Jump to content

Casablanca: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 33°32′N 7°35′W / 33.533°N 7.583°W / 33.533; -7.583
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Tag: section blanking
BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by 41.140.82.151 to revision 297148610 (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpusjccu6-4/)
Line 9: Line 9:
|nickname =
|nickname =
|motto =
|motto =
|image_skyline = Casablanca centre.jpg
|image_skyline = Casablanca and Hassan II Mosque.jpg
|imagesize = 300px
|imagesize = 300px
|image_caption = Casablanca skyscrapers
|image_caption = Casablanca and [[Hassan II Mosque]]
|image_flag =
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|flag_size =
Line 40: Line 40:
|leader_name = [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Mohammed VI]]
|leader_name = [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Mohammed VI]]
|leader_title1 =Major
|leader_title1 =Major
|leader_name1 =Mohammed Sajid
|leader_name1 =[[Mohammed Sajid]]
|leader_title2 =
|leader_title2 =
|leader_name2 =
|leader_name2 =
Line 106: Line 106:


=== Before the French Protectorate ===
=== Before the French Protectorate ===
[[File:Port of Casablanca.jpg|thumb|left|The Portuguese wet dock in 1572 which correspond to the current dry dock]]
The area which is today Casablanca was settled by [[Berber people|Berbers]] by at least the 7th century.<ref name=JVL>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Casablanca.html ''Casablanca''] - [[Jewish Virtual Library]]</ref> A small independent kingdom, in the area then named [[Anfa]], arose in the area around that time in response to Arab [[Muslim]] rule, and continued until it was conquered by the [[Almoravid]]s in 1068.
The area which is today Casablanca was settled by [[Berber people|Berbers]] by at least the 7th century.<ref name=JVL>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Casablanca.html ''Casablanca''] - [[Jewish Virtual Library]]</ref> A small independent kingdom, in the area then named [[Anfa]], arose in the area around that time in response to Arab [[Muslim]] rule, and continued until it was conquered by the [[Almoravid]]s in 1068.
[[File:Casablanca SPOT 1208.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Casablanca seen from Spot Satellite]]
During 14th century, under the [[Merinid]]s, Anfa rose in importance as a port. In the early 15th century, the town became an independent state once again, and emerged as a safe harbour for pirates and privateers, leading to it being targeted by the Portuguese, who destroyed the town in 1468.
During 14th century, under the [[Merinid]]s, Anfa rose in importance as a port. In the early 15th century, the town became an independent state once again, and emerged as a safe harbour for pirates and privateers, leading to it being targeted by the Portuguese, who destroyed the town in 1468.


The Portuguese used the ruins of Anfa to build a military fortress in 1515. The town that grew up around it was called "Casa Branca", meaning "White House" in Portuguese.
Before being named "Casa blanca" (White house in [[Portuguese language]]) by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], Casablanca used to be known as [[Anfa]]. The Portuguese used the ruins of Anfa to build a [[fort|military fortress]] in 1515. In the 19th century, the area's population began to grow as Casablanca became a major supplier of [[wool]] to the booming [[textile industry]] in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and shipping traffic increased (the British, in return, began importing [[gunpowder tea]]), a key ingredient in Morocco's national drink, mint tea. By the 1860s, there were around 4,000 residents, and the population grew to around 9,000 by the late 1880s <ref>Pennel, CR: ''Morocco from Empire to Independence'', Oneworld, Oxford, 2003, p 121</ref>. Casablanca remained a modestly-sized port, with a population reaching around 12,000 within a few years of the [[French Morocco|French conquest]] and arrival of [[French colonial empires|French colonialists]] in the town, at first administrators within a sovereign sultanate, in 1906.

The Moroccan administration of the time entrusted to the "Compagnie Marocaine" the construction of a small port whose water surface to be sheltered does not exceed 10 hectares. The work started in 1906, consisted of the construction of two small piers out of grip of share and others of the wet dock. The port of Casablanca began to be developed in 1906.

After completion in 1938, the configuration of the port had taken form and included a water level of a surface of 125 hectares, moles, quay levels and quays for the accosting of the trading ships.
[[File:Casablanca SPOT 1208.jpg|thumb|right|Casablanca seen from Spot Satellite]]

The port has been knowing important works of extension including the prolongation of the two facilities for [[phosphate]]s shipping and the completion of [[citrus]] fruits facility.


Between 1580-1640, Casa Blanca was part of Spain, and later it became part of Portugal again. The European Colonists eventually abandoned the area completely in 1755 following an [[earthquake]] which destroyed most of the town.
Between 1580-1640, Casa Blanca was part of Spain, and later it became part of Portugal again. The European Colonists eventually abandoned the area completely in 1755 following an [[earthquake]] which destroyed most of the town.
Line 127: Line 120:
=== French rule ===
=== French rule ===
{{main|French Morocco}}
{{main|French Morocco}}

[[File:Boulevard de Paris, Casablanca.jpg|thumb|left|A view on the Boulevard de Paris in central Casablanca]]
[[File:Boulevard de Paris, Casablanca.jpg|thumb|250px|A view on the Boulevard de Paris in central Casablanca]]
[[File:Casablanca1950s.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Boulevard Mohamed el Hansali in 1950s]]
In June 1907, the French attempted to build a [[light railway]] near the port and passing through a graveyard. Residents attacked the French workers, and riots ensued. French troops were landed in order to restore order, which was achieved only after severe damage to the town. The French then took control of Casablanca. This effectively began the process of colonizations, although French control of Casablanca was not formalised until 1910.
In June 1907, the French attempted to build a [[light railway]] near the port and passing through a graveyard. Residents attacked the French workers, and riots ensued. French troops were landed in order to restore order, which was achieved only after severe damage to the town. The French then took control of Casablanca. This effectively began the process of colonizations, although French control of Casablanca was not formalised until 1910.


