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November 9

mw?

In Olustee Union order of battle, the mysterious "(mw)" shows up after "Ltc [Lieutenant Colonel] William N. Reed". Anybody know what that stands for. My best guess is "mulatto white", as it is claimed that he was the highest-ranking black officer in the Civil War. Clarityfiend (talk) 09:55, 9 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Pinging User:Spacini, who added those letters [1]. --Viennese Waltz 10:21, 9 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

In a similar article, Gettysburg Confederate order of battle, it's explained as "mortally wounded". There should certainly be some such explanation added to the page, or the abbreviation should be expanded. I wouldn't have understood it either. Fut.Perf. ☼ 10:40, 9 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Further information about Reed is here. Alansplodge (talk) 10:43, 9 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

You could use {{abbr}}, i.e.: {{abbr|1=mw|2=mortally wounded}} which renders as: mw. --107.15.157.44 (talk) 16:57, 9 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Thanks all. Clarityfiend (talk) 05:58, 10 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

November 10

Celebrity autobiographies and memoirs that were not written by ghostwriters

What are examples of celebrity autobiographies and memoirs that were confirmed to not be written by ghostwriters but the actual people themselves? Our article on autobiographies only mention that it's more common for them to be written by ghostwriters but does not give any counter-examples. Narutolovehinata5 (talk · contributions) 01:36, 10 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

In his day Lionel Terray was a celebrity in France. He was considered to be too uneducated to have written Les Conquérants de l'inutile [fr] (even that he was illiterate). However, after his death a manuscript in his own handwriting was found. Our article on Terray discusses this. Thincat (talk) 10:37, 10 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

If he was illiterate, how would anyone know what his non-existent handwriting would look like? ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 12:23, 10 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

He wasn't illiterate. You shouldn't believe all he gossip you hear. Thincat (talk) 09:14, 11 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

For starters, from you! :) ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 13:13, 11 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

It will be rare that there is conclusive confirmation that no ghostwriter was involved. Even though Winston Churchill is known to have employed a ghostwriter, no one seriously doubts that he wrote his memoirs himself. So there is no reason to offer a confirmation – although, should one be needed, I expect handwritten material is extant. Published confirmation can only be expected after serious doubts have been raised and made public, and the allegation is provably false. --Lambiam 11:08, 10 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The publishers of Bruce Springsteen's memoir Born to Run assured us that he wrote it all himself. Also, not sure whether he counts as a celebrity, but Philip Glass wrote his memoir Words Without Music himself. --Viennese Waltz 11:35, 10 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

There's also a continuum between "ghostwriter" and "editor", and where on a scale a particular work falls there is likely to be some room for disagreement. --Jayron 32 13:11, 10 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

David Lloyd George wrote his War Memoirs himself, longhand, in pencil. He had started by dictating to (I think) A. J. Sylvester (on a train, if memory serves), but got carried away. He did have documentary research and some drafting help, from Sylvester, Malcolm Thomson and Frances Stevenson, and submitted chapters on military tactics to Basil Liddell Hart for comment, but as George Egerton wrote in Egerton, George W. "The Lloyd George War Memoirs: A Study in the Politics of Memory". The Journal of Modern History. 60 (1): 55–94. JSTOR 1880406. "If Lloyd George had an ideal team of assistants in researching and drafting the memoirs, he nonetheless remained very much in personal control of the writing. To the historian reconstructing the drafting process in the literary records left by Lloyd George-from the earliest outlines and sketches penciled in the author's notebooks, through subsequent drafts fleshed out with greater detail and documentation, to the proofs read by Hankey and Baldwin - the hand of Lloyd George is apparent at each stage. While one of his secretaries or assistants might submit the first draft on a topic he had outlined, how this would be used, if at all, remained very much under the author's control. This was once made dramatically clear to Liddell Hart when an argument was concluded by Lloyd George shouting, "Who's writing these memoirs you or I?" DuncanHill (talk) 13:29, 10 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

This is just hearsay, but I'd definitely class Alan Alda's Never Have Your Dog Stuffed in the not-written-by-a-ghostwriter category. You can practically hear his voice in your head reading it. Chuntuk (talk) 16:22, 10 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The google search "did not use a ghostwriter" (using the quotes) is fairly fruitful, providing sources for claims by Gwyneth Paltrow for her cookbook/memoir, astronaut Rick Searfoss for his leadership book/memoir, and Sidney Poitier’s autobiography. You might want to continue the search to page 2 to find more! 70.67.193.176 (talk) 16:23, 10 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

On a tangential but not unrelated note, speechwriters usually do all the writing of speeches, and their politician employer delivers them as their own words, perhaps with some minor changes of their own. The question is: whose speech is it? Normally writers are content to remain in the background and let the polly get all the credit. A noted exception is the public falling out between two formerly close friends Paul Keating and his speechwriter Don Watson over the 1992 Redfern Park Speech. Watson claims Keating didn't change a single word of what he had written. Keating claims the speech evolved out of dozens of conversations the pair had had over a long time. Of such things are friendships made and destroyed. -- Jack of Oz ^{[pleasantries]} 21:54, 10 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Both Morrissey and his Smiths bandmate Johnny Marr wrote their own autobiographies. [2] [3] PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 23:01, 10 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The Potempa Murderers

