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{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
|name = Ju 86
|name = Ju 86
|image = File:Junkers Ju-86 K-2 típusú repülőgép. Fortepan 11072.jpg
|image = File:Junkers Ju-86 K-2 típusú repülőgép. Fortepan 11072.jpg
|caption = Ju 86 K-2 of Royal Hungarian Air Force, showing the Junkers ''doppelflügel'' wing control surfaces
|caption = Ju 86K-2 of Royal Hungarian Air Force, showing the Junkers ''doppelflügel'' wing control surfaces
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
|type = [[Bomber]], [[airliner]], [[reconnaissance aircraft]]
|type = [[Bomber]], [[airliner]], [[reconnaissance aircraft]]
|manufacturer = [[Junkers]]
|manufacturer = [[Junkers]]
|designer =Ernst Zindel<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/hjunkers/ju_who_z.htm |access-date=2016-06-22 |title=Junkers - Who is Who? |last=Zoeller |first=Horst |publisher=The Hugo Junkers Homepage |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027072730/http://www.geocities.com/hjunkers/ju_who_z.htm |archive-date=October 27, 2009 }}</ref> |first flight = 4 November 1934
|designer = Ernst Zindel<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/hjunkers/ju_who_z.htm |access-date=2016-06-22 |title=Junkers - Who is Who? |last=Zoeller |first=Horst |publisher=The Hugo Junkers Homepage |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027072730/http://www.geocities.com/hjunkers/ju_who_z.htm |archive-date=October 27, 2009 }}</ref> |first flight = 4 November 1934
|introduced = 1936
|introduced = 1936
|retired = 1958 (Swedish Air Force)
|retired = 1958 (Swedish Air Force)
|status = retired
|status = retired
|primary user = ''[[Luftwaffe]]''
|primary user = ''[[Luftwaffe]]''
|produced =
|produced =
|number built =~900
|number built = ~900
|unit cost =
|unit cost =
|variants with their own articles =
}}
}}
|}
|}
⚫
The '''Junkers Ju 86''' was a [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[monoplane]] [[bomber]] and civilian [[airliner]] designed in the early 1930s, and employed by various air forces on both sides during [[World War II]]. The civilian model '''Ju 86B''' could carry ten passengers. Two were delivered to [[Swissair]] and five to [[Deutsche Luft Hansa]]. In addition a single civilian Ju 86Z was delivered to Sweden's [[AB Aerotransport]].<ref>[http://www.avrosys.nu/aircraft/Transport/259Tp9.htm "Tp 9 - Junkers Ju 86Z-7 (1940–1958)."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205185812/http://www.avrosys.nu/aircraft/Transport/259Tp9.htm |date=2007-12-05 }} ''Avrosys.nu''. Retrieved: 23 July 2009.</ref>

⚫
The '''Junkers Ju 86''' was a [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[monoplane]] [[bomber]] and civilian [[airliner]] designed in the early 1930s, and employed by various air forces on both sides during [[World War II]]. The civilian model '''Ju 86B''' could carry ten passengers. Two were delivered to [[Swissair]] and five to [[Deutsche Luft Hansa]]. In addition a single civilian Ju 86Z was delivered to Sweden's [[AB Aerotransport]].<ref>[http://www.avrosys.nu/aircraft/Transport/259Tp9.htm "Tp 9 - Junkers Ju 86Z-7 (1940-1958)."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205185812/http://www.avrosys.nu/aircraft/Transport/259Tp9.htm |date=2007-12-05 }} ''Avrosys.nu''. Retrieved: 23 July 2009.</ref>


==Design and development==
==Design and development==
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Early use of the Jumo-powered Ju 86 bomber in the [[Spanish Civil War]] showed that it was inferior to the He 111, with the diesel engines being unsuitable for rough treatment during combat;<ref name="Dressel Luft p22">Dressel and Griel 1994, p.22.</ref> and production plans were cut back. One Ju 86 had already been converted to use radial engines as a testbed for possible export versions, and this showed improved reliability. Production switched to a version powered by the [[BMW 132]] engine, the Ju 86E, with production continuing until 1938.<ref name="Dessauer p27-8">Green and Swanborough 1982, pp. 27–28.</ref>
Early use of the Jumo-powered Ju 86 bomber in the [[Spanish Civil War]] showed that it was inferior to the He 111, with the diesel engines being unsuitable for rough treatment during combat;<ref name="Dressel Luft p22">Dressel and Griel 1994, p.22.</ref> and production plans were cut back. One Ju 86 had already been converted to use radial engines as a testbed for possible export versions, and this showed improved reliability. Production switched to a version powered by the [[BMW 132]] engine, the Ju 86E, with production continuing until 1938.<ref name="Dessauer p27-8">Green and Swanborough 1982, pp. 27–28.</ref>
[[File:Ju-86K-2 pecs.jpg|left|thumb|Hungarian Ju-86K-2's, 1941]]
[[File:Ju-86K-2 pecs.jpg|left|thumb|Hungarian Ju-86K-2's, 1941]]

The sudden end to production without advance warning meant that there were still enough component parts to construct a further 1,000 aircraft.{{sfn|Suchenwirth|1959|p=26}} After the war started, the ''[[Luftflotte]]'' (Air Fleet) commanders raided their training schools for [[Junkers Ju 52|Ju 52]]s as transport aircraft, together with their experienced aircrew instructors.{{sfn|Suchenwirth|1959|pp=21–22}} This depletion continued with the formation of special bomber crews for the invasions of [[Norwegian Campaign|Norway]], the [[German invasion of the Netherlands|Low Countries]], and [[Invasion of Crete|Crete]].{{sfn|Suchenwirth|1959|pp=25, 33}} This was to a severe blow to the pilot training programme, and ''[[Oberstleutnant]]'' Lt-Colonel [[Paul Deichmann]], Chief of Staff to the Luftwaffe's Chief of Training [[Helmuth Wilberg]] suggested that Ju-86s with dual controls and instruments could be easily produced to replace the appropriated Ju 52s. However, his contention that "the need for air transport services would soon reach tremendous proportions" was simply brushed aside by [[Göring]].{{sfn|Suchenwirth|1959|p=26}}