Line 144: Line 139:
The city is now developing a [[tourism]] industry. Casablanca has become the economic and business capital of Morocco, while [[Rabat]] is the political capital.
The city is now developing a [[tourism]] industry. Casablanca has become the economic and business capital of Morocco, while [[Rabat]] is the political capital.


[[File:Centre casablanca.jpg|thumb|right|Modern Casablanca city seen at dusk]]
In March 2000, women's groups organised demonstrations in Casablanca proposing reforms to the legal status of women in the country. 40,000 women attended, calling for a ban on [[polygamy]] and the introduction of [[Talaq (Nikah)|divorce law]] (divorce being a purely religious procedure at that time). Although the counter-demonstration attracted half a million participants, the movement for change started in 2000 was influential on [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|King Mohammed VI]], and he enacted a new ''[[Mudawana]]'', or family law, in early 2004, meeting some of the demands of women's rights activists.
In March 2000, women's groups organised demonstrations in Casablanca proposing reforms to the legal status of women in the country. 40,000 women attended, calling for a ban on [[polygamy]] and the introduction of [[Talaq (Nikah)|divorce law]] (divorce being a purely religious procedure at that time). Although the counter-demonstration attracted half a million participants, the movement for change started in 2000 was influential on [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|King Mohammed VI]], and he enacted a new ''[[Mudawana]]'', or family law, in early 2004, meeting some of the demands of women's rights activists.


Line 233: Line 227:


== Economy ==
== Economy ==
[[File:casablanca.jpg|thumb|right|Casablanca Old Medina District (ex city centre)]]
[[File:casablanca.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Casablanca Old Medina District (ex city centre)]]
The [[Greater Casablanca]] region is considered the locomotive of the development of the [[Economy of Morocco|Moroccan economy]]. It attracts 32% of the country’s production units and 56% of [[industrial labor]].


The [[Greater Casablanca]] region is considered the locomotive of the development of the [[Economy of Morocco|Moroccan economy]]. It attracts 32% of the country’s production units and 56% of [[industrial labor]]. The region uses 30% of the national electricity production. With MAD 93 billion, the region contributes to 44% of the Industrial production of the Kingdom. 33% of national industrial exportations, MAD 27 billions, which is comparably with US $ 3.6 billion, come from the Greater Casablanca. 30% of Moroccan banking network is concentrated in Casablanca.
[[File:Twincenter.jpg‎|thumb|left|[[Casablanca Twin Center]]]]
The region uses 30% of the national electricity production. With MAD 93 billion, the region contributes to 44% of the Industrial production of the Kingdom. 33% of national industrial exportations, MAD 27 billions, which is comparably with US $ 3.6 billion, come from the Greater Casablanca. 30% of Moroccan banking network is concentrated in Casablanca.


One of the most important Casablancan exports is phosphorate. Other industries include fishing, fish canning, sawmilling, furniture making, building materials, glass, textiles, electronics, leather work, processed food, beer, spirits, soft drinks, and cigarettes.
One of the most important Casablancan exports is phosphorate. Other industries include fishing, fish canning, sawmilling, furniture making, building materials, glass, textiles, electronics, leather work, processed food, beer, spirits, soft drinks, and cigarettes.
Line 246: Line 238:


== Demographics ==
== Demographics ==
[[File:Casablanca and Hassan II Mosque.jpg|thumb|right|View of the old medina]]
The population of Grand Casablanca was estimated in 2005 at 3.85 million. 98% of them live in urban areas. Around 25% of them are under 15 and 9% are over 60 years old. The population of the city is about 11% of the total [[Demographics of Morocco|population of Morocco]]. [[Greater Casablanca]] is also the largest [[urban area]] in the [[Maghreb]].<ref>[http://www.casablanca.ma/Detail.aspx?folder=14&id=339 Casablanca.ma]</ref>
The population of Grand Casablanca was estimated in 2005 at 3.85 million. 98% of them live in urban areas. Around 25% of them are under 15 and 9% are over 60 years old. The population of the city is about 11% of the total [[Demographics of Morocco|population of Morocco]]. [[Greater Casablanca]] is also the largest [[urban area]] in the [[Maghreb]].<ref>[http://www.casablanca.ma/Detail.aspx?folder=14&id=339 Casablanca.ma]</ref>
The number of inhabitants is however disputed by the locals, who point to a number between 5 and 6 million, citing recent drought years as a reason for many people moving into the city to find work.=
The number of inhabitants is however disputed by the locals, who point to a number between 5 and 6 million, citing recent drought years as a reason for many people moving into the city to find work.
{{Expand-section|date=October 2007}}

