices.[125][126]
Zang-Hee Cho and James Roberston were the first to propose a ring system that has become the prototype of the current shape of PET.[127] Zang-Hee Cho also developed the first "PET-MRI" fusion molecular imaging device for neuro-molecular imaging.[128]
The invisible axion was first originally proposed by the theoretical physicist Kim Jihn Eui.[129]
In 1991, Mannque Rho and Gerald E. Brown introduced Brown-Rho scaling, which predicts how hadronic masses scale in a dense medium.[130]
Researchers at KAIST developed the HT-1, a next-generation holographic microscope for 3D live cell imaging without the need for staining or labeling. The HT-1 is the first system to achieve high-resolution tomographic microscopy with full optical/electronic control, and do so without having a mechanical rotation system.[131][132][133]
In 1965, Moo-Young Han and Yoichiro Nambu first introduced a new hidden symmetry among quarks, which is the origin of what is now called the color SU(3) symmetry.
In 1977, Benjamin W. Lee and Steven Weinberg introduced the Lee-Weinberg bound, about the cosmological lower bound on heavy neutrino masses.
In 1979, Ihm Jisoon first introduced a new field in condensed matter physics, called computational materials physics.[134][135]
In 2004, Eunseong Kim and Moses H. W. Chan discovered the first evidence of a superfluidlike state in solid helium.
In 2005, Philip Kim and Andre Geim's groups independently demonstrated peculiar and outstanding properties of graphene, leading to an explosion of interest in graphene.[136] In his Nobel lecture in 2010, Andre Geim said, "I owe Philip a great deal for this, and many people heard me saying – before and after the Nobel Prize – that I would be honoured to share it with him."[137] In 2009, Hong Byung-hee pioneered the synthesis of large-scale graphene by chemical vapor deposition, which triggered chemical researches toward the practical applications of graphene.[138][139]
In 1979, Kyongae Chang and Sjur Refsdal pointed out that a single star (a 'microlens') in a lens galaxy can cause flux variations on time scales of a year, leading to the Chang-Refsdal lens.[140][141]
Young-Tae Chang pioneered the diversity oriented fluorescence library approach (DOFLA) using a fluorescent library, allowing clear imaging of pancreatic cells.[142][143]
Seung Kwon Seol's team at the Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute used a new 3D printing technique to demonstrate for the first time 3D printed nanostructures composed entirely of graphene.[144]
POSCO and Siemens VAI developed a new iron-making technology called FINEX in which molten iron is produced directly using iron ore fines and non-coking coal rather than traditional blast furnace methods through sintering and reduction with coke.
Researchers at Seoul National University developed a "smart prosthetic skin" that can sense pressure, heat, and moisture.[145][146]

Life science

In 1935, the Korean-Japanese plant scientist Woo Jang-choon proposed the Triangle of U, named after himself,[147] which describes the evolution and relationships between members of the plant genus Brassica.[148]
Hantaan, the prototype hantavirus, was first isolated by Ho Wang Lee and Karl M. Johnson in 1978,[149] and the first hantavirus vaccine to protect against hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome was developed in Korea in 1990.[150][151]
The world's first cloned dog, Snuppy the Afghan hound, was cloned at Seoul National University and born in 2005. Snuppy was also used in the first successful breeding between cloned canines.
Chil-Yong Kang and his team at Western University developed the first genetically modified, whole-killed HIV vaccine to be approved for testing in humans, called the SAV001-H.[152]
Structural diagram of gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic developed by LG Life Sciences that is used in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and mild-to-moderate pneumonia.[153]
Balofloxacin is an orally active fluoroquinolone antibiotic developed by Choongwae Pharma for the treatment of urinary tract infections.[154]
Tedizolid is an oxazolidinone antibiotic developed by Dong-A ST, the specialty pharmaceuticals arm of Dong-A Socio Holdings, to treat patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.[155]
Gemigliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor developed by LG Life Sciences to treat hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.[156]
Evogliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor developed by Dong-A ST.
Fimasartan is a non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist developed by Boryung Pharmaceutical to treat hypertension and heart failure.[157]
Radotinib is a drug for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia, developed by Ilyang Pharmaceutical.[158]
Zabofloxacin is an investigational fluoroquinolone antibiotic to treat multidrug-resistant infections due to gram-positive bacteria. It was discovered by Dong Wha Pharmaceuticals and licensed to Pacific Beach BioSciences for development.
Udenafil is a PDE5 inhibitor developed by Dong-A Pharmaceutical to treat erectile dysfunction.
Polmacoxib is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug developed by CrystalGenomics to treat osteoarthritis.
Ilaprazole is a proton pump inhibitor developed by Ilyang Pharmaceutical to treat dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and duodenal ulcer.
Cheon Jinwoo of Yonsei University demonstrated, for the first time, the nanoscale size-dependent MRI contrast effect, opening a new gateway to “nanomedicine”, and also introduced the world’s most advanced nano-MRI technology, MEIO (magnetism-engineered iron oxide).[159]
Park Seung-jung pioneered a new method using a stent as an alternative treatment for left main coronary artery stenosis, an abnormal narrowing of the aortic valve in the heart.[160][161]
Koon Ho Rha and Seung Choul Yang at Yonsei University invented video-assisted minilaparotomy surgery (VAMS), a hybridized form of laparoscopic and open surgeries.[162][163]
Sang-Ho Lee of Wooridul Spine Hospital pioneered percutaneous endoscopic cervical discectomy, which is the first laser-assisted endoscopic technique for herniated disc surgery.[164][165]