===Export variants===
Civil variants, introduced in 1936, were designated Ju 86Z in three different models differing in their engines. The Jumo-engined Ju 86Z-1 (corresponding to the former B-0 or C-1) was sold to Swissair (one), Airlines of Australia (one), and [[LAN Airlines|LAN-Chile]] (three). The BMW 132H-powered Ju 86Z-2 was sold to DLH (two) and the para-military Manchukuo Air Transport (five or more). The [[Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet]]-engined Ju 86Z-7 was delivered to [[AB Aerotransport]] (ABA) of Sweden (one, for use as a mail carrier), [[Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano]] (three), and [[South African Airways]] - SAA - (17). The ABA aircraft was later transferred to the [[Swedish Air Force]], with which it served, under the designation Tp 9, until 1958. South African Airways' original intention was to have its Ju 86s powered by 745&nbsp;hp [[Rolls-Royce Kestrel]]s. Six aircraft for SAA, flown with these engines, were refitted with Hornets before delivery, and the remainder were also Hornet-powered.
Civil variants, introduced in 1936, were designated Ju 86Z in three different models differing in their engines. The Jumo-engined Ju 86Z-1 (corresponding to the former B-0 or C-1) was sold to Swissair (one), Airlines of Australia (one), and [[LAN Airlines|LAN-Chile]] (three). The BMW 132H-powered Ju 86Z-2 was sold to DLH (two) and the para-military Manchukuo Air Transport (five or more). The [[Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet]]-engined Ju 86Z-7 was delivered to [[AB Aerotransport]] (ABA) of Sweden (one, for use as a mail carrier), [[Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano]] (three), and [[South African Airways]] - SAA - (17). The ABA aircraft was later transferred to the [[Swedish Air Force]], with which it served, under the designation Tp 9, until 1958. South African Airways' original intention was to have its Ju 86s powered by 745&nbsp;hp [[Rolls-Royce Kestrel]]s. Six aircraft for SAA, flown with these engines, were refitted with Hornets before delivery, and the remainder were also Hornet-powered.


The '''Ju 86K''' was an export model, also built under license in Sweden by Saab as the B 3 with (905&nbsp;hp) [[Bristol Mercury]] XIX [[radial engine]]s. Several aircraft remained in service with the [[Swedish Air Force]] until 1958.<ref name="B 3 - Junkers Ju 86K">[http://www.avrosys.nu/aircraft/Bomb/152B3.htm "B 3 - Junkers Ju 86K (1936-1958)."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213165915/http://www.avrosys.nu/aircraft/Bomb/152B3.htm |date=2007-12-13 }} ''Avrosys.nu''. Retrieved: 23 July 2009.</ref> A few were converted for [[signals intelligence|radio interception]] activities.<ref>Andersson, Lennart and Leif Hellström. ''Bortom Horisonten: Svensk Flygspaning mot Sovjetunionen 1946-1952''. Stockholm: Stenbom, 2002. {{ISBN|978-91-7243-015-0}}.</ref>
The '''Ju 86K''' was an export model, also built under license in Sweden by Saab as the B 3 with (905&nbsp;hp) [[Bristol Mercury]] XIX [[radial engine]]s. Several aircraft remained in service with the [[Swedish Air Force]] until 1958.<ref name="B 3 - Junkers Ju 86K">[http://www.avrosys.nu/aircraft/Bomb/152B3.htm "B 3 - Junkers Ju 86K (1936–1958)."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213165915/http://www.avrosys.nu/aircraft/Bomb/152B3.htm |date=2007-12-13 }} ''Avrosys.nu''. Retrieved: 23 July 2009.</ref> A few were converted for [[signals intelligence|radio interception]] activities.<ref>Andersson, Lennart and Leif Hellström. ''Bortom Horisonten: Svensk Flygspaning mot Sovjetunionen 1946-1952''. Stockholm: Stenbom, 2002. {{ISBN|978-91-7243-015-0}}.</ref>


==Operational history==
==Operational history==
[[File:Junkers Ju 86P high altitude reconnaissance plane c1940.jpg|thumb|right|A Ju 86P high-[[altitude]] [[reconnaissance aircraft]], with Jumo 207 [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] [[Diesel engine|diesel]] powerplants.]]
[[File:Junkers Ju 86P high altitude reconnaissance plane c1940.jpg|thumb|right|A Ju 86P high-[[altitude]] [[reconnaissance aircraft]], with Jumo 207 [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] [[Diesel engine|diesel]] powerplants.]]
The bomber was field-tested in the [[Spanish Civil War]], where it proved inferior to the He 111. Four Ju 86D-1s arrived in Spain in early February 1937, but after a few sorties one of them was shot down on 23 February by Republican fighters with the loss of three crewmen killed and one captured. A replacement aircraft was sent from Germany, but in the summer of 1937 another was lost in an accident, and the three remaining aircraft were sold to the Nationalist air forces. Ju 86s were again used in the [[1939 invasion of Poland]], but retired soon after. In January 1940, the ''Luftwaffe'' tested the [[prototype]] '''Ju 86P''' with a longer [[wingspan]], [[Cabin pressurization|pressurized]] cabin, [[Junkers Jumo 205|Junkers Jumo 207A-1]] turbocharged two-stroke, opposed-piston diesel engines and a two-man crew. The Ju 86P could fly at heights of 12,000&nbsp;m (39,000&nbsp;ft) and higher on occasion, where it was felt to be safe from enemy [[Fighter aircraft|fighters]]. The British [[Westland Welkin]] and Soviet [[Yakovlev Yak-9|Yakovlev Yak-9PD]] were developed specifically to counter this threat.<ref>James 1982, p. 115.</ref>
The bomber was field-tested in the [[Spanish Civil War]] by the [[Condor Legion]]. Four Ju 86D-1s arrived in Spain in early February 1937, but after a few sorties one of them was shot down in late February–early March 1937 by Republican fighters. A replacement aircraft was sent from Germany, but after two more were damaged in landing accidents, the remaining two aircraft were sold to the Nationalist air force, remaining in service until at least the end of the Civil War. The Ju 86 had proved to be generally inferior to the [[Heinkel He 111]] evaluated at the same time.<ref name="Dessauer p20-1">Green and Swanborough 1982, pp. 20–21.</ref> A single [[Organization_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1933–1945)#Gruppe|''Gruppe'']] of Ju 86 bombers ([[Kampfgeschwader 1|III KG 1]] "Hindenburg") remained in operational service at the start of the [[Second World War]] and were used in the [[1939 invasion of Poland]], but replaced soon after. The diesel-engined Ju 86A and Ds were retired, while the radial-engined Ju 86E and Gs were transferred to bomber training schools.<ref name="Dessauer p28">Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 28.</ref> In late 1942, available aircraft, including Ju 86s, were pulled out of the training schools to reinforce the ''Luftwaffe''{{'}}s transport force in its attempt to supply the German [[6th Army (Wehrmacht)|6th Army]], [[Battle_of_Stalingrad#Sixth_Army_surrounded|besieged at Stalingrad]]. The Ju 86s formed two transport ''Gruppen'', equipped with 58 aircraft, operating out of [[Tatsinskaya Airfield]]. They were unsuited to the transport role, and suffered heavy losses (42 Ju 86s were lost by the end of January 1943) before being forced out of the airlift when the Soviets captured Tatsinskaya, not having the range to reach Stalingrad from the replacement airfields.<ref name="Dessauer p28"/><ref>Hooton 2016, pp. 141–142, 145–146.</ref> The survivors returned to the training role.<ref name="Dessauer p28"/>