Who were the Potempa Murderers, and what happened to them after their release? Thank you, DuncanHill (talk) 12:29, 10 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Of the three links shown for references, the second and third don't work, and the first is worded the same as the article. Hard to tell who stole from who. ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 12:35, 10 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

https://ere now.net/ww/stormtroopers-new-history-hitlers-brownshirts/1.php may be of some use. (Wikipedia is blocking the link for some reason; though I can't figure out why, remove the space in the URL)--Jayron 32 12:59, 10 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

@Jayron32: Thanks, the link is blocked as Erenow appears to be a copyvio site. It does give us these details "the miner and SA squad leader (Scharführer) August Gräupner (b. 1899); the pikeman and NSDAP member Rufin Wolnitza (b. 1907); the electrician Reinhold Kottisch (b. 1906); the SA troop leader and timekeeper (Markenkontrolleur) Helmuth-Josef Müller (b. 1898); a former police officer named Ludwig Nowak (b. 1891); and the miners Hippolit Hadamik (b. 1903) and Karl Czaja (b. 1894). They also arrested two innkeepers who had played a pivotal role in the crime: the SA man Paul Lachmann (b. 1893), who was also the municipal administrator (Gemeindevorsteher) of Potempa; and Georg Hoppe (b. 1889), who ran an SA tavern in the nearby village of Tworog. Four other participants, including Paul Golombek, a local butcher and probably one of the main culprits, had already fled" and that "On 22 August 1932 the Beuthen special court sentenced five of the attackers to death: Lachmann because of ‘incitement for political homicide’ (Anstiftung zum politischen Totschlag) and Kottisch, Wolnitza, Gräupner, and Müller for ‘homicide committed out of political motives’. Hoppe received a prison sentence of two years for ‘abetment to dangerous bodily injury’. The remaining three culprits (Hadamik, Czaja, and Nowak) were acquitted". It doesn't seem to say what heppened to them after release (apart from being "acclaimed jubilantly" by the Upper Silesian press. DuncanHill (talk) 13:11, 10 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

No, but now that you know their names, you have additional search terms with which to research the matter. --Jayron 32 16:21, 10 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

This also gives the culprits' full names and occupations. Four were miners, one electrician, two innkeepers, one "timekeeper" (presumably in a factory or mine) and a policeman. Alansplodge (talk) 17:29, 11 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

huge dude next to Jason Ravnsborg

[4] Who is the huge dude to Jason Ravnsborg's left? Or is Ravnsborg himself unusually small? A quick web search to find his height was unsuccessful, and image search didn't find other other pics of him standing next to anyone. Just wondering, thanks. 2602:24A:DE47:B8E0:1B43:29FD:A863:33CA (talk) 16:16, 10 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

This is rather self-evidently caused by perspective. The person to Jason Ravnsborg's right is not huge, he's close. --Jayron 32 16:20, 10 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Is the OP Father Dougal? DuncanHill (talk) 16:27, 10 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Jayron, thanks, I think you are right. The guy's elbow is occluding Ravnsborg's shoulder rather than the other way around. It originally looked like Ravnsborg was closer. 2602:24A:DE47:B8E0:1B43:29FD:A863:33CA (talk) 17:57, 10 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Kate DiCamillo full name

I'm curious that sources like Encyclopedia Britannica give Kate DiCamillo's full name as "Katrina Elizabeth DiCamillo", but it's only mentioned in a few sources. Can anyone confirm if this is indeed correct, or is it a case of citeogenesis? Eddie891 ^Talk _Work 20:54, 10 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Her web site has a link to her facebook page.[5] You could possibly ask her or her publicists through it. 2602:24A:DE47:B8E0:1B43:29FD:A863:33CA (talk) 00:00, 11 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

November 11

James VI & I witch-hunts

who were the principle witch-hunters and prosecutors employed by James VI & I in Scotland?. Gfigs (talk) 10:56, 11 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The introduction to Scottish Witches and Witch-Hunters says:

...the most single-mindedly zealous witch-finders were more likely to be found at a local level. (p. 3)

However the same text singles out William Douglas, 9th Earl of Angus, who accused Jean Lyon, Countess of Angus of causing her husband's death by sorcery, and William Scott, the bailie of Dalkeith, who was involved in twelve witchcraft trials. But the point is made that public concern about witchcraft was a product of the Reformation in Scotland before James came to the throne, and was dealt with by local authorities in the same way as any other crime.