Social science

The blue ocean strategy was developed by W. Chan Kim and Renée Mauborgne, who argue that companies can succeed not by battling competitors, but rather by creating ″blue oceans″ of uncontested market space.
U-City (ubiquitous city) is defined as a "next generation urban space" that includes an integrated set of ubiquitous services: a convergent form of both physical and online spaces. Songdo in South Korea is the first U-City in the world.[166][167]

Technology

Electronics

MPMan
The world's first MP3 player, the MPMan, was launched by SaeHan Information Systems in 1997.[168][169]
The first mobile phone to support MP3 playback, the SPH-M2100, was released by Samsung in 1999.[170][171]
The world's first TV phone, the SCH-M220, was developed by Samsung in 1999.[172][173]
The world's first curved display smartphone, the Samsung Galaxy Round, was released by Samsung on October 10, 2013.[170][174]
The world's first solar-powered cell phone, the Samsung E1107, was released by Samsung in 2009.[175][176]
Samsung developed the first eye tracking mouse that doesn't require users to wear special equipment, called the EyeCan, in 2012.[177][178]
The world's first CDMA-based watch phone, the SPH-WP10, was released by Samsung in 1999.[179]
The LG Prada is the world's first completely touchscreen mobile phone.[180][181] It is also the first mobile phone with a capacitive touchscreen.[182][183]
Samsung released the world's first LTE mobile phone, the SCH-r900, in 2010,[182][184] and the world's first LTE smartphone, the Samsung Galaxy Indulge, in 2011.[185]
Apple's "Retina" display was invented by LG and bought by Apple.[186]
The world's first 360-degree color hologram was developed by the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute in 2015.[187]
The world's first UFS memory cards were developed by Samsung.[188][189]
The world's first solid rollable keyboard was introduced by LG in 2015.[190][191]
In 2012, researchers at KAIST demonstrated the first fully functional all-flexible electronic battery system.[192] In 2013, scientists led by Professor Lee Sang-young of Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology developed the world's first bendable lithium ion batteries.[193]
High Bandwidth Memory is a high-performance RAM interface for 3D-stacked DRAM developed by SK Hynix and AMD to be used in conjunction with high-performance graphics accelerators and network devices.
Researchers led by Byung Jin Cho at KAIST developed a glass fabric-based thermoelectric (TE) generator that is extremely light and flexible and produces electricity from the heat of the human body.[194][195][196]
Transparent resistive random access memory (TRRAM) is the world's first transparent computer chip, invented by scientists at KAIST.[197][198]
Researchers at KAIST developed an electric transportation system in which online electric vehicles (OLEV) get power wirelessly through the application of shaped magnetic field in resonance, a new technology introduced by KAIST that enables electric vehicles to transfer electricity wirelessly from the road surface.[199][200] The world's first OLEV buses began operation at the city of Gumi in March 2014.[201]
The first pen that performs 3D printing on the nanoscale was developed by Seongpil Hwang of Korea University in 2014.[202][203]