In January 1940, the ''Luftwaffe'' tested the [[prototype]] '''Ju 86P''' with a longer [[wingspan]], [[Cabin pressurization|pressurized]] cabin, [[Junkers Jumo 205|Junkers Jumo 207A-1]] turbocharged two-stroke, opposed-piston diesel engines and a two-man crew. The Ju 86P could fly higher than 12,000&nbsp;m (39,000&nbsp;ft), where it was felt to be safe from enemy [[Fighter aircraft|fighters]]. The British [[Westland Welkin]] and Soviet [[Yakovlev Yak-9|Yakovlev Yak-9PD]] were developed specifically to counter this threat.<ref>James 1982, p. 115.</ref>

⚫
The aircraft used on the Allied side in World War II were 17<ref name=youtube/>{{efn|18 units had been delivered to the airline during the interwar years <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.saamuseum.co.za/saa-history.html | title=How We Began }}</ref>}} early-model units that had been in use by [[South African Airways]]. When war broke out, the planes were militarised and armed as bombers with defensive guns and external bomb racks. These aircraft were initially used for coastal patrols along with the sole Ju 86K-1, playing an important role in the interception of the German [[blockade runner]] {{ill|SS Watussi|lt=SS ''Watussi''|de|Watussi (Schiff)}} in December 1939. In May 1940, they were used to re-equip [[12 Squadron SAAF|No. 12 Squadron SAAF]], which was deployed in the [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]] from June 1940. It flew its first bombing missions on 14 June 1940.<ref>Green 1968, p. 41.</ref> As more modern aircraft became available, the South African Ju 86s were passed from squadron to squadron, seeing their last use with [[No. 22 Squadron SAAF]], which used it along with the [[Avro Anson]] in the coastal reconnaissance role, finally retiring its Ju 86s in September 1942.<ref>Green 1968, p. 42.</ref>

Hungary used its Ju 86s to bomb Slovakian airfields and defensive positions during the [[Slovak–Hungarian War]] in March 1939. From June 1941, Hungary's Ju 86s began to be replaced by Italian [[Caproni Ca.135]] bombers. An independent bomber squadron, equipped with a mix of Ju 86s and Ca 135s was deployed in support of the Hungarian [[Gyorshadtest]] (or Fast Corps) during [[Operation Barbarossa|the German-led invasion of the Soviet Union]], but the Ju 86 was withdrawn from front line service by Hungary during 1942.<ref>Green and Swanborough 1982, pp. 26–27.</ref>


Satisfied with the trials of the new Ju 86P prototype, the ''Luftwaffe'' ordered that some 40 older-model bombers be converted to '''Ju 86P-1''' high-[[altitude]] bombers and '''Ju 86P-2''' photo-[[reconnaissance aircraft]], with pressurized fuselage, no armament, and a crew of two.<ref name=youtube>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8WDkj0ZYuiA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/8WDkj0ZYuiA |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Germany's U-2: WWII's Highest Air Combat|publisher=Mark Felton Productions|date=23 January 2020|work=youtube|access-date=21 June 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Those operated successfully for some years over Britain, the [[Soviet Union]] and North Africa. During early 1941 the reconnaissance version flew sorties over Britain, but these stopped when Hitler invaded Russia ([[Operation Barbarossa]]). By mid-1942 the pressurized bomber version was available, and flew about a dozen nuisance raids over southern England.{{efn|Each bomber carried a single 250kg bomb, so most drops caused little damage. However, a hit in the middle of Bristol during rush hour killed 48 and caused major damage.}} After the RAF mounted a special interception squadron using modified Spitfire Mk IXs, and one bomber attempting a raid on Portsmouth was intercepted on 12 September 1942, no further flights over England were attempted.<ref name=youtube/>
⚫
At the outbreak of the Second World War, South Africa's Ju 86Zs were militarised and armed as bombers with defensive guns and external bomb racks. These aircraft were initially used for coastal patrols along with the sole Ju 86K-1, playing an important role in the interception of the German [[blockade runner]] [[SS Watussi|SS ''Watussi'']] in December 1939. In May 1940, they were used to re-equip [[12 Squadron SAAF|No. 12 Squadron SAAF]], which was deployed in the [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]] from June 1940. It flew its first bombing missions on 14 June 1940.<ref name="Green v10 p41">Green 1968, p. 41.</ref> As more modern aircraft became available, the South African Ju 86s were passed from squadron to squadron, seeing their last use with [[No. 22 Squadron SAAF]], which used it along with the [[Avro Anson]] in the coastal reconnaissance role, finally retiring its Ju 86s in September 1942.<ref name="Green v10 p42">Green 1968, p. 42.</ref>


Satisfied with the trials of the new Ju 86P prototype, the ''Luftwaffe'' ordered that some 40 older-model bombers be converted to '''Ju 86P-1''' high-[[altitude]] bombers and '''Ju 86P-2''' photo-[[reconnaissance aircraft]]. Those operated successfully for some years over Britain, the [[Soviet Union]] and North Africa. In August 1942, a modified [[Supermarine Spitfire|Supermarine Spitfire V]] shot one down over Egypt at an altitude of some 14,500&nbsp;m (49,000&nbsp;ft); when two more were lost, Ju 86Ps were withdrawn from service in 1943.
In August 1942, a modified [[Supermarine Spitfire]] Mark V shot one down over Egypt at an altitude of some 14,500&nbsp;m (49,000&nbsp;ft); when two more were lost, Ju 86Ps were withdrawn from service in 1943.