===Urbanism===

[[File:Marokkostraat casa.jpg|thumb|left|A street in Casablanca]]
Casablanca developed starting from the médina and of the first basin of the port, primarily from [[1920]]. It is it town planner [[Henri Prost]] which some drew the first extensions between the years [[1917]] and [[1922]]. In the years [[1950]], the town planner Michel Ecochard drew a new plan of extension and organization of the city. [[Médina]] the historical heart of the city constitutes. It is surrounded by a wall and several doors whose the most known, the door of [[Marrakech]] give access. The coffee of Sqala overhangs the entry of the port. It was in the beginning a Portuguese point strengthened in the wall. In the east of the médina spreads the district [[Art déco]] which was the European district of the city under French protectorate. It shelters several monumental compositions which give a seal particular to the city: The administrative place, the park of the Arab League, broad planted boulevards of palm trees… In the west of the médina, the district snuffed Burgundy and, in seaside, large [[mosque]] Hassan II and embankments intended to be built soon. A little further, the cornice, its restaurants and its beaches, in front of the hill of Anfa place of residence of the easiest categories. The heart of city including the médina, the center of the businesses, the main part of the hotels and the embassies, is delimited by the Zerktouni boulevard marked in its medium by the two turns of [[Casablanca Twin Center]] drawn by the architect [[Ricardo Bofill]]. In the south, along the motorway which leads to the [[Mohammed V International Airport]], spreads the district of businesses of Sidi Maârouf, the new economic heart of Casablanca, with establishments of companies which multiply around Technopark, of the Zenith, of [[ISCAE]] and of Casanearshore. This district will be reinforced by the realization of an operation of town planning of very great scale, conceived by the architect Bernard Reichen, on the 400 hectares of the old airport of Put Anfa, now unused. In the east of Casablanca, they are industries and the popular quarters. The district of Sidi Moumen, truffle of [[shantytown]] S and of precarious constructions, should profit from the establishment of the Great Stage of Casablanca and an operation of improvement from the habitat. The authorities of the city engaged since [[2005]] the revision of town planning and master development plan (SDAU) of [[Large Casablanca]], by a free-Morrocan woman team of Agency urban of Casablanca and IAURIF, controlled by the director of the urban agency Allal Sakrouhi and the town planner Fouad Awada of IAURIF. This strategic document must come into effect in [[2008]], it proposes to organize the urban growth starting from the peripheral poles (Dar Bouazza, Bouskoura, Nouaceur, Médiouna, [[Mohammédia]]) and to level the city centers grace in particular to a powerful joint grid system. Right now, the city decided to obtain its first lines of [[tram]] and five or six operations of installation are already committed of which in particular those interesting Casa Anfa and Sidi Moumen.


=== Judaism in Casablanca ===
=== Judaism in Casablanca ===
Line 273: Line 260:


== Notable physical landmarks ==
== Notable physical landmarks ==
[[File:Mosque-hassan-II.jpg||right|thumb|[[Hassan II Mosque]]]]
[[File:Hassan II mosque2.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[Hassan II Mosque]]]]
[[File:001 Casablanka1.jpg‎|thumb|right|Walls of Old Medina in Casablanca]]
[[File:001 Casablanka1.jpg‎|thumb|200px|right|Walls of Old Medina in Casablanca]]
[[File:Casablanca Cathedrale Saint-Coeur (2).jpg|thumb|right|Casablanca Cathedral]]
[[File:Twincenter.jpg‎|thumb|200px|right|[[Casablanca Twin Center]]]]
[[File:Phare Hank.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The 45 meters high ''El Hank'' lighthouse (built in 1905 and renovated between 1914 and 1917)]]
The '''French period New Town''' of Casablanca was designed by the French architect [[Henri Prost]] and was a model of a new town at that time. The main streets of the New Town (''Ville Nouvelle'' in French) radiate south and east from Place des Nations Unies, where the main market of [[Anfa]] had been. The New Town is possibly the most impressive in Morocco. Former administrative buildings and modern hotels populate the area. Their style is a combination of [[Islamic architecture#Moorish Architecture|Hispano-Mauresque]] and [[Art Deco]] styles.
The '''French period New Town''' of Casablanca was designed by the French architect [[Henri Prost]] and was a model of a new town at that time. The main streets of the New Town (''Ville Nouvelle'' in French) radiate south and east from Place des Nations Unies, where the main market of [[Anfa]] had been. The New Town is possibly the most impressive in Morocco. Former administrative buildings and modern hotels populate the area. Their style is a combination of [[Islamic architecture#Moorish Architecture|Hispano-Mauresque]] and [[Art Deco]] styles.


Line 300: Line 288:
== Transport ==
== Transport ==
=== Trains ===
=== Trains ===
[[File:Casaport-train-juillet-091.jpg|thumb|left|Train enternig Casablanca station]]
[[File:CasablancaTrainStation.jpg|thumb|The Casablanca station]]
Casablanca is served by two rail stations run by the national rail service, the [[ONCF]]. The main long haul station is '''Casa-Voyageurs''', from which trains run south to [[Marrakech]] or [[El Jadida]] and north to [[Rabat]], and then on either to [[Tangier]] or [[Meknes]], [[Fes]] ,Taza and [[Oujda]]. A dedicated airport shuttle service to [[Mohammed V International Airport]] also has its primary in-city stop at this station, for connections on to further destinations.
Casablanca is served by two rail stations run by the national rail service, the [[ONCF]]. The main long haul station is '''Casa-Voyageurs''', from which trains run south to [[Marrakech]] or [[El Jadida]] and north to [[Rabat]], and then on either to [[Tangier]] or [[Meknes]], [[Fes]] ,Taza and [[Oujda]]. A dedicated airport shuttle service to [[Mohammed V International Airport]] also has its primary in-city stop at this station, for connections on to further destinations.