Alansplodge (talk) 12:19, 11 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

thanks..not much on this, although probably with the "council of nobles" mentioned in North Berwick witch trials, also James Carmichael (minister)?. Gfigs (talk) 20:11, 11 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Someone needs a visit with the principal. Clarityfiend (talk) 20:38, 11 November 2021 (UTC) [reply]

Although it seems that the council was set up to manage the trials, rather than roam the countryside hunting-down witches in the manner of Matthew Hopkins. Alansplodge (talk) 20:55, 11 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

does not seem to be someone on a par with Hopkins in Scotland, he was pretty bad..although possibly Christian Caldwell?. Gfigs (talk) 21:13, 11 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Ah yes, well spotted, however you specified James VI who died in 1625. Alansplodge (talk) 23:51, 11 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

I remember reading "The European Witch-Craze of the 16th and 17th Centuries"[6] in school and it named a bunch of influential witch hunters, though maybe more on the Continent than the UK. No idea if that helps. It's a very well known book/essay. The pdf link I gave is unfortunately closed access, but you might be able to download it with a library credential. 2602:24A:DE47:B8E0:1B43:29FD:A863:33CA (talk) 01:39, 12 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

thanks 2602:24A:DE47:B8E0:1B43:29FD:A863:33CA. Alansplodge, I guess Caldwell was probably working around time of the restoration and Charles II then..apologies.. Gfigs (talk) 04:53, 12 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

hope FM Nicola Sturgeon will resolve this before Halloween Gfigs (talk) 08:09, 12 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

You mean within the next 11 1/2 hours? Nobody's ever accused her of being reactionary to my knowledge. 2A00:23C5:E117:BD00:D103:83CA:EE47:B927 (talk) 12:35, 12 November 2021 (UTC) [reply]

let's not forget Salem..Halloween at the Whitehouse..and Joe Biden visiting Scotland.. Gfigs (talk) 03:18, 13 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Lucien Greaves and the Scottish Pagan Federation.. Gfigs (talk) 03:21, 13 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Black Death tradition 14th century

I understand it was customary to wrap a person that had died of the bubonic plague in some sort of white cloth before burial. Is there some reference that says this some place? Maybe it will have something further about this? Thanks. --Christie the puppy lover (talk) 17:25, 11 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

It was customary to bury everybody in a white cloth: a shroud. "In Europe in the Middle Ages, coarse linen shrouds were used to bury most poor [people] without a coffin"

Alansplodge (talk) 17:50, 11 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

A Companion to Death, Burial, and Remembrance in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe {p. 112} says: "The white linen shroud was a sign that the deceased person had confessed and received the last rites". Alansplodge (talk) 17:59, 11 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

As a corollary, the Burying in Woollen Acts from 1660 stipulated that only cloth made from [English] wool was to be used in burials, with a £5 fine for non-compliance. https://history house.co.uk/articles/buried_in_wool.html (blacklisted) has more details. MinorProphet (talk) 16:29, 12 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Interesting that the article doesn't even suggest a rationale. With nothing else to go on, I could only speculate that it was pushed through by ranching interests Big Mutton?. Would be curious to know if that's accurate. --Trovatore (talk) 17:31, 12 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Not so much Sheep farmers – "ranching" was not a thing in Britain – as the Wool industry as a whole and the Government which historically depended greatly on the tax revenues from it, which is why the Lord Chancellor did, and the Speaker of the House of Commons still does, sit on the Woolsack. English wool production was by the 17th century in decline (see Medieval English wool trade) so any means to support it were of county-wide benefit. {The poster formely known as 87.81.230.195} 90.205.225.31 (talk) 19:00, 12 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Towns in the east of England that depended on the wool trade were thrown into poverty by this decline and some never really recovered, so that their grand 16th century houses were never replaced with anything more modern. They are known as wool towns and are now quaint tourist attractions, Lavenham is a prime example. Alansplodge (talk) 22:30, 12 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

A certain flag

What is that blue-red-green flag to the left? Given it's 1989, rather not flag of Azerbaijan. And the colors only partially correspond to the old South African flag. Thanks. 212.180.235.46 (talk) 18:39, 11 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

SWAPO, especially since the one on the right seems to be the ANC flag. --Floquenbeam (talk) 18:49, 11 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

D'oh! Beat me to it. SWAPO it is. The third one is the flag of Palestine - make of that what you will. Alansplodge (talk) 18:55, 11 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Not that surprising, given that this is an anti-apartheid protest. --Lambiam 21:47, 11 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

One might argue that there's a somewhat tenuous connection between the two causes... Alansplodge (talk) 23:55, 11 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Ah yes, apologies, I see that you've linked an article about that tenuous connection :-) (see WP:EASTEREGG). Alansplodge (talk) 00:00, 12 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Companies using different business strategies and organizational structures

Is there a website that shows which companies uses which business strategies and which organizational structures? The business strategies that I am looking into are growth strategy, retrenchment strategy, stability strategy, combination strategy of growth, retrenchment and stability, low-cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy, focus strategy, global strategy, multinational strategy, and the four organizational structures that I am looking into are international division, global product, geographic area and global matrix. Donmust90 (talk) 19:30, 11 November 2021 (UTC)Donmust90Donmust90 (talk) 19:30, 11 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

No. Nanonic (talk) 23:04, 11 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

November 12

Value and connection between reader's interest and encyclopedic coverage?

Greeting,

IMHO Wikipedia is more than 20 years now and I suppose we need prioritize further enrichment of the article Encylopedia too, in more aspects.

Almost a year back, at this discussion board I had requested non–Wikipedia sources regarding some fundamentals and philosophy behind encyclopedia building.

In the same series latest question on my mind is, 'Are there any non–Wikipedia sources which explore 'value and connection between reader's interest and encyclopedic content coverage'.

Here I am not discussing Manuals of Style. We all know usually it is 'Manual of Style' of encyclopedias focuses on issues of reader centric access and presentation of selected content.