Appliances

In 2000, LG Electronics introduced the world's first digital refrigerator called the Internet Digital DIOS.[204]
In 2011, LG introduced a closet, called the Styler, that steam cleans clothing that's hung inside without the use of water or detergents; it is used in hotels, airports, casinos, and homes in Korea.[205]
In 2012, Dongbu Daewoo Electronics introduced the world’s first wall-mounted drum type washing machine called the "Mini".[206][207]
In 2015, LG Electronics unveiled the world's first washing machine that allows for two separate loads to be washed simultaneously using the "TWIN Wash System".[208][209]
The kimchi refrigerator is designed to meet the storage requirements of kimchi. The first commercial kimchi refrigerator was created by Winia Mando in 1995.[210]
Invented by Romi Haan in 2001, the steam mop is a type of electric mop that uses hot steam to disinfect floors.[211][212]

Information technology

Beginning in 1995, Seoul was the first city in the world to use contactless smart cards, for electronic ticketing.[213][214]
Developed in 2005 by Samsung Electronics, WiBro, an abbreviation of wireless broadband, is the first commercial mobile WiMax system in the world. In April 2007, KT began full commercial WiBro services in the Seoul metropolitan area and its vicinity for the first time in the world.[215]
The digital multimedia broadcasting technology was developed in South Korea. It is a digital transmission system for sending multimedia to mobile devices.[216][217]
By developing digital multimedia broadcasting, Korea became the first nation in the world to introduce mobile television.[217]
In 2011, Homeplus launched the world's first virtual store at Seolleung Station, enabling consumers to purchase items with their smartphones by scanning QR codes using the Homeplus app, then having the products delivered.[218]
The caller ringback tone (CRBT) service, which allows subscribers to choose a piece of music or an audio clip that callers will hear in place of the standard 'ringing' tone when dialing the subscriber's number, was first offered in South Korea in 2002 by SK Telecom. It was developed in 2001 by the Korean firm Witcom.[219][220]

Robotics

Albert HUBO
Developed by KAIST and introduced in 2004, HUBO is the world's second walking humanoid robot,[221] and the first to move with a natural gait.[222]
Developed by a team at the Korea Institute of Industrial Technology and introduced in May 2003, EveR-1 is the world's second android.[223]
Introduced in 2005, Albert HUBO is the world’s first walking humanoid robot with an android head. It was a collaboration between Hanson Robotics and KAIST.[224][225]
Developed by a team at Korea Institute of Science and Technology and introduced in March 2005, MAHRU (originally known as NBH-1) is the first network-based humanoid robot in the world.[226][227]
Developed by the Korean Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Crabster CR200 is the world's deepest and largest underwater walking robot. It can be used in scientific exploration projects and repairing structures such as pipes used to carry oil and gas.[228]
In 2011, the world's first robot prison guard was introduced. Developed by Lee Baik-chul, a professor at Kyonggi University, the robot prison guard uses 3D cameras to detect abnormal human behavior patterns.[229][230][231]
South Korea's Method-2 is the world's first manned bipedal robot.[232][233]
Hongsoo Choi's research team at the Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology developed the world's first ciliary microrobots, that can move and function like single cells.[234][235][236]
Scientists at the Chonnam National University in South Korea developed the world's first cancer-fighting nanobot, a microscopic robot called a "bacteriobot", that is injected into the bloodstream and seeks out and destroys cancer cells while leaving healthy cells alone.[237][238]
Robot-assisted transaxillary thyroid surgery (RATS), also called robotic thyroidectomy (RT), is a minimally invasive surgical technique developed in Korea that can remove all or part of the thyroid without scarring the neck.[239]

Entertainment technology

Developed by South Korean conglomerate CJ Group in 2009, 4DX is the world's first 4D cinema technology, allowing a motion picture presentation to be augmented with environmental effects.[240][241]
Developed by South Korean conglomerate CJ Group in 2012, ScreenX is the world’s first multi-projection system. It extends the images onto the theater walls to provide a 270-degree viewing environment.[241][242]