Line 310: Line 296:


=== Air ===
=== Air ===
[[File:2008213122221 hall.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mohammed V International Airport ]]]]
Casablanca's main airport is '''[[Mohammed V International Airport]]''', Morocco's busiest airport. Regular domestic flights serve [[Marrakech]], [[Rabat]], [[Agadir]], [[Oujda]], and [[Tangier]], [[Laayoune]] as well as other cities.
Casablanca's main airport is '''[[Mohammed V International Airport]]''', Morocco's busiest airport. Regular domestic flights serve [[Marrakech]], [[Rabat]], [[Agadir]], [[Oujda]], and [[Tangier]], [[Laayoune]] as well as other cities.


Line 327: Line 312:


== Casablanca's administrative divisions ==
== Casablanca's administrative divisions ==
[[File:Casablancanasa.jpg|thumb|250px|Satellite image of Casablanca]]

[[File:Casablanca AerialView.jpg|thumb|250px|An aerial view of Casablanca]]


Casablanca is a commune, part of the Region of the Greater Casablanca. The commune is divided into 8 districts (prefectures عمالات), which are themselves divided into 16 subdivisions (arrondissements دوائر) and 1 municipality (بلدية).
Casablanca is a commune, part of the Region of the Greater Casablanca. The commune is divided into 8 districts (prefectures عمالات), which are themselves divided into 16 subdivisions (arrondissements دوائر) and 1 municipality (بلدية).

=== Districts ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;width:60%;"
|+ '''Administrative divisions of the Casablanca City'''<ref>[http://www.casablanca.ma/index/html/html/prefecture-casa.html La Préfecture de Casablanca (in French)]</ref>
|-
! scope=col | Districts (fr: Préfectures d'arrondissement, ar: عمالة دوائر)
! scope=col | Subdivisions (fr: Arrondissements, ar: دوائر)
! scope=col | Municipalities (fr: Municipalités, ar: بلديات )
! scope=col | Superficy
! scope=col | Population (2004)
|-
|width="20%"|عين الشق
Aïn Chock
|width="20%"|عين الشق
Aïn Chock
|width="20%"|&nbsp;
|width="20%"|28.89&nbsp;km²
|width="20%"|{{formatnum:253496}} inhabitants
|-
|width="20%" rowspan="3"|عين السبع الحي المحمدي
Aïn Sebaâ-Hay Mohammadi
|width="20%"|عين السبع
Aïn Sebaâ
|width="20%"|&nbsp;
|width="20%" rowspan="3"|26.7&nbsp;km²
|width="20%" rowspan="3"|{{formatnum:407892}} inhabitants
|-
|width="20%"|الحي المحمدي
Hay Mohammadi
|width="20%"|&nbsp;
|-
|width="20%"|الصخور السوداء / روش نوار
Roches Noires (Assoukhour Assawda)
|width="20%"|&nbsp;
|-
|width="20%" rowspan="3"|أنفا
Anfa
|width="20%"|أنفا
Anfa
|width="20%"|&nbsp;
|width="20%" rowspan="3"|37.5&nbsp;km²
|width="20%" rowspan="3"|{{formatnum:492787}} inhabitants
|-
|width="20%"|المعاريف
Maârif
|width="20%"|&nbsp;
|-
|width="20%"|سيدي بليوط
Sidi Belyout
|width="20%"|&nbsp;
|-
|width="20%" rowspan="2"|بن مسيك
Ben M'sick
|width="20%"|بن مسيك
Ben M'sick
|width="20%"|&nbsp;
|width="20%" rowspan="2"|10.27&nbsp;km².
|width="20%" rowspan="2"|{{formatnum:285879}} inhabitants
|-
|width="20%"|سباته
Sbata
|width="20%"|&nbsp;
|-
|width="20%" rowspan="2"|سيدي) برنوصي)
(Sidi) Bernoussi
|width="20%"|سيدي) برنوصي)
(Sidi) Bernoussi
|width="20%"|&nbsp;
|width="20%" rowspan="2"|38.59&nbsp;km²
|width="20%" rowspan="2"|{{formatnum:453552}} inhabitants
|-
|width="20%"|سيدي مومن
Sidi Moumen
|width="20%"|&nbsp;
|-
|width="20%" rowspan="2"|الفداء - مرس السلطان
Al Fida-Mers Sultan
|width="20%"|الفداء
Al Fida
|width="20%"|المشور
Mechouar
|width="20%" rowspan="2"|17.9&nbsp;km²
|width="20%" rowspan="2"|{{formatnum:332682}} inhabitants
|-
|width="20%"|مرس السلطان
Mers Sultan
|width="20%"|&nbsp;
|-
|width="20%"|الحي الحسني
Hay Hassani
|width="20%"|الحي الحسني
Hay Hassani
|width="20%"|&nbsp;
|width="20%"|25.91&nbsp;km²
|width="20%"|{{formatnum:323277}} inhabitants
|-
|width="20%" rowspan="2"|مولاي رشيد
Moulay Rachid
|width="20%"|مولاي رشيد
Moulay Rachid
|&nbsp;
|width="20%" rowspan="2"|13.38&nbsp;km²
|width="20%" rowspan="2"|{{formatnum:384044}} inhabitants
|-
|width="20%"|سيدي عثمان
Sidi Othmane
|width="20%"|&nbsp;
|}