Junkers developed the '''Ju 86R''' for the ''Luftwaffe'', using larger wings and new engines capable of even higher altitudes - up to 16,000&nbsp;m (52,500&nbsp;ft) - but production was limited to prototypes.
Junkers developed the '''Ju 86R''' for the ''Luftwaffe'', using larger wings and new engines capable of even higher altitudes - up to 16,000&nbsp;m (52,500&nbsp;ft) - but production was limited to prototypes.
Line 52: Line 60:
==Surviving aircraft==
==Surviving aircraft==
[[File:Junkers Ju 86K-4 Flygvapenmuseum.jpg|thumb|right|The only remaining complete Junkers Ju 86, displayed at the Swedish Air Force Museum]]
[[File:Junkers Ju 86K-4 Flygvapenmuseum.jpg|thumb|right|The only remaining complete Junkers Ju 86, displayed at the Swedish Air Force Museum]]
Only one Junkers Ju 86 is known to exist today. The aircraft was built in Germany and sold to Sweden in 1938. Before it was retired from Swedish service in 1958, the aircraft was used in the 1955 movie ''[[Des Teufels General]]''. It is on permanent static display at the [[Swedish Air Force Museum]] near [[Linköping]].<ref name="Anita Sundgren">Sundgren 2011, p. 23.</ref>
Only one Junkers Ju 86 is known to exist today. The aircraft was built in Germany and sold to Sweden in 1938. Before it was retired from Swedish service in 1958, the aircraft was used in the 1955 movie ''[[Des Teufels General]]''. It is on permanent static display at the [[Swedish Air Force Museum]] near [[Linköping]].<ref>Sundgren 2011, p. 23.</ref>


==Variants==
==Variants==
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:Swedish-built bomber aircraft, powered by two Swedish-built Bristol Pegasus XII radials.
:Swedish-built bomber aircraft, powered by two Swedish-built Bristol Pegasus XII radials.
;Ju 86K-6
;Ju 86K-6
:Export version for Chile and Portugal.
:Export version for Chile
;Ju 86K-7
;Ju 86K-7
:Export version for Austria with BMW 132 radials.<ref>Haubner, F. ''Die Flugzeuge der Österreichischen Luftstreitkräfte vor 1938.'' Graz, Germany: H Weishaupt Verlag, 1982.</ref>
:Export version for Austria and Portugal<ref>{{cite web | url=https://altimagem.blogspot.com/2012/12/53-junkers-ju-86.html | title=Altimagem: Junkers Ju-86 | date=2012 }}</ref>{{efn| According to a source, the ten aircraft received by Portugal were the K-7 version}} with BMW 132 radials.<ref>Haubner, F. ''Die Flugzeuge der Österreichischen Luftstreitkräfte vor 1938.'' Graz, Germany: H Weishaupt Verlag, 1982.</ref>
;Ju 86K-13
;Ju 86K-13
:Swedish-built bomber aircraft, fitted with Swedish or Polish-built Pegasus engines.
:Swedish-built bomber aircraft, fitted with Swedish or Polish-built Pegasus engines.
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:Proposed torpedo bomber version for the Swedish Air Force.
:Proposed torpedo bomber version for the Swedish Air Force.


==Operators==
== Operators ==


===Military operators===
=== Military operators ===
;Austria
;Austria
*[[Austrian Air Force (1927-1938)|Austrian Air Force]]
*[[Austrian Air Force (1927–1938)|Austrian Air Force]]
;Bolivia
;Bolivia
*[[Bolivian Air Force]]
*[[Bolivian Air Force]]
Line 131: Line 139:
;Hungary
;Hungary
*[[Royal Hungarian Air Force]]
*[[Royal Hungarian Air Force]]
;Japan
*[[Kempeitai]] used several as transports in secret and paramilitary operations in Manchukuo.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}
;Manchukuo (Manchuria)
*[[Manchukuo Air Force|Manchukuo Imperial Air Force]] operated Ju-86Z-2s as government transports.
;Portugal
;Portugal
*[[Portuguese Air Force]]
*[[Portuguese Air Force]]
Line 147: Line 151:


===Civil operators===
===Civil operators===
⚫
[[File:Ju86 Manchukuo Airways M-223.jpg|thumb|right|Junkers Ju 86Z, Manchukuo National Airways. M-223 "Huánglóng"]]
[[File:Junkers Ju-86 B-1, HB-IXE on the ground in Dübendorf (LBS SR01-01137).jpg|thumb|right|Ju 86B-1 of [[Swissair|Swiss Air Lines]]]]
;Australia
;Australia
*[[Southern Airlines and Freighters of Australia]]
*Southern Airlines and Freighters of Australia<ref name="stdp337"/>
;Bolivia
;Bolivia
*[[Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano]]
*[[Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano]]<ref name="stdp337"/>
;Chile
;Chile
*[[LAN Chile]]
*[[LAN Chile]]<ref name="stdp337"/>
;Germany
;Germany
*[[Deutsche Luft Hansa]]
*[[Deutsche Luft Hansa]]<ref name="stdp336">Stroud 1966, p. 336.</ref>
;;Manchukuo (Manchuria)
;;Manchukuo (Manchuria)
*[[Manchukuo National Airways]]<ref name="stdp3378">Stroud 1966, pp. 337–338.</ref>
⚫
[[File:Ju86 Manchukuo Airways M-223.jpg|thumb|right|Junkers Ju 86Z, Manchukuo National Airways. M-223 "Huánglóng"]]
*[[Manchukuo National Airways]]
;South Africa
;South Africa
*[[South African Airways]]
*[[South African Airways]]<ref name="stdp3367">Stroud 1966, pp. 336–337.</ref>
;Spanish State
;Spanish State
*[[Iberia Airlines]]
;Sweden
;Sweden
*[[AB Aerotransport]]
*[[AB Aerotransport]]<ref name="stdp337">Stroud 1966, p. 337.</ref>
;Switzerland
;Switzerland
*[[Swissair]]
*[[Swissair]]<ref name="stdp336"/>