Internet

In 1988, an archaic type of cybercafé called the "Electronic Café" was opened in front of Hongik University in Seoul, South Korea by Ahn Sangsu and Keum Nuri. It had two 16-bit computers connected to an online service provider through a telephone line. The first modern Internet café in Korea was opened in 1994.[243] Korean Internet cafés, called PC bangs, are also LAN gaming centers,[244] and boomed during the late 1990s thanks to the growth of the Internet and gaming cultures.[245]
Nexus: The Kingdom of the Winds was released by Nexon on April 5, 1996,[246] making it one of the earliest graphical MMORPGs in the world.[245][247][248]
Naver, the leading search portal in South Korea, pioneered a real-time community-driven question-and-answer platform called Knowledge Search in 2002.[249][250] In 2005, Yahoo! launched Yahoo! Answers, which was modeled, in part, on Naver's Knowledge Search.[251]
North Korea's Kwangmyong is generally considered the first national intranet, launched in 2000.[citation needed]
The first eSports league in the field of online gaming started in Korea in 1997. In December 1997, PC bang chains opened the first national online gaming league, known as the "Korea Pro Gamers League". The term "eSports" was coined by Park Ji-won of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism in February 2000 when he inaugurated the Korea e-Sports Association.[252] OGN was the first online game specialty channel in the world, and opened the world's first eSports dedicated stadium.[253]
South Korea's Cyworld is the world's first mass social networking service.[254][255] It was also the first in the world to have individual home pages and automated systems for contacting friends and relatives, leading to the creation of other popular sites such as Facebook and Myspace.[256]
The free-to-play business model in online games was created by Nexon in Korea.[257][258] The first game to use it was Nexon's QuizQuiz, released in October 1999, and made by Lee Seungchan, who would go on to create MapleStory.[259]

Traditional games

Koreans playing a traditional board game, 18th century
Yut is an ancient Korean board game that is still played to this day, especially on Seollal.[260]
Juryeonggu is a 14-sided die invented in the Later Silla period that was used in drinking games.[261]
Tujeon is a traditional card game, originally based on Madiao, that is played with long rectangular numbered cards. It gradually became linked to gambling.[262][263]
Seunggyeongdo is a traditional board game attributed to Ha Ryun that simulates climbing the Joseon government career ladder and reaching the top by the end.[264][265]
Seongbuldo is a traditional board game dating back to the Goryeo period that simulates the path to becoming a Buddha.[266] It is still played by Buddhists in Korea.[267]

Martial arts

Main article: Korean martial arts
It is believed that taekkyeon originated from the ancient martial art subak (手搏), based on the encyclopedia Manmulbo published in 1798.[268] Taekkyeon almost disappeared during the 20th century but made a resurgence in modern times, and was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of UNESCO in 2011.[269][270]
The earliest evidence of ssireum, or "Korean wrestling", dates back to the Goguryeo period. Originally used in military applications, ssireum became a popular pastime of the people, including many Korean kings, during the Goryeo and Joseon periods. In the 20th century, ssireum became a nationally televised sport in South Korea.[271]
Gukgung, also known as gungsul, is traditional Korean archery that makes use of the gakgung, the traditional Korean composite bow made of horn.[272]

Sports

Inspired by the Southeast Asian sport sepak takraw,[273] jokgu is a modern sport invented in 1960 by members of the Republic of Korea Air Force's 11th Fighter Wing that combines aspects of football and volleyball.[274]
Jangchigi, originally called dobogyeokdo, is a traditional hockey-like sport that dates back to the Three Kingdoms period. It is related to masanggyeokgu, a traditional polo-like sport that also dates back to the Three Kingdoms period.[275]

Products

The ubiquitous instant coffee 'sticks' filled with instant coffee, cream, and sugar were developed by the Dongsuh Food Company in 1976.[276]
The Korean exfoliating mitt[277] is a mass-produced bath product used to scrub and peel the outermost layer of skin; it was invented in Busan by Kim Pil-gon in 1962. Since then, the Italy Towel has become a household item in Korean homes and a staple item in Korean saunas. The Korean exfoliating mitt was named the Italy Towel because the viscose fabric used to make it was imported from Italy at the time.[278][279]
The dol bed, or stone bed, is a manufactured bed that has the same heating effect as ondol and is purported to have health benefits.[280] The dol bed industry is estimated to be worth 100 billion Korean won, comprising 30 to 40 percent of the entire bed industry in South Korea; dol beds are most popular with middle-aged people in their 40s and 50s.[281][282]

Miscellaneous

The earliest depictions of whaling have been discovered in Korea at the Neolithic Bangudae site, which may date back to 6000 BC.[283] Bangudae is the earliest evidence for whaling.[284]
Thundersticks, known as makdae pungseon in Korea, are inflatable plastic promotional noisemakers that are most often used at sporting events, political rallies, and concerts. Makdae pungseon were created by BalloonStix Korea and first used in 1994 at an LG Twins baseball game.[285][286][287]

See also

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External links

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