=== Neighborhoods ===
=== Neighborhoods ===
Line 450: Line 545:
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
Bahiyyih Maroon, “Leisure Space: Thematic Style and Cultural Exclusion in Casablanca,” pp. 137–151 in The Themed Space: Locating Culture, Nation, and Self, ed. Scott A. Lukas (Lanham, MD, Lexington Books, 2007), ISBN 0-7391-2142-1
Bahiyyih Maroon, “Leisure Space: Thematic Style and Cultural Exclusion in Casablanca,” pp. 137–151 in The Themed Space: Locating Culture, Nation, and Self, ed. Scott A. Lukas (Lanham, MD, Lexington Books, 2007), ISBN 0-7391-2142-1

== See also ==
* [[History of Casablanca]]


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Casablanca}}
{{Commonscat|Casablanca}}
* [http://www.casablanca.ma/ Official web site of Casablanca]
* [http://www.casablanca.ma/ Official web site of Casablanca]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpusJCCU6-4/ A video about Casablanca]
* [http://www.indik.ma/ Online Casablanca Map - Indik.ma]
* [http://www.indik.ma/ Online Casablanca Map - Indik.ma]
* [http://www.courriercasablanca.com/ The Portal of Casablanca]
* [http://www.courriercasablanca.com/ The Portal of Casablanca]

Revision as of 21:34, 19 June 2009

For the film, see Casablanca (film).
For other uses, see Casablanca (disambiguation).
Casablanca
الدار البيضاء
کازابلانکا
Casablanca / ad-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ
Casablanca and Hassan II Mosque
Casablanca and Hassan II Mosque
Country Morocco
administrative regionGreater Casablanca
First settled7th century
reconstructed1756
Government
 • TypeMonarchy
 • rulerMohammed VI
 • MajorMohammed Sajid
Area
 • City324 km2 (125 sq mi)
 • Urban
1,615 km2 (624 sq mi)
Population
 (2009 est.)
 • City3,672,900
 • Density9,132/km2 (23,650/sq mi)
 • Urban
3,850,000 (Grand Casablanca)
 • Urban density2,383/km2 (6,170/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+0 (WET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (WEST)
Postal code
20000-20200
Websitehttp://www.casablanca.ma/

Casablanca (in Arabic: الدار البيضاء ad-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ as well as کازابلانکا Kāzāblānkā; Spanish and Italian for white (blanca) house (casa) ; nicknamed by locals: Caza; Antique and original name in Amazigh: Anfa /File:Anfa picture.jpg) is a city in western Morocco, located on the Atlantic Ocean. It is the capital of the Greater Casablanca region.

With a population of 3.1 million (3.85 million in "greater Casablanca" according to the September 2005 census), Casablanca is Morocco's largest city as well as its chief port. It's also the biggest city in the Maghreb and the sixth biggest city in the entire continent of Africa. Casablanca is considered the economic capital of Morocco because it is the heart of Moroccan business; the political capital is Rabat. It is also the primary naval base for the Royal Moroccan Navy.

Casablanca is the leading city hosting headquarters and main industrial facilities for the leading Moroccan and international companies based in Morocco. Industrial statistics show Casablanca retains its historic position as the main industrial zone of the country. The Port of Casablanca is one of the largest artificial ports in the world.[1] It is also the largest port of the Maghreb and North Africa.[2]

History

Main article: History of Casablanca

Before the French Protectorate

The area which is today Casablanca was settled by Berbers by at least the 7th century.[3] A small independent kingdom, in the area then named Anfa, arose in the area around that time in response to Arab Muslim rule, and continued until it was conquered by the Almoravids in 1068.

Casablanca seen from Spot Satellite

During 14th century, under the Merinids, Anfa rose in importance as a port. In the early 15th century, the town became an independent state once again, and emerged as a safe harbour for pirates and privateers, leading to it being targeted by the Portuguese, who destroyed the town in 1468.

The Portuguese used the ruins of Anfa to build a military fortress in 1515. The town that grew up around it was called "Casa Branca", meaning "White House" in Portuguese.

Between 1580-1640, Casa Blanca was part of Spain, and later it became part of Portugal again. The European Colonists eventually abandoned the area completely in 1755 following an earthquake which destroyed most of the town.

The town was finally reconstructed by sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah (1756-1790), the grandson of Moulay Ismail and ally of George Washington. The town was called الدار البيضاء ad-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ (white house) in Arabic and Casa Blanca in Spanish.

In the 19th century, the area's population began to grow as Casablanca became a major supplier of wool to the booming textile industry in Britain and shipping traffic increased (the British, in return, began importing Morocco's now famous national drink, gunpowder tea). By the 1860s, there were around 5,000 residents, and the population grew to around 10,000 by the late 1880s.[4] Casablanca remained a modestly-sized port, with a population reaching around 12,000 within a few years of the French conquest and arrival of French colonialists in the town, at first administrators within a sovereign sultanate, in 1906. By 1921, this was to rise to 110,000,[5] largely through the development of bidonvilles.