⚫
== Specifications (Ju 86R-1) ==
⚫
[[File:Junkers Ju-86 K.svg|right|thumb|3-side view of the Ju 86K]]


⚫
==Specifications (Ju 86 R-1)==
⚫
[[File:Junkers Ju-86 K.svg|right|thumb|300px|Junkers Ju 86K]]
{{Aircraft specs
{{Aircraft specs
|prime units?=met
|prime units?=met
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|gross weight kg=
|gross weight kg=
|max takeoff weight kg=11530
|max takeoff weight kg=11530
|fuel capacity={{cvt|1937|l|USgal impgal}}
|fuel capacity={{cvt|1937|L|USgal impgal}}
|more general=
|more general=
<!--
<!--
Line 259: Line 266:
}}
}}


==References==
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
;Notes
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

;Bibliography
==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
<!---possibly an error, nothing there on that page about the Ju 86 * Buttler, Tony. "Small but Perfectly Formed (Database). ''Aeroplane Monthly'', June 2005, p. 68. --->
<!---possibly an error, nothing there on that page about the Ju 86 * Buttler, Tony. "Small but Perfectly Formed (Database). ''Aeroplane Monthly'', June 2005, p. 68. --->
* Bridgeman, Leonard. "The Junkers Ju 86P and Ju 86R." ''Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II''. London: Studio, 1946. {{ISBN|1-85170-493-0}}.
* Bridgeman, Leonard. "The Junkers Ju 86P and Ju 86R." ''Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II''. London: Studio, 1946. {{ISBN|1-85170-493-0}}.
* Dressel, Joachim and Manfred Griehl. ''Bombers of the Luftwaffe''. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1994, {{ISBN|1-85409-140-9}}.
* Dressel, Joachim and Manfred Griehl. ''Bombers of the Luftwaffe''. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1994, {{ISBN|1-85409-140-9}}.
*{{cite journal |last1=Goss|first1=Chris|title=Zigzag dans le ciel de l'Angleterre: des Ju 86 bombardent à haute altitude en 1942 |journal=Le Fana de l'Aviation |date=May 2019 |issue=594 |pages=68–75 |issn=0757-4169 |language=fr|trans-title=Zigzag in British Skies: The Ju 86 High-altitude Bombardment in 1942}}
* Green, William. ''War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Ten Bombers and Reconnaissance Aircraft''. London: Macdonald, 1968.
* Green, William. ''War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Ten Bombers and Reconnaissance Aircraft''. London: Macdonald, 1968.
* Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "Junkers Ju 86 ... The Dimorphus Dessauer". ''[[Air Enthusiast]]'', Number Twenty, December 1982-March 1983, pp.&nbsp;15–30. Bromley, UK: Pilot Press.
* Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "Junkers Ju 86 ... The Dimorphus Dessauer". ''[[Air Enthusiast]]'', Number Twenty, December 1982-March 1983, pp.&nbsp;15–30. Bromley, UK: Pilot Press.
* Hooton, E. R. ''War Over the Steppes: The Air Campaigns on the Eastern Front 1941–45''. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2016. {{ISBN|978-1-4728-1562-0}}.
* James, Derek N. ''Westland: A History''. Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus Publishing Ltd., 2002. {{ISBN|0-7524-2772-5}}.
* James, Derek N. ''Westland: A History''. Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus Publishing Ltd., 2002. {{ISBN|0-7524-2772-5}}.
*{{cite book |last = Lawrence |first = Joseph |title = The Observer's Book Of Airplanes |location = London and New York |publisher = Frederick Warne & Co |year = 1945}}
* Smith, J.R. and Antony L. Kay. ''German Aircraft of the Second World War'', London: Putnam, 1972. {{ISBN|0-85177-836-4}}.
* Smith, J.R. and Antony L. Kay. ''German Aircraft of the Second World War'', London: Putnam, 1972. {{ISBN|0-85177-836-4}}.
* Stroud, John. ''European Transport Aircraft since 1910''. London: Putnam, 1966.
⚫
* Sundgren, Anita. ''Flygvapenmuseum: The Swedish Air Force Museum.'' Linköping, Sweden: Edita Västra Aros AB, 2011. {{ISBN|978-91-633-8910-8}}.
* {{cite book <!-- {{sfn|Suchenwirth|1959|p --> |last=Suchenwirth |first=Richard |title=Historical Turning Points in the German Air Force War Effort |editor-last=Kennedy |editor-first=Edward P.
{{Refend}}
|date=1959 |publisher=USAF Historical Division, Air University |series=USAF Historical Studies No. 189 |url=https://www.afhra.af.mil/Portals/16/documents/Studies/151-200/AFD-090521-089.pdf}}
⚫
* Sundgren, Anita. ''Flygvapenmuseum: The Swedish Air Force Museum.'' Linköping, Sweden: Edita Västra Aros AB, 2011. {{ISBN|978-91-633-8910-8}}.
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last = Zuerl |first = Walter |title = Deutsche Flugzeug Konstrukteure |location = München, Germany |publisher = Curt Pechstein Verlag |year = 1941 }}


==External links==
==External links==
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{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


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[[Category:Junkers aircraft|Ju 086]]
[[Category:1930s German airliners]]
[[Category:1930s German airliners]]
[[Category:1930s German bomber aircraft]]
[[Category:1930s German bomber aircraft]]
[[Category:1940s German military reconnaissance aircraft]]
[[Category:1940s German military reconnaissance aircraft]]
[[Category:World War II medium bombers of Germany]]
[[Category:World War II medium bombers of Germany]]
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[[Category:Junkers aircraft|Ju 086]]
[[Category:Diesel-engined aircraft]]
[[Category:Diesel-engined aircraft]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]

Revision as of 13:01, 30 April 2024

Ju 86
Ju 86K-2 of Royal Hungarian Air Force, showing the Junkers doppelflügel wing control surfaces
Role Bomber, airliner, reconnaissance aircraft
Manufacturer Junkers
Designer Ernst Zindel[1]
First flight 4 November 1934
Introduction 1936
Retired 1958 (Swedish Air Force)
Status retired
Primary user Luftwaffe
Number built ~900