Rather what I would like to understand intellectual discourse among non–Wikipedia encyclopedists, editors and publishers regarding how 'encyclopedic content coverage' be independent of reader's influence still cater to audience's 'present reading interest'* in content coverage. If any sources become available it will help enrichment of the article Encyclopedia, I hope.

* Let me clarify a bit more:

Word 'present' relates to time scale of audience' contemporary interest. What previous generation was interested to know from an encyclopedic article today's audience may be expecting a different contemporary interests, and tomorrows generation will expect their contemporary interest. How an encyclopedist is supposed to balance his independence sans reader influence still an encyclopedia shall select information to cater reading / knowldge/ curiosity interests of contemporary audience? I wish to know discourse from non–Wikipedia sources.

Thanks and warm regards

Bookku, 'Encyclopedias = expanding information & knowledge' (talk) 05:41, 12 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

I think that your question means "Who decides what articles are likely to be of interest to readers of an encyclopedia, other than Wikipedia?" As you know, WP articles are written by people who are interested in a particular topic. Pretty much every other encyclopedia will have an editorial board of acknowledged experts in their field who will make an informed decision about the content. The General Editor will have overall control. There may be also commissioning editors who invite other expert authors to write one or more articles. There will be a Manual of Style for contributors which defines not the content, but the overall readability of articles, plus grammar, spelling, referencing, and so on; sub-editors make sure that the MoS is followed.
One of my favourite examples of a print encyclopedia is the World Book Encyclopedia. The introduction in Volume 1 goes into detail about what I have just mentioned. The WBE also has a map department which produces comprehensive maps with a consistent style, and the pictures are uniformly excellent.
Wikipedia has none of these things, and thus it's a sprawling mess utterly devoid of consistency, with very patchy coverage of some subjects. Some articles are highly technical, others are derisory. Certain subjects are very controversial, and WP makes it relatively easy to edit by people with an axe to grind, or determined to push - say - a particular nationalist view point. The Featured and Good articles show what can be achieved, but they make up only a tiny fraction of the whole enterprise.
A search for "philosophy of encylopedias" brings up this D.Phil. dissertation from 2008, which might interest you. MinorProphet (talk) 17:35, 12 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

@MinorProphet: Thanks for your interesting response. As such, at this stage, I was looking for more of pre–Wikipedia (if not then non–Wikipedia) scholarship having experience or expertise in encyclopedia building responding to challenges about 'changes to content within the articles over the generation'. Editor boards are mechanism, I am interested in knowing their actual deliberations. Wikipedian deliberations are in open, pre Wikipedia encyclopedist deliberations might have been closed door and many lost without recording still some editor board members or publishers might have written about challenges while prioritizing and balancing content within article.

For an example new generation reader of article USA may be interested in topics like 9/11, LGBT rights, on Climate change and less in cold war, every generation some new information adds up about USA so which to keep which to shift in separate article or skip altogether etc. For example research paper shared by you is interesting but new generation might think that is ten year old and not fresh enough and may be prioritizing some other contemporary info where as encyclopedia editor wishing to retain earlier information because he may not be as much influenced by reader priorities. Where as publisher may think giving a little more preference to readers reading requirement is better. How previous generation of encyclopedic used to deal with this difficulty.

Thanks once again and regards Bookku, 'Encyclopedias = expanding information & knowledge' (talk) 04:07, 14 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

November 13

Baron and Baroness DeVeuce

Our articles Terror and Satan's Slave say that they used the house of "he house of the Baron and Baroness DeVeuce in Pirbright" for location shooting. Our article Virgin Witch says the house was called "Admiral's Walk", and a picture of that can be seen here. The only mentions I can find of Baron and Baroness DeVeuce on Google are related to the films. Who were they? Thanks, DuncanHill (talk) 00:52, 13 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

No idea. In both sources/interviews, the director just calls the owners a baron and baroness (from France). Nothing about DeVeuce (originally spelled De Veuce in the initial edit on 14 May 2016, which also misspells the place Purbright). Clarityfiend (talk) 06:53, 13 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The end credits for Terror include thanks to Baron and Baroness De Veuce (the spacing was not immediately clear to me with the font used and it being very late at night and I was getting up to make a cup of tea). DuncanHill (talk) 12:15, 13 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

There's a de Worms family that has the title Baron Pirbright. Maybe "de Worms" somehow got mangled as "de Veuce". Adam Bishop (talk) 15:08, 13 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

This source, which has some detail about the house not found elsewhere, spells the name "De Veauce". This spelling is confirmed by this brochure, which refers on pages 8 and 9 to a portion of the archives of Baron de Veauce, offered by order of Baroness de Veauce, of Pirbright, Surrey, and from another owner. A Baron Eugene de Veauce was born in 1908 in Marylebone, London and married Ethel Mary Crick, who became Baroness de Veauce.^[7] The baron may have been progeny of French equestrian Charles Eugène Amable de Veauce (1868–1934), reportedly a baron.^[8] --Lambiam 15:55, 13 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

A Google search brought up a dead link to BARON EUGENE de VEAUCE - Visitors Book for his Surrey address: Chateau de Veauce, Admirals Walk, Pirbright, 1951-1977. gilt-vellum bound folio...