French rule

Main article: French Morocco
A view on the Boulevard de Paris in central Casablanca
File:Casablanca1950s.jpg
Boulevard Mohamed el Hansali in 1950s

In June 1907, the French attempted to build a light railway near the port and passing through a graveyard. Residents attacked the French workers, and riots ensued. French troops were landed in order to restore order, which was achieved only after severe damage to the town. The French then took control of Casablanca. This effectively began the process of colonizations, although French control of Casablanca was not formalised until 1910.

The famous 1942 film Casablanca underlined the city's colonial status at the time—depicting it as the scene of a power struggle between competing European powers, carried out with little reference to the local population. The film's vast cosmopolitan cast of characters (American, French, German, Czech, Norse, Bulgarian, Russian and some other nationalities) includes only a single (uncredited) Arab character, "Abdul" the doorman whose role is marginal.

During the 1940s and 1950s, Casablanca was a major centre of anti-French rioting. A terrorist bomb on Christmas Day of 1953 caused many casualties.[citation needed]

The Casablanca Conference

Casablanca was an important strategic port during World War II and hosted the Casablanca Conference in 1943, in which Churchill and Roosevelt discussed the progress of the war. Casablanca was the site of a large American air base, which was the staging area for all American aircraft for the European Theater of Operations during World War II.

Since independence

Morocco regained independence from France on the 2nd of March, 1956.

In 1930, Casablanca hosted a Grand Prix. The race was held at the new Anfa Racecourse. In 1958, the race was held at Ain-Diab circuit - (see Moroccan Grand Prix). In 1983, Casablanca hosted the Mediterranean Games.

The city is now developing a tourism industry. Casablanca has become the economic and business capital of Morocco, while Rabat is the political capital.

In March 2000, women's groups organised demonstrations in Casablanca proposing reforms to the legal status of women in the country. 40,000 women attended, calling for a ban on polygamy and the introduction of divorce law (divorce being a purely religious procedure at that time). Although the counter-demonstration attracted half a million participants, the movement for change started in 2000 was influential on King Mohammed VI, and he enacted a new Mudawana, or family law, in early 2004, meeting some of the demands of women's rights activists.

On May 16, 2003, 33 civilians were killed and more than 100 people were injured when Casablanca was hit by a multiple suicide bomb attack carried out by Moroccans and claimed by some to have been linked to al-Qaeda.

A string of suicide bombings struck the city in early 2007. A suspected militant blew himself up at a Casablanca internet cafe on March 11, 2007. On April 10, three suicide bombers blew themselves up during a police raid of their safe house.[6] Two days later, police set up barricades around the city and detained two more men who had escaped the raid.[7] On April 14, two brothers blew themselves up in downtown Casablanca, one near the American Consulate, and one a few blocks away near the American Language Center. Only one person was injured aside from the bombers, but the Consulate was closed for more than a month. [8]

Climate

Casablanca has a mild Mediterranean / Subtropical climate with warm, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. Casablanca's climate is strongly influenced by the cool currents of the Atlantic Ocean which tends to moderate temperature swings and produce a remarkably mild climate with little seasonal temperature variation and a lack of extreme heat and extreme cold.

Climate data for Casablanca
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Source: World Meteorological Organization (UN)[9]

Economy

Casablanca Old Medina District (ex city centre)

The Greater Casablanca region is considered the locomotive of the development of the Moroccan economy. It attracts 32% of the country’s production units and 56% of industrial labor. The region uses 30% of the national electricity production. With MAD 93 billion, the region contributes to 44% of the Industrial production of the Kingdom. 33% of national industrial exportations, MAD 27 billions, which is comparably with US $ 3.6 billion, come from the Greater Casablanca. 30% of Moroccan banking network is concentrated in Casablanca.

One of the most important Casablancan exports is phosphorate. Other industries include fishing, fish canning, sawmilling, furniture making, building materials, glass, textiles, electronics, leather work, processed food, beer, spirits, soft drinks, and cigarettes.

The Casablanca and Mohammedia seaports activity represent 50% of the international commercial flows of Morocco.

Almost the entire Casablanca coast is under project, mainly the construction of huge entertainment centres between the port and Hassan 2nd Mosque, the Anfa Resort project near Megarama cinema which is a business, distraction and living centre, Morocco Mall, a giant distraction mall, and finally a complete renovation of the walkway coast to be finished in June 2009. The Sindbad park is planned to be totally renewed by rides, games and distraction services.

Demographics

The population of Grand Casablanca was estimated in 2005 at 3.85 million. 98% of them live in urban areas. Around 25% of them are under 15 and 9% are over 60 years old. The population of the city is about 11% of the total population of Morocco. Greater Casablanca is also the largest urban area in the Maghreb.[10] The number of inhabitants is however disputed by the locals, who point to a number between 5 and 6 million, citing recent drought years as a reason for many people moving into the city to find work.

Judaism in Casablanca

See also: History of the Jewish Religion in Morocco

There was a Sephardic Jewish community in Anfa up to its destruction by the Portuguese in 1468. Jews were slow to return to the town, but by 1750 the Rabbi Elijah Synagogue was built as the first Jewish temple in Casablanca. It was destroyed along with much of the town in the earthquake of 1755.[3]

By the beginning of the 20th century, Casablanca was home to about 6,000 Jews - more than a quarter of the population. Since the beginning of the 20th century, Casablanca has been associated with Judaism more than any other city in North Africa. The Jewish population snowballed in the mid 20th century, partly because of the development of social support structures for Jewish incomers and partly, after the European Holocaust, because of an increased desire of some Jews for the protection of a large Jewish community.