The Junkers Ju 86 was a German monoplane bomber and civilian airliner designed in the early 1930s, and employed by various air forces on both sides during World War II. The civilian model Ju 86B could carry ten passengers. Two were delivered to Swissair and five to Deutsche Luft Hansa. In addition a single civilian Ju 86Z was delivered to Sweden's AB Aerotransport.[2]

Design and development

In 1934, a specification for a modern twin-engined aircraft, capable of operating both as a high-speed airliner for the German airline Luft Hansa and as a medium bomber for the nascent Luftwaffe, was issued to both Junkers and Heinkel. Five prototypes were ordered from each company; the Junkers Ju 86 and Heinkel He 111.[3]

Junkers' design was a low-winged twin-engined monoplane, of all-metal stressed skin construction. Unlike most of Junkers' previous designs, it discarded the typical corrugated skinning in favour of smooth metal skinning which helped to reduce drag. The craft was fitted with a narrow track retractable-main gear conventional undercarriage with a fixed tailwheel, and twin fins and rudders. It was intended to be powered by Junkers Jumo 205 diesel engines, which although heavy, gave better fuel consumption than conventional petrol engines.[3][4]

Ju 86 cutaway diagram
The only complete Junkers Ju 86 remaining (1976)

The design featured the distinctive Junkers doppelflügel control surfaces on the wing, similar to those on the Junkers Ju 52. These were hinged below the wing's trailing edge, with the outboard section on each side functioning as an aileron, and the inner section functioning as a wing flap. The bomber aircraft had a crew of four; a pilot, navigator, radio operator/bombardier and gunner. Defensive armament consisted of three machine guns, situated at the nose; at a dorsal position; and within a retractable ventral position. Bombs were carried vertically in four fuselage cells behind the cockpit.[5] The airliner version replaced the bomb cells with seating for ten passengers, with fuel tanks being moved from the fuselage to the wings.[6]

Jumo 205s were unavailable when the first prototype airframe was completed. Instead, the bomber-configured Ju 86ab1 was fitted with Siemens SAM 22 radial engines and flew for the first time on 4 November 1934.[3] The second prototype, also a bomber, flew in January 1935. The third Ju 86, the first civil prototype, flew on 4 April 1935.[6] Production of pre-series military and civil aircraft started in late 1935,[6] with full production of the Ju 86A-1 bomber commencing in April 1936. Production quickly switched to the improved Ju 86D with a modified tail cone to improve stability.[7]

Early use of the Jumo-powered Ju 86 bomber in the Spanish Civil War showed that it was inferior to the He 111, with the diesel engines being unsuitable for rough treatment during combat;[8] and production plans were cut back. One Ju 86 had already been converted to use radial engines as a testbed for possible export versions, and this showed improved reliability. Production switched to a version powered by the BMW 132 engine, the Ju 86E, with production continuing until 1938.[9]

Hungarian Ju-86K-2's, 1941

The sudden end to production without advance warning meant that there were still enough component parts to construct a further 1,000 aircraft.[10] After the war started, the Luftflotte (Air Fleet) commanders raided their training schools for Ju 52s as transport aircraft, together with their experienced aircrew instructors.[11] This depletion continued with the formation of special bomber crews for the invasions of Norway, the Low Countries, and Crete.[12] This was to a severe blow to the pilot training programme, and Oberstleutnant Lt-Colonel Paul Deichmann, Chief of Staff to the Luftwaffe's Chief of Training Helmuth Wilberg suggested that Ju-86s with dual controls and instruments could be easily produced to replace the appropriated Ju 52s. However, his contention that "the need for air transport services would soon reach tremendous proportions" was simply brushed aside by Göring.[10]

Export variants

Civil variants, introduced in 1936, were designated Ju 86Z in three different models differing in their engines. The Jumo-engined Ju 86Z-1 (corresponding to the former B-0 or C-1) was sold to Swissair (one), Airlines of Australia (one), and LAN-Chile (three). The BMW 132H-powered Ju 86Z-2 was sold to DLH (two) and the para-military Manchukuo Air Transport (five or more). The Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet-engined Ju 86Z-7 was delivered to AB Aerotransport (ABA) of Sweden (one, for use as a mail carrier), Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano (three), and South African Airways - SAA - (17). The ABA aircraft was later transferred to the Swedish Air Force, with which it served, under the designation Tp 9, until 1958. South African Airways' original intention was to have its Ju 86s powered by 745 hp Rolls-Royce Kestrels. Six aircraft for SAA, flown with these engines, were refitted with Hornets before delivery, and the remainder were also Hornet-powered.

The Ju 86K was an export model, also built under license in Sweden by Saab as the B 3 with (905 hp) Bristol Mercury XIX radial engines. Several aircraft remained in service with the Swedish Air Force until 1958.[13] A few were converted for radio interception activities.[14]

Operational history

A Ju 86P high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft, with Jumo 207 turbocharged diesel powerplants.

The bomber was field-tested in the Spanish Civil War by the Condor Legion. Four Ju 86D-1s arrived in Spain in early February 1937, but after a few sorties one of them was shot down in late February–early March 1937 by Republican fighters. A replacement aircraft was sent from Germany, but after two more were damaged in landing accidents, the remaining two aircraft were sold to the Nationalist air force, remaining in service until at least the end of the Civil War. The Ju 86 had proved to be generally inferior to the Heinkel He 111 evaluated at the same time.[15] A single Gruppe of Ju 86 bombers (III KG 1 "Hindenburg") remained in operational service at the start of the Second World War and were used in the 1939 invasion of Poland, but replaced soon after. The diesel-engined Ju 86A and Ds were retired, while the radial-engined Ju 86E and Gs were transferred to bomber training schools.[16] In late 1942, available aircraft, including Ju 86s, were pulled out of the training schools to reinforce the Luftwaffe's transport force in its attempt to supply the German 6th Army, besieged at Stalingrad. The Ju 86s formed two transport Gruppen, equipped with 58 aircraft, operating out of Tatsinskaya Airfield. They were unsuited to the transport role, and suffered heavy losses (42 Ju 86s were lost by the end of January 1943) before being forced out of the airlift when the Soviets captured Tatsinskaya, not having the range to reach Stalingrad from the replacement airfields.[16][17] The survivors returned to the training role.[16]

In January 1940, the Luftwaffe tested the prototype Ju 86P with a longer wingspan, pressurized cabin, Junkers Jumo 207A-1 turbocharged two-stroke, opposed-piston diesel engines and a two-man crew. The Ju 86P could fly higher than 12,000 m (39,000 ft), where it was felt to be safe from enemy fighters. The British Westland Welkin and Soviet Yakovlev Yak-9PD were developed specifically to counter this threat.[18]

The aircraft used on the Allied side in World War II were 17[19][a] early-model units that had been in use by South African Airways. When war broke out, the planes were militarised and armed as bombers with defensive guns and external bomb racks. These aircraft were initially used for coastal patrols along with the sole Ju 86K-1, playing an important role in the interception of the German blockade runner SS Watussi [de] in December 1939. In May 1940, they were used to re-equip No. 12 Squadron SAAF, which was deployed in the East African Campaign from June 1940. It flew its first bombing missions on 14 June 1940.[21] As more modern aircraft became available, the South African Ju 86s were passed from squadron to squadron, seeing their last use with No. 22 Squadron SAAF, which used it along with the Avro Anson in the coastal reconnaissance role, finally retiring its Ju 86s in September 1942.[22]

Hungary used its Ju 86s to bomb Slovakian airfields and defensive positions during the Slovak–Hungarian War in March 1939. From June 1941, Hungary's Ju 86s began to be replaced by Italian Caproni Ca.135 bombers. An independent bomber squadron, equipped with a mix of Ju 86s and Ca 135s was deployed in support of the Hungarian Gyorshadtest (or Fast Corps) during the German-led invasion of the Soviet Union, but the Ju 86 was withdrawn from front line service by Hungary during 1942.[23]

Satisfied with the trials of the new Ju 86P prototype, the Luftwaffe ordered that some 40 older-model bombers be converted to Ju 86P-1 high-altitude bombers and Ju 86P-2 photo-reconnaissance aircraft, with pressurized fuselage, no armament, and a crew of two.[19] Those operated successfully for some years over Britain, the Soviet Union and North Africa. During early 1941 the reconnaissance version flew sorties over Britain, but these stopped when Hitler invaded Russia (Operation Barbarossa). By mid-1942 the pressurized bomber version was available, and flew about a dozen nuisance raids over southern England.[b] After the RAF mounted a special interception squadron using modified Spitfire Mk IXs, and one bomber attempting a raid on Portsmouth was intercepted on 12 September 1942, no further flights over England were attempted.[19]

In August 1942, a modified Supermarine Spitfire Mark V shot one down over Egypt at an altitude of some 14,500 m (49,000 ft); when two more were lost, Ju 86Ps were withdrawn from service in 1943.

Junkers developed the Ju 86R for the Luftwaffe, using larger wings and new engines capable of even higher altitudes - up to 16,000 m (52,500 ft) - but production was limited to prototypes.

Surviving aircraft

The only remaining complete Junkers Ju 86, displayed at the Swedish Air Force Museum

Only one Junkers Ju 86 is known to exist today. The aircraft was built in Germany and sold to Sweden in 1938. Before it was retired from Swedish service in 1958, the aircraft was used in the 1955 movie Des Teufels General. It is on permanent static display at the Swedish Air Force Museum near Linköping.[24]

Variants

Ju 86abl
First bomber prototype.
Ju 86bal
Second transport prototype.
Ju 86cb
Third bomber prototype.
Ju 86V4
Prototype for the Ju 86B commercial transport aircraft.
Ju 86V5
Prototype for the Ju 86A bomber aircraft.
Ju 86A-0
13 pre-production bomber aircraft.
Ju 86A-1
Initial bomber version.
Ju 86B-0
Seven pre-production transport aircraft.
Ju 86C-1
Six transport aircraft for Deutsche Luft Hansa, powered by two Junkers Jumo 205C diesel engines.
Ju 86D-1
Bomber version.
Ju 86E-1
Bomber version for the Luftwaffe, powered by two BMW 132F radial engines.
Ju 86E-2
Powered by two BMW 132N radials.
Ju 86G - note the radial engines and rounded glazed nose
Ju 86G-1
Fitted with a round glass nose.
Ju 86E-2
Uprated version of the Ju 86E-1.
Ju 86K-1
Export version for South Africa and Sweden.
Hungarian Ju 86K-2
Ju 86K-2
Export version for Hungary.
Ju 86K-4
Export version for Sweden, similar to the Ju 86K-1, but fitted with two Bristol Pegasus III radials.
Ju 86K-5
Swedish-built bomber aircraft, powered by two Swedish-built Bristol Pegasus XII radials.
Ju 86K-6
Export version for Chile
Ju 86K-7
Export version for Austria and Portugal[25][c] with BMW 132 radials.[26]
Ju 86K-13
Swedish-built bomber aircraft, fitted with Swedish or Polish-built Pegasus engines.
Ju 86P-1
High-altitude bomber version, fitted with two Jumo 207 diesel engines and with turbochargers.
Ju 86P-2
High-altitude photo reconnaissance version, still equipped for bombing. Same engines as P-1.
Ju 86R-1
High-altitude photo reconnaissance version. Retained Jumo 207 engines.
Ju 86R-2
High-altitude bomber version.
Ju 86R-3
Powered by two Jumo 208 engines.
Ju 86Z series
Civil export models
Ju 186
Proposed four-engined high-altitude bomber aircraft. Not built.
Ju 286
Proposed six-engined high-altitude bomber aircraft. Not built.
K 85
Proposed torpedo bomber version for the Swedish Air Force.

Operators

Military operators

Austria
Bolivia
Chile
Germany
Hungary
Portugal
Romania
South Africa
Spain
Sweden

Civil operators

Junkers Ju 86Z, Manchukuo National Airways. M-223 "Huánglóng"
Ju 86B-1 of Swiss Air Lines
Australia
  • Southern Airlines and Freighters of Australia[30]
Bolivia
Chile
Germany
Manchukuo (Manchuria)
South Africa
Spanish State
Sweden
Switzerland

Specifications (Ju 86R-1)

3-side view of the Ju 86K

Data from The warplanes of the Third Reich,[34] Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II[35] and Warbirds Resource Group[36]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2 (pilot and radio operator)
  • Length: 16.46 m (54 ft 0 in)
  • Wingspan: 32 m (105 ft 0 in)
  • Height: 4.08 m (13 ft 5 in)
  • Wing area: 97.06 m2 (1,044.7 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 6,780 kg (14,947 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 11,530 kg (25,419 lb)
  • Fuel capacity: 1,937 L (512 US gal; 426 imp gal)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Junkers Jumo 207B-3 6-cylinder liquid-cooled 2-stroke opposed-piston diesel engines, 750 kW (1,000 hp) each for take-off
560 kW (750 hp) at 12,000 m (40,000 ft) with GM-1 Nitrous Oxide injection
  • Propellers: 4-bladed constant-speed propellers

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 420 km/h (260 mph, 230 kn) at 9,000 m (30,000 ft)
370 km/h (230 mph; 200 kn) at 9,000 m (30,000 ft)
  • Cruise speed: 250 km/h (160 mph, 130 kn) at 13,700 m (44,900 ft)
  • Range: 1,750 km (1,090 mi, 940 nmi)
  • Endurance: 7 hours 10 minutes
  • Service ceiling: 14,400 m (47,200 ft)

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Notes

  1. ^ 18 units had been delivered to the airline during the interwar years [20]
  2. ^ Each bomber carried a single 250kg bomb, so most drops caused little damage. However, a hit in the middle of Bristol during rush hour killed 48 and caused major damage.
  3. ^ According to a source, the ten aircraft received by Portugal were the K-7 version
  1. ^ Zoeller, Horst. "Junkers - Who is Who?". The Hugo Junkers Homepage. Archived from the original on October 27, 2009. Retrieved 2016-06-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  2. ^ "Tp 9 - Junkers Ju 86Z-7 (1940–1958)." Archived 2007-12-05 at the Wayback Machine Avrosys.nu. Retrieved: 23 July 2009.
  3. ^ a b c Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 15.
  4. ^ Smith and Kay 1972, pp. 370–371.
  5. ^ Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 18.
  6. ^ a b c Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 17.
  7. ^ Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 19.
  8. ^ Dressel and Griel 1994, p.22.
  9. ^ Green and Swanborough 1982, pp. 27–28.
  10. ^ a b Suchenwirth 1959, p. 26.
  11. ^ Suchenwirth 1959, pp. 21–22.
  12. ^ Suchenwirth 1959, pp. 25, 33.
  13. ^ a b "B 3 - Junkers Ju 86K (1936–1958)." Archived 2007-12-13 at the Wayback Machine Avrosys.nu. Retrieved: 23 July 2009.
  14. ^ Andersson, Lennart and Leif Hellström. Bortom Horisonten: Svensk Flygspaning mot Sovjetunionen 1946-1952. Stockholm: Stenbom, 2002. ISBN 978-91-7243-015-0.
  15. ^ Green and Swanborough 1982, pp. 20–21.
  16. ^ a b c Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 28.
  17. ^ Hooton 2016, pp. 141–142, 145–146.
  18. ^ James 1982, p. 115.
  19. ^ a b c "Germany's U-2: WWII's Highest Air Combat". youtube. Mark Felton Productions. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  20. ^ "How We Began".
  21. ^ Green 1968, p. 41.
  22. ^ Green 1968, p. 42.
  23. ^ Green and Swanborough 1982, pp. 26–27.
  24. ^ Sundgren 2011, p. 23.
  25. ^ "Altimagem: Junkers Ju-86". 2012.
  26. ^ Haubner, F. Die Flugzeuge der Österreichischen Luftstreitkräfte vor 1938. Graz, Germany: H Weishaupt Verlag, 1982.
  27. ^ "The Air Force: Aircraft Ju 86 K-3 / Z." saairforce.co. Retrieved: 18 August 2010.
  28. ^ "Emergency bomber". www.ww2incolor.com. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  29. ^ "T 3 - Junkers Ju 86K." Avrosys.nu. Retrieved: 23 July 2009.
  30. ^ a b c d Stroud 1966, p. 337.
  31. ^ a b Stroud 1966, p. 336.
  32. ^ Stroud 1966, pp. 337–338.
  33. ^ Stroud 1966, pp. 336–337.
  34. ^ Green, William (1972). The warplanes of the Third Reich (1st ed.). London: Doubleday. pp. 414–427. ISBN 0385057822.
  35. ^ Bridgeman 1946, p. 171.
  36. ^ "Junkers Ju 86." Warbirds Resource Group. Retrieved: 23 July 2009.

Bibliography

  • Bridgeman, Leonard. "The Junkers Ju 86P and Ju 86R." Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Studio, 1946. ISBN 1-85170-493-0.
  • Dressel, Joachim and Manfred Griehl. Bombers of the Luftwaffe. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1994, ISBN 1-85409-140-9.
  • Goss, Chris (May 2019). "Zigzag dans le ciel de l'Angleterre: des Ju 86 bombardent à haute altitude en 1942" [Zigzag in British Skies: The Ju 86 High-altitude Bombardment in 1942]. Le Fana de l'Aviation (in French) (594): 68–75. ISSN 0757-4169.
  • Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Ten Bombers and Reconnaissance Aircraft. London: Macdonald, 1968.
  • Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "Junkers Ju 86 ... The Dimorphus Dessauer". Air Enthusiast, Number Twenty, December 1982-March 1983, pp. 15–30. Bromley, UK: Pilot Press.
  • Hooton, E. R. War Over the Steppes: The Air Campaigns on the Eastern Front 1941–45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2016. ISBN 978-1-4728-1562-0.
  • James, Derek N. Westland: A History. Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus Publishing Ltd., 2002. ISBN 0-7524-2772-5.
  • Lawrence, Joseph (1945). The Observer's Book Of Airplanes. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co.
  • Smith, J.R. and Antony L. Kay. German Aircraft of the Second World War, London: Putnam, 1972. ISBN 0-85177-836-4.
  • Stroud, John. European Transport Aircraft since 1910. London: Putnam, 1966.
  • Suchenwirth, Richard (1959). Kennedy, Edward P. (ed.). Historical Turning Points in the German Air Force War Effort (PDF). USAF Historical Studies No. 189. USAF Historical Division, Air University.
  • Sundgren, Anita. Flygvapenmuseum: The Swedish Air Force Museum. Linköping, Sweden: Edita Västra Aros AB, 2011. ISBN 978-91-633-8910-8.

Further reading

  • Zuerl, Walter (1941). Deutsche Flugzeug Konstrukteure. München, Germany: Curt Pechstein Verlag.
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