This chess forum thread says that de Veauce is the name of the barony and the family name is Cadier. Eugene died in 1996, his son Louis (born 1947) was the British under-21 chess champion in 1968. Alansplodge (talk) 22:30, 13 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

An ancestor of his (perhaps his grandfather?), Charles Eugène de Cadier de Veauce, baron, was the minister of agriculture, commerce and public works in the 1860s during the Second French Empire. [9] That regime didn't end well, which may be why the family moved to London. Alansplodge (talk) 22:41, 13 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Here the French equestrian is named "Charles Eugène Amable Cadier"; his father's name is given as "Charles Eugène Cadier De Veauce" (1820–1884), apparently the minister. His son, Eugène Amable (1908-1996), can hardly be anyone else than the former resident of the Château de Veauce in Pirbright. Google Maps doesn't know about an Admiral's Walk in Pirbright, but here is a photograph of a Pirbright house called "Admirals Walk", and OpenStreetMap knows about a building "Admiral's Walk" in Pirbright^[10] (the one identified as "Pirbright Lodge" on the map?), just off Mill Lane. --Lambiam 23:58, 13 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

According to this, the equestrian Charles-Eugène's second wife was an English lady called Gertrude Burton, whom he married in Slough in June 1907. Eugene was born in the following year. Alansplodge (talk) 17:02, 14 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Many thanks all, splendid work - armed with the correct spelling I also found Château de Veauce in France, sold by Baron Eugene in 1973. Admiral's Walk is an avenue planted by Foul-Weather Jack, father of Mad Jack and grandfather of Mad, Bad, and Dangerous to Know George. The parish council have published a walk which maybe I'll try someday. DuncanHill (talk) 13:22, 15 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Crowning Camilla

banned user

The following discussion has been closed. Please do not modify it.

Writing in today's Daily Mail, Richard Kay says "Who would now bet against Camilla being crowned Queen at Charles's side rather merely [sic] observing his coronation as the princess consort?" Sources say that the wife of the monarch is legally the Queen whatever she may be called. Is this true? They also say that a queen consort is a private citizen and not crowned - Queen Caroline (wife of George IV) had the door slammed in her face when she went to attend her husband's coronation. Who is right? 2A00:23C5:E117:BD00:48C7:5557:FB5A:2D89 (talk) -- Preceding undated comment added 16:08, 13 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The wife of a King is a Queen but that doesn't mean that she is the joint ruler of the land. When George VI died; his daughter Elizabeth II (the next in line) became the ruler of the UK and not his wife Queen Elizabeth (who became known as Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother). So she is a queen by marriage but not a queen by right. In other words, by marrying a King she becomes a queen consort. If she was queen by succession she'd be a queen regnant and if she was a widowed queen consort she'd be a queen dowager. If she was a queen consort, outlived the king and became a queen dowager and was the parent of the current monarch - she'd be a queen mother. Nanonic (talk) 16:34, 13 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The most recent coronation of a British king and queen together was the Coronation of George VI and Elizabeth. It used to be that if a king married after he was already king, then his wife would often be crowned separately, but that hasn't happened in a long time; all I can turn up right now is Elizabeth Woodville... AnonMoos (talk) 17:45, 13 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Elizabeth of York also had a separate coronation... AnonMoos (talk) 17:56, 13 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Anne Boleyn seems to have been the last on 1 June 1533. Alansplodge (talk) 21:36, 13 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Some information is at Princess consort#United Kingdom which shows that the present stated position is that after Charles's accession, Camilla will take the title "HRH The Princess Consort". [11] Presumably, legal advice was sought before this statement was issued.

Morganatic marriage#Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson goes over some of the legal debate the last time this happened; a compromise of Mrs Simpson becoming consort rather than queen was blocked by the parliaments of the UK and the Dominions. Attitudes to divorce have changed since then, both within the Church of England (of which Charles will be Supreme Governor) and in wider society.

I'm not much of a lawyer. but it seems to me that just about any outcome is possible provided that all the parliaments of the Commonwealth Realms can be persuaded to agree to it; the recent Perth Agreement (2011) to change the rules of succession is an example. Alansplodge (talk) 21:27, 13 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Traditionally there was no half-way marriage in Britain -- either a marriage was invalid, or it was valid (in which case the wife was entitled to all the honors due her from her husband's position, including being queen if he was king). But parliament can choose to change this at any time if it wants to (as you pointed out...) AnonMoos (talk) 23:12, 13 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

November 14

Does such thing as a higher pitched electric guitar exist?

Unlike piano that has 88 keys and so is able to cover a extreme percentage of our audible frequency range, many instruments can't have this amount of unique pitches and so need more than one version of the instrument, and you pick the version that will have the pitch range you want to play. This happen with electric guitar that has the electric guitar and also the bass electric guitar that has lower frequencies, does some version of electric guitar that is the higher frequency version of the "default" electric guitar exist?2804:7F2:5A1:6EA:A80B:723F:7E60:AFD3 (talk) 00:37, 14 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

A capo is a device that can be used on most guitars to make them play at a higher pitch. Cullen³²⁸ Let's discuss it 00:50, 14 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

There's also the tenor guitar and the alto guitar. I'm not sure I've ever seen electric versions but I suppose it's possible to make one...Adam Bishop (talk) 02:29, 14 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The capo is a convenience device that avoids the need for some difficult barre chords and other tricky (and sometimes impossible) fingerings, but it doesn't enable the guitar to sound notes higher than its existing range.

The design of many electric guitars, with a fretboard extended at the higher end (compared to a conventional acoustic guitar) and body cutaways to allow access to those higher frets, already allows higher notes that are obtainable from most acoustic guitars; the highest of these notes are already so high that being able to play even higher ones would seem (to me) to be pointless, as they would be difficult for the ear to distinguish and thus lack musical utility. [Disclaimer: not an expert, just a music fan and very inept guitarist.] {The poster formerly known as 878.81.230.195} 90.205.225.31 (talk) 21:32, 14 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The highest note on a 24-fret electric guitar (not uncommon) would be an E6. That's high, but it's not entirely unmusical to go higher. The highest note on a standard piano is C8, an octave and some higher than that. --Jayron 32 12:15, 15 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

It also depends on whether you consider things like ukuleles and mandolins to be guitars or not. Both of those are made in electric versions, and both are tuned much higher than standard tuning. --Jayron 32 12:12, 15 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Why Slavs were slaves

Why Slavs were the only European race to be enslaved that much that slavery was named after Slavs? Who enslaved them (was it the Tatars?) and what was the reason behind that? And where were they transported to mostly? Ottoman Empire? Arabs? Europe? And why a big Empire such as the Russian Empire couldn't stop it although it was a huge waste of human and economic resources? Shorouq★The★Super★ninja2 (talk) 08:24, 14 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Why Slavs were the only European race to be enslaved IMHO this issue calls in for more nuanced position. I am writing bit off hand you can check related Wikipedia articles.

Slavs and Circassians might have suffered most but they might not have been only European race to be enslaved. Slavery is an age old thing, in pre– historic and historic times Whites would have enslaved whites too. Since medieval times first Al Andalus and there after Ottomans came on European borders. In Al Andalus times itself they had reached till borders of France if I am not too incorrect.

It's not that slavery was new to Europe but advent of Islam brought slavery in new form with a distinct phenomenon. Many sources attempt to underplay or condone Andalus and Ottoman slavery by only showing positive sides and normalizing it saying any way slavery was normal for those times. But doing harsh things in the name of religion do not bring any accolades to any religion or the God for that matter, nor for their followers or who condone it or forward excuses.

As far as resurgence of Russian empire is much later phenomenon after West Europe started colonizing the globe before that Moscow was a weak enough state that Tatars and I believe even Circassians used to harshly loot them as and when they could. When Russians got united later first took time to understand and adjust to distinct Islamic phenomenon ended up expelling Tatars and Circassians in brutal manner from their own respective territories. Russians learned managing Central Asian states amicably at much later time.

If Crimean and Ottoman slave trade affected more of east Europe and central Asia (also Spain and Greeks to an extent). Barbary slave trade very well affected shores of Mediterranean Europe and European and US trade travelers.

Above answer could have been better answered with refs but articles are available on Wikipedia I just tried to give you a brief and may be other users might throw light on some other aspects.

Bookku, 'Encyclopedias = expanding information & knowledge' (talk) 09:21, 14 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Ancient Greece, or at least ancient Athens, was largely run by the labour of enslaved people, not particularly specifically Slavs. Germanic tribes held slaves, and the Romans routinely enslaved both Germanic prisoners of war and people captured in conquests in large numbers. --Lambiam 15:59, 14 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The etymology linking slaves to Slavs is disputed (by Slavs anyway), see Myths of Russian History: Does the word 'Slav' derive from 'slave'?. Alansplodge (talk) 16:35, 14 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

That article seems to be completely backwards. It spends a great deal of time and words arguing that "Slav" isn't derived from "Slave" but that's not the claim being made', but the reverse. It even mentions a BBC article that claims the reverse position, and links to an etymology website that states the reverse position but misrepresents it opposite of what it claims it does. Iapetus (talk) 10:51, 15 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

U.S. economics question.

When in U.S. history have there been deflation before? With minimum wage going up and such, is always inflation. 67.165.185.178 (talk) 08:54, 14 November 2021 (UTC).[reply]

There was pretty severe deflation during Great Depression in the United States. <-Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots-> 10:41, 14 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

During the majority of the 19th century (excluding the Civil War years, of course), there was a slight consistent long-term deflationary trend due to the size of the economy increasing faster than the amount of gold available. Major gold strikes would temporarily counteract this, but between the gold discoveries,, there were a lot of severe recessions or depressions (1819, 1837, 1857, 1873, and 1893). AnonMoos (talk) 15:43, 14 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

P.S. There was no federal minimum wage until 1938, and it's now still at $7.25. AnonMoos (talk) 15:46, 14 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

So basically, there's been no deflation since the 1930s? 67.165.185.178 (talk) 16:37, 14 November 2021 (UTC).[reply]

No, there was a period of deflation as recently as during the 2008 Great Recession. And inflation has been quite low since the 1981-82 recession, until quite recently (there was brief spike around 1988-1989). Xuxl (talk) 20:09, 14 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Nice. I'm curious as to how back the dollar value went back to, say 1990s? 67.165.185.178 (talk) 20:22, 14 November 2021 (UTC).[reply]

there's a bunch of "inflation calculators" available online. Here is one random example. --Jayron 32 13:50, 15 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Unfortunately I am not seeing any deflation from 2008, say 06-08 and 08-10 and other way around. A dollar in 2008 was still worth more than in 2006. Inflation went up, however, it almost stayed the same from 2008-10. Is that considered deflation? 67.165.185.178 (talk) 19:37, 15 November 2021 (UTC).[reply]

Okay, I see pennies are still being made in 2021. Why is that? Not for a legal point of view, but from an economic point of view. How does a penny still being made in 2021 benefit the economy? Who approves of these things... 67.165.185.178 (talk) 19:33, 15 November 2021 (UTC).[reply]

Identity of L. Oulton

Is anything at all known about the identity of L. Oulton, the person credited as co-author of the 1923 continuation of Jane Austen's unfinished novel The Watsons? I have been searching online, but I can't find Oulton's first name beyond the initial L., or even Oulton's gender. Here is the text of the novel on Project Gutenberg:

https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/63569 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 159.2.54.25 (talk) 13:16, 14 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

According to our article The Watsons the author was a lady, Miss Oulton, known to the Austen family. 2A00:23C7:FB83:7A00:5DCD:8C5E:2B1F:79F6 (talk) 13:57, 14 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

A thorough Google search only turned up this:

In 1923 came 'The Watsons, a fragment by Jane Austen, concluded by L. Oulton, author of Exceeding Pleasant and other Sketches', which totalled about 35,000 words. It seems likely that L. Oughton, whoever she was, had never read The Younger Sister, which shows the family's conviction that Lady Osborne would be quite unpleasant.

Jane Austen Collected Reports 2001-2005 (p. 105) by the Jane Austen Society.

If they don't know, there's not much hope. Alansplodge (talk) 21:57, 14 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

US President's reaction to the Dreyfus Affair

Did any American presidents publicly comment on the Dreyfus affair at the time? --Puzzledvegetable^{Is it teatime already?} 22:23, 14 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Not quite sure when he said it, but Theodore Roosevelt stated, "We have watched with indignation and regret the trial of Captain Dreyfus based on bitter religious prejudices. You cannot benefit one class by pulling down another." (according to p. 38 of The Dreyfus Affair: Voices of Honor) Clarityfiend (talk) 08:18, 15 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

I did a Google phrase search (i.e. using quotation marks) on the first 10 words or so, and found multiple confirmations that he said something like that, but all the other sources give a longer wording: "We have watched with indignation and regret the trial of Captain Dreyfus. It was less Dreyfus on trial than those who tried him. We should draw lessons from the trial. It was due in part to bitter religious prejudices of the French people. Those who have ever wavered from the doctrine of the separation of Church and State should ponder upon what has happened. Try to encourage every form of religious effort. Beware and do not ever oppose any man for any reason except worth or want of it. You cannot benefit one class by pulling another class down." He said this before be was president, specifically in a speech at Walton, New York, on September 13, 1899, when he was governor of the state. Perhaps he said the shorter version on another occasion.

You can find this at on theodoreroosevelt.org here (hmm, that link stopped working for me), quoted from Dreyfus: The Prisoner of Devil's Island by William Harding, which was published the same year, 1899. Another source is The Elected and the Chosen: Why American Presidents Have Supported Jews and Israel from George Washington to Barack Obama (2012) by Denis Brian, which cites the New York Times of the same date as the speech; this source replaces the 6th and 7th sentences from Harding's version with an ellipsis. Another source is The Dreyfus Affair: A Chronological History (2005, 2008) by George R. Whyte, which quotes the 1st, 2nd, and 4th sentences of Harding's version, without ellipsis. --184.145.50.17 (talk) 11:01, 15 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

November 15

Front and rear of currency - are they ever alike?

Are there any banknotes on which the rear side is printed identically, or nearly identically, to the front side? What is the purpose of not printing both sides identically? As for coins, are there any with both sides identical? Is there any reason for having the two sides different, other than to allow flipping a coin? 71.235.101.14 (talk) 00:57, 15 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Or why not leave one side blank, as on Monopoly money? A traditional anti-counterfeiting measure is to use images with very fine detail. If both sides carry the same image, it makes counterfeiting easier. Also, traditionally, a banknote displays images representing icons of national pride. Having a different obverse and reverse offers more room for such imagery. --Lambiam 09:07, 15 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Bank of England £5 notes, known as "white fivers", were only printed on one side until 1957, the reverse side was blank. They were all withdrawn from circulation by 1961. Alansplodge (talk) 15:12, 15 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

One-sided coins are generally mint-made errors and are known as uni-face_coins.