Between the 1940s and 1960s, the Jewish population of Casablanca was around 70,000. Emigration to France, Canada, the United States and Israel from Casablanca has been substantial since then, however. Large numbers of expatriates retain Moroccan citizenship and a Moroccan identity. Fewer than 5,000 Jews remain in the city today. Here is a list of a few synagogues in Casablanca:

  • Council of Moroccan Jewish Communities, (Conseil des Communautés Israélites du Maroc), 1, rue Adrienne Lecouver
  • Synagogue Beth-El - 67, Verlet-Hanus
  • Synagogue Téhila Le David - Bd du 11 Janvier
  • Synagogue Benarrosh - Rue de Lusitania
  • Synagogue Em-Habanime - Rue de Lusitania

An Israeli theatre play, extremely popular in the 1950s and 1960's and later made into a film, was called Casablan, depicting the difficult life in a Jaffa slum of the eponymous young Morrocan Jewish immigrant, evidently originating from Casablanca[11]

Notable physical landmarks

Hassan II Mosque
Walls of Old Medina in Casablanca
File:Twincenter.jpg
Casablanca Twin Center
The 45 meters high El Hank lighthouse (built in 1905 and renovated between 1914 and 1917)

The French period New Town of Casablanca was designed by the French architect Henri Prost and was a model of a new town at that time. The main streets of the New Town (Ville Nouvelle in French) radiate south and east from Place des Nations Unies, where the main market of Anfa had been. The New Town is possibly the most impressive in Morocco. Former administrative buildings and modern hotels populate the area. Their style is a combination of Hispano-Mauresque and Art Deco styles.

Casablanca is home to the Hassan II Mosque, designed by the French architect Michel Pinseau. It is situated on a promontory looking out to the Atlantic, which can be seen through a gigantic glass floor with room for 25,000 worshippers. A further 80,000 can be accommodated in the mosque's courtyard. Its minaret is the world's tallest at 210 metres.

Work on the mosque was started in 1980, and was intended to be completed for the 60th birthday of the former Moroccan king, Hassan II, in 1989. However, the building was not inaugurated until 1993. Authorities spent an estimated $800 million in the construction of the building.

The Parc de la Ligue Arabe (formally called Lyautey) is the city's largest public park. On its edge is situated the Cathédrale Sacré-Coeur, which is disused, but is a splendid example of Mauresque architecture.

The Old Medina (the part of town pre-dating the French protectorate) attracts fewer tourists than the medinas of other Moroccan towns, such as Fes and Marrakech. However, it has undergone some restoration in recent years. Included in this project have been the western walls of the medina, its skala, or bastion, and its colonial-period clock tower.

The city is served by Anfa Airport and Mohammed V International Airport, and its port is one of the largest artificial ports in the world.

List of notable landmarks

Transport

Trains

Casablanca is served by two rail stations run by the national rail service, the ONCF. The main long haul station is Casa-Voyageurs, from which trains run south to Marrakech or El Jadida and north to Rabat, and then on either to Tangier or Meknes, Fes ,Taza and Oujda. A dedicated airport shuttle service to Mohammed V International Airport also has its primary in-city stop at this station, for connections on to further destinations.

The second station, Casa-Port, serves primarily commuter trains running the Casablanca - Kenitra corridor, with some connecting trains with running on to Gare de Casa-Voyageurs. www.oncf.ma

Coaches

CTM coaches (intercity buses) and various private lines run services to most notable Moroccan towns as well as a number of European cities. These run from the Gare Routière on Rue Léon l'Africain in downtown Casablanca.

Air

Casablanca's main airport is Mohammed V International Airport, Morocco's busiest airport. Regular domestic flights serve Marrakech, Rabat, Agadir, Oujda, and Tangier, Laayoune as well as other cities.

Casablanca is well served by international flights to Europe, especially French and Spanish airports, and has regular connections to North American, Middle Eastern and sub-Saharan African destinations. New York, Dakar and Dubai are important primary destinations.

The older, smaller Casablanca Anfa airport to the west of the city which served certain destinations including Damascus, and Tunis is scheduled to close to civilian traffic in 2006.

Taxis

Registered taxis in Casablanca are coloured red and known as petits taxis (small taxis), or coloured white and known as grands taxis (big taxis). As is standard Moroccan practice, petits taxis, typically small-four door Fiat Uno or similar cars, provide metered cab service in the central metropolitan areas. Grands taxis, generally older Mercedes-Benz sedans, provide shared mini-bus like service within the city on pre-defined routes, or shared inter-city service. Grands Taxis may also be hired for private service by the hour or day, although typically only foreigners do so.

Metro (planned)

An underground railway system is currently being projected, which when constructed will potentially offer some relief to the problems of traffic congestion and poor air quality. The metro will not be ready before 2017, having a length of 10 kilometers (6 miles) and costing 1,000 dirhams [12]. However, it should be noticed that none of the preparatory works for this project have started. And, no discussion of it is observed in the media. The anecdote among Casablanca population is that "water is too near below, that they cannot dig tunnels."[citation needed]

Tram (planned)

A tram system is currently in the project phase.[citation needed]

Casablanca's administrative divisions

Satellite image of Casablanca
An aerial view of Casablanca

Casablanca is a commune, part of the Region of the Greater Casablanca. The commune is divided into 8 districts (prefectures عمالات), which are themselves divided into 16 subdivisions (arrondissements دوائر) and 1 municipality (بلدية).

