Eastern Arabic numerals
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The Eastern Arabic numerals (also called Arabic-Indic numerals and Arabic Eastern Numerals) are the symbols (٠ - ١ - ٢ - ٣ - ٤ - ٥ - ٦ - ٧ - ٨ - ٩) used to represent the Hindu-Arabic numeral system in conjunction with the Arabic alphabet in the countries of the Arab world.
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[edit] Other names
These numbers are known as "Indian numbers" in Arabic. They are sometimes also called "Indic Numerals" in English.[1] However, this nomenclature is sometimes discouraged as it leads to confusion with the numerals used in the scripts of India[2] (see Indian numerals).
[edit] Numerals
There is substantial variation in usage of glyphs for the Eastern Arabic-Indic digits, especially for the digits four, five, and six.[3]
- Each number in the Persian variant has a different unicode point even if it looks identical to the Eastern Arabic numeral counterpart.
| Western Arabic | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eastern Arabic | ٠ | ١ | ٢ | ٣ | ٤ | ٥ | ٦ | ٧ | ٨ | ٩ |
| Persian variant | ۰ | ۱ | ۲ | ۳ | ۴ | ۵ | ۶ | ۷ | ۸ | ۹ |
[edit] Usage
Numbers are traditionally read with the smallest element first (e.g., "four-and-twenty" instead of "twenty-four"). Written numerals are arranged with their lowest-value digit to the right, with higher value positions added to the left. This is identical to the arrangement used by Western texts using Western Arabic numerals, even though Arabic script is read from right to left. There is no conflict unless numerical layout is necessary, as is the case for arithmetic problems (as in simple addition or multiplication) and lists of numbers, which tend to be justified at the decimal point/comma.[4]
The Urdu language in Pakistan employs use of a variant of Eastern Arabic numerals.
[edit] North Africa
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2009) |
In most of present-day North Africa (the Maghreb countries, excluding Egypt and Sudan), Western Arabic numerals (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) are used; in medieval times, a slightly different set (from which, via Italy, Western "Arabic numerals" derive) was used.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ IBM website
- ^ Unicode Online Glossary
- ^ The Unicode Standard 5.0 – Electronic edition, Chapter 8 Middle Eastern Scripts
- ^ Menninger, Karl (1992). Number words and number symbols: a cultural history of numbers. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 415. ISBN 0486270963, 9780486270968. http://books.google.com/books?id=YLJb6-OyUIQC&pg=PA415#v=onepage&q&f=false.
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