In my youth, there was a popular British pub game called shove ha'penny, which consisted of sliding old halfpenny coins into different areas of a wooden board. To ensure consistent movement, the reverse was usually polished smooth, leaving only the obverse with markings. Removing the Queen's head was believed to be illegal and would certainly have been unpatriotic. Alansplodge (talk) 16:08, 15 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Some early American currency was printed with little or nothing on the reverse. However, those things generally were not worth a continental. ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 18:37, 15 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Ezo during the Sengoku period

Was Hokkaidō (or better Ezo), or areas of it, ever part of Japan during the Sengoku period? Thank you. --195.62.160.60 (talk) 12:42, 15 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

According to the article you already linked, the first Japanese colony on Hokkaido, on the southern tip of the Oshima Peninsula, occurred during the time frame you site. The Matsumae clan established a fief on the Peninsula, and built the Matsumae Castle in 1606. Other than the areas controlled by the Matsumae, the rest of the Island was not brought under Japanese control until the Tokugawa Shogunate, which was over a century later. --Jayron 32 13:05, 15 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

See also Shinoridate, a fort built on the Oshima Peninsula by the Wajin (ethnic Japanese) in the fourteenth century. It was one of the Twelve Garrisons of Southern Hokkaido, but we don't have articles about the other eleven (there's a challenge!). They were sacked by the Ainu during Koshamain's War of 1457, an event described in the epic Shinra no Kiroku. Alansplodge (talk) 15:30, 15 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Hearst newspaper archives

Are the Hearst newspapers' archives available online? I am particularly interested in the 1920's and 1930's. Thank you, DuncanHill (talk) 14:14, 15 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Have you tried Newspapers.com or NewspaperArchive? Those are the biggest I know about. There is also Wikipedia:List of online newspaper archives to explore more. --Jayron 32 14:21, 15 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Thanks, I've applied via the Wikipedia Library for access to both newspapers.com and NewspaperArchive. My main interest is in the articles Lloyd George wrote for syndication, which I understand were mainly published in Hearst papers. I don't think anyone has ever come up with a list or index of them, though some were collected as Lloyd George, David (1923). Is It Peace?. London: Hodder and Stoughton. and (the same articles, but arranged differently) Lloyd George, David (1923). Where Are We Going?. New York: George H. Doran Company.. DuncanHill (talk) 15:10, 15 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Another option is to look for archives of the individual papers themselves. Many of them are listed at Hearst Communications#Newspapers and many of them were Hearst properties back in the 1920s. They may have their own online archives run at the individual papers. --Jayron 32 19:02, 15 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The search functions at Chronicling America are not great, but it looks like many are available. Haven't missed yet be searching phrases from Is it Peace, e.g.[12] and found more by searching for "by the right hon. david lloyd george"[13], but you have to wade through many false positives. fiveby(zero) 19:18, 15 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

@Lambiam: It looks like some, at least some of the more obvious, are on Newspapers.com - of course part of the problem is I don't know which titles took the syndicated columns! But having some at least to narrow things down is helpful. @Fiveby: Thanks, I wasn't aware of "Chronicling America" before but it looks like it should be very useful. DuncanHill (talk) 19:40, 15 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

South American Cave Paintings

What are the second oldest-known cave paintings in South America? Thanks, Tyrone Madera (talk) 19:19, 15 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

That's rather specific; the best option I can find is that as of 2009 this stick figure with a giant penis was the oldest at about 10,000 years old; it would be a candidate for second oldest given that in 2019 this rock paintings were discovered and dated to about 12,500 years old, which are the current record holder. Whether any discoveries made since 2009 would have slid in between those two, I cannot say. Another candidate may be the Cueva de las Manos, which has been dated to possibly 11,000 years ago. Rank-ordering these things is tricky, the error bars on the dating methods often means that many of these have overlapping claims. --Jayron 32 19:42, 15 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Revision as of 19:40, 15 November 2021 edit DuncanHill (talk \| contribs) Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers 157,186 edits →‎Hearst newspaper archives: fix my indent ← Previous edit		Revision as of 19:42, 15 November 2021 edit undo Jayron32 (talk \| contribs) Administrators 105,509 edits →‎South American Cave Paintings: reply. Next edit →
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	What are the second oldest-known cave paintings in South America? Thanks, [[User:Tyrone Madera\|Tyrone Madera]] ([[User talk:Tyrone Madera\|talk]]) 19:19, 15 November 2021 (UTC)		What are the second oldest-known cave paintings in South America? Thanks, [[User:Tyrone Madera\|Tyrone Madera]] ([[User talk:Tyrone Madera\|talk]]) 19:19, 15 November 2021 (UTC)
			:That's rather specific; the best option I can find is that as of 2009 [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/oldest-american-rock-art-found-in-brazil-106293530/ this stick figure with a giant penis] was the oldest at about 10,000 years old; it would be a candidate for second oldest given that in 2019 [https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/colombia-prehistoric-rock-art this rock paintings] were discovered and dated to about 12,500 years old, which are the current record holder. Whether any discoveries made since 2009 would have slid in between those two, I cannot say. Another candidate may be the [[Cueva de las Manos]], which has been dated to possibly 11,000 years ago. Rank-ordering these things is tricky, the error bars on the dating methods often means that many of these have overlapping claims. --[[User:Jayron32\|<span style="color:#009">Jayron</span>]][[User talk:Jayron32\|<b style="color:#090">''32''</b>]] 19:42, 15 November 2021 (UTC)