Districts

Administrative divisions of the Casablanca City[13]
Districts (fr: Préfectures d'arrondissement, ar: عمالة دوائر) Subdivisions (fr: Arrondissements, ar: دوائر) Municipalities (fr: Municipalités, ar: بلديات ) Superficy Population (2004)
عين الشق

Aïn Chock

عين الشق

Aïn Chock

  28.89 km² 253,496 inhabitants
عين السبع الحي المحمدي

Aïn Sebaâ-Hay Mohammadi

عين السبع

Aïn Sebaâ

  26.7 km² 407,892 inhabitants
الحي المحمدي

Hay Mohammadi

 
الصخور السوداء / روش نوار

Roches Noires (Assoukhour Assawda)

 
أنفا

Anfa

أنفا

Anfa

  37.5 km² 492,787 inhabitants
المعاريف

Maârif

 
سيدي بليوط

Sidi Belyout

 
بن مسيك

Ben M'sick

بن مسيك

Ben M'sick

  10.27 km². 285,879 inhabitants
سباته

Sbata

 
سيدي) برنوصي)

(Sidi) Bernoussi

سيدي) برنوصي)

(Sidi) Bernoussi

  38.59 km² 453,552 inhabitants
سيدي مومن

Sidi Moumen

 
الفداء - مرس السلطان

Al Fida-Mers Sultan

الفداء

Al Fida

المشور

Mechouar

17.9 km² 332,682 inhabitants
مرس السلطان

Mers Sultan

 
الحي الحسني

Hay Hassani

الحي الحسني

Hay Hassani

  25.91 km² 323,277 inhabitants
مولاي رشيد

Moulay Rachid

مولاي رشيد

Moulay Rachid

  13.38 km² 384,044 inhabitants
سيدي عثمان

Sidi Othmane

 

Neighborhoods

(the list of neighborhoods is indicative and not complete)

  • Ain Sebaa
  • Belvédère
  • 2 Mars
  • Bouchentouf
  • Bourgogne
  • Centre Ville (downtown)
  • Californie
  • C.I.L.
  • Derb Gallef
  • Derb Sultan Al Fida
  • Derb TAZI
  • Hay Dakhla ("Derb Lihoudi") (quartier Martinet)
  • El Hank
  • El Hay El Mohammadi
  • Hay Farah
  • Gauthier
  • Habous
  • Hay Moulay Rachid
  • La Gironde
  • La Colline
  • Laimoun (Hay Hassani)
  • Lissasfa
  • Maarif
  • Old Madina (Mdina Qdima)
  • Mers Sultan
  • Nisaam
  • Oasis
  • Oulfa
  • Polo
  • Racine
  • Riviera
  • Roches Noires
  • Sbaata
  • Sidi Bernoussi
  • Sidi Moumen
  • Sidi Maarouf
  • Sidi Othman

International relations

Sister cities

Partner cities

  • France Paris, France (since 2004)

Education

Colleges and Universities

K through 12

Sports

People born in Casablanca

See also: Category:People from Casablanca

Casablanca in fiction

  • Casablanca is the setting of Casablanca (film) the 1942 starring Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman. The film has achieved worldwide popularity since then, having also won three Oscars and been nominated in five additional categories.
  • The city is featured in The Mysterious Caravan, Volume 54 in the original Hardy Boys series.
  • Casablanca is one of the key locations in the 2006 video game Dreamfall, as it is where the primary protagonist of the game, Zoë Castillo, lives.
  • A Night in Casablanca (1946) was the twelfth Marx Brothers' movie. The film stars Groucho Marx, Chico Marx, and Harpo Marx. It was directed by Archie Mayo and written by Joseph Fields and Roland Kibbee. The film contains the song "Who's Sorry Now?" with music by Ted Snyder and lyrics by Bert Kalmar and Harry Ruby. It is sung in French by Lisette Verea playing the part of Beatrice Rheiner, and then later sung in English (see image). Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 is played twice, once by Chico on piano as an intro to the Beer Barrel Polka, and again by Harpo on the harp.

Images

References

  1. ^ Casablanca - Encyclopedia of the Orient
  2. ^ Discovering Casablanca - The Africa Travel Association
  3. ^ a b Casablanca - Jewish Virtual Library
  4. ^ Pennel, CR: Morocco from Empire to Independence, Oneworld, Oxford, 2003, p 121
  5. ^ Pennel, CR: Morocco from Empire to Independence, Oneworld, Oxford, 2003, p 149
  6. ^ Terror Cell: 'Police Hold Fifth Man' April 12, 2007
  7. ^ Casablanca on alert after suicide bombings April 12 2007
  8. ^ U.S. Shuts Morocco Consulate After Bomb April 15, 2007
  9. ^ "Weather Information for Casablanca". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  10. ^ Casablanca.ma
  11. ^ see Hebrew Wikipedia http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%96%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%9F
  12. ^ http://www.casablanca.ma/index/docs/deplacement_urbain_casa.pdf
  13. ^ La Préfