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Taiwanese Hangul (Hangul: 대끼깐뿐; Chinese: 臺語諺文; pinyin: Táiyǔ Yànwén; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-gí Gān-bûn) is an orthography system for Taiwanese Hokkien (Taiwanese). Developed and promoted by Taiwanese linguist Hsu Tsao-te [zh] in 1987, it uses a modified Hangul alphabets to represent spoken Taiwanese, and was later supported by Ang Ui-jin.[1][2] Because both Chinese characters and Hangul are both written in the space of square boxes, unlike letters of the Latin alphabet, the use of Chinese-Hangul mixed writing is able to keep the spacing between the two scripts more consistent compared to Chinese-Latin mixed writing.
Letters
Initials
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Bilabial |
Alveolar
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Alveolo-palatal |
Velar |
Glottal
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Voiceless |
Voiced |
Voiceless |
Voiced
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Voiceless |
Voiced |
Voiceless |
Voiced
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Voiceless
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Nasal
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[[Bilabial nasal|ᄆ [m]]] ㄇ 毛 (mo͘ )
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[[Alveolar nasal|ᄂ [n]]] ㄋ 耐 (nāi)
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[[Velar nasal| ㄸ [ŋ]]] ㄫ 雅 (ngá)
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Stop |
Unaspirated
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[[Voiceless bilabial stop|ᄇ [p]]] ㄅ 邊 (pian)
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[[Voiced bilabial stop|ᄈ [b]]] ㆠ 文 (bûn)
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[[Voiceless alveolar stop|ᄃ [t]]] ㄉ 地 (tē) |
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[[Voiceless velar stop|ᄀ [k]]] ㄍ 求 (kiû)
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[[Voiced velar stop|ᄁ [ɡ]]] ㆣ 語 (gí) |
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Aspirated
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[[Voiceless bilabial stop|ᄑ [pʰ]]] ㄆ 波 (pho) |
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[[Voiceless alveolar stop|ᄐ [tʰ]]] ㄊ 他 (thaⁿ) |
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[[Voiceless velar stop|ᄏ [kʰ]]] ㄎ 去 (khì) |
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Affricate |
Unaspirated
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[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|ᄌ [ts]]] ㄗ 曾 (tsan/chan)
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[[Voiced alveolar affricate|ᄍ [dz]]] ㆡ 熱 (joa̍h)
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[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|ᄌ [tɕ]]] ㄐ 尖 (tsiam/chiam)
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[[Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|ᄍ [dʑ]]] ㆢ 入 (ji̍p) |
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Aspirated
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[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|ᄎ [tsʰ]]] ㄘ 出 (tshut/chhut) |
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[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|ᄎ [tɕʰ]]] ㄑ 手 (tshiú/chhiú) |
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Fricative
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[[Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilant|ㅅ [s]]] ㄙ 衫 (saⁿ) |
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[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant|ㅅ [ɕ]]] ㄒ 寫 (siá) |
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[[Voiceless glottal fricative|ᄒ [h]]] ㄏ 喜 (hí)
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Lateral
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[[Alveolar lateral approximant|ᄅ [l]]] ㄌ 柳 (liú) |
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Vowels
Monophthongs
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Front |
Central |
Back
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Simple |
Nasal |
Simple |
Simple |
Nasal
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Close
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[[Close front unrounded vowel|ᅵ [i]]] ㄧ 衣 (i)
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[[Close front unrounded vowel|잇 [ĩ]]] ㆪ 圓 (îⁿ) |
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[[Close back rounded vowel|ᅮ [u]]] ㄨ 污 (u)
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[[Close back rounded vowel|웃 [ũ]]] ㆫ 張 (tiuⁿ)
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Mid
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[[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|ᅦ [e]]] ㆤ 禮 (lé)
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[[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|엣 [ẽ]]] ㆥ 生 (seⁿ)
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[[Mid central vowel|ᅥ [ə]]] ㄜ 高 (ko)
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[[Open-mid back rounded vowel|ᅩ [ɔ]]] ㆦ 烏 (o͘ )
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[[Open-mid back rounded vowel|옷 [ɔ̃]]] ㆧ 翁 (oⁿ)
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Open
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[[Open front unrounded vowel|ᅡ [a]]] ㄚ 查 (cha)
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[[Open front unrounded vowel|앗 [ã]]] ㆩ 衫 (saⁿ) |
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Diphthongs & Triphthongs
Diphthongs
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ᅢ [aɪ] ㄞ (ai)
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알 [aʊ] ㄠ (au)
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ᅣ [ɪa] ㄧㄚ (ia)
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ᅧ [ɪo] ㄧㄜ (io)
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ᅲ [iu] ㄧㄨ (iu)
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ᅪ [ua] ㄨㄚ (oa)
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ᅰ [ue] ㄨㆤ (oe)
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ᅱ [ui] ㄨㄧ (ui)
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Triphthongs
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얄 [ɪaʊ] ㄧㄠ (iau)
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ᅫ [uai] ㄨㄞ (oai)
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Coda endings
Tone markings
No.
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Hangul
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Latin diacritics
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Chinese tone name
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Examples Hangul/Latin/Hanzi (Listen 🔊) meaning
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1
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ᄋ
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absent
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陰平 (yinping) dark level
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카ᄋ/kha/跤 🔊 foot; leg
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2
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ᄅ
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◌́
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上聲 (sióng-siaⁿ)/陰上 (yinshang) rising / dark rising
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쥐ㄹ/tsúi/水 🔊 water
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3
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ᄂ
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◌̀
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陰去 (yinqu) dark departing
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갈ㄴ/kàu/到 🔊 arrive
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4
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ᄋ
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absent
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陰入 (yinru) dark entering
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빻ㅇ/bah/肉 🔊 meat
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5
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ᄉ
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◌̂
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陽平 (yangping) light level
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옹ㅅ/ông/王 🔊 king
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(6) appears only in Lukang dialect; merged to 7 in the prestige dialect
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not devised
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◌̆
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陽上 (yangshang) light rising
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[]/huǎn (Lukang)/犯 violate / commit (a crime)
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7
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ᄀ
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◌̄
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陽去 (yangqu) light departing
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환ㄱ/huān (prestige)/犯 🔊 violate / commit (a crime)
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8
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ᄇ
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̍ (overstroke/vertical line above)
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陽入 (yangru) light entering
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쫳ㅂ/joa̍h/熱 🔊 hot
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Continuous tone sandhi
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ㅣ
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absent
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occurs when a character/syllable is before another one in a phrase. Rule of the prestige dialect: 5→7, 7→3, 3→2, 2→1, 1→7; 4→8, 8→4
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대시끼ㄹ/Tâi-gí/臺語 🔊 Taiwanese language
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Different use of Hangul between Taiwanese and Korean
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Taiwanese Hokkien |
Korean |
Note
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ㅃ
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/b/, a voiced consonant
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/p͈/, a tense consonant
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ㄲ
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/g/, a voiced consonant
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/k͈/, a tense consonant
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ㅉ
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/ʣ/ or /ʥ/, a voiced consonant
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/t͡ɕ͈/, a tense consonant
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ㄸ
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/ŋ/,
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/t͈/
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as the syllable onset such as 따
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ㅎ
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/ʔ/, a glottal stop
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/t̚/
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as the syllable coda such as 앟
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ㅅ
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/ⁿ/, vowel nasalization
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/t̚/
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as the syllable coda such as 앗
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ㅆ
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/ⁿʔ/, a combination of ㅅ and ㅎ
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/s͈/ or /t̚/
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as the syllable coda such as 았
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ᅥ
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/o/ or /ə/
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/ʌ/
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ᅩ
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/ɔ/
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/o/
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ㅐ
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/ai/
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/ɛ/
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알
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/au/
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/aɭ/
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ㅡ
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silent
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/ɯ/
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ㅢ
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읨/m̩ʔ/, 읭/ŋ̍ʔ/
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/ɰi/, /i/, /ɛ/
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Examples
Taiwanese Hangul |
Pe̍h-ōe-jī
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Chinese characters
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關係行善的教訓
恁著謹慎,毋通為著欲予儂看,故意蹛儂的面前顯示恁的善行; 恁若按呢做,恁就袂當對天父得著報賞。
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Chinese-Hangul mixed writing
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關係行善에教訓
린뎧謹慎,음탕為뎧뼇호儂看,故意돠儂에面前顯示린에善行; 린若안네做,린就뻬당뒤天父得뎧報賞。
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Chinese-Latin mixed writing
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關係行善ê教訓
Lín tio̍h謹慎,m̄-thang為tio̍h boeh hō͘儂看,故意toà儂ê面前顯示lín ê善行; Lín若án-ne做,lín就bē-tàng tùi天父得tio̍h報賞。
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Hangul
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관헤 형센 에 갈훈
린 뎧 긴신,음탕 위뎧 뼇 호 랑 쾃,고이 돠 랑 에 삔졍 헨시 린 에 센형; 린 나 안네 저,린 쥬 뻬당 뒤 텐후 딛뎧 버슛。
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Romanization
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Koan-he Hêng-siān ê Kàu-hùn
Lín tio̍h kín-sīn, m̄-thang ūi-tio̍h boeh hō͘ lâng khoàⁿ, kò-ì toà lâng ê bīn-chêng hián-sī lín ê siān-hêng. Lín nā án-ne chò, lín chiū bē-tàng tùi Thian-hū tit-tio̍h pò-siúⁿ.
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References
- ^ Dong Zhongsi (董忠司), 「台灣閩南語槪論」講授資料彙編, Taiwan Languages and Literature Society
- ^ 台語文運動訪談暨史料彙編
External links
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Proto-languages | |
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Rime dictionaries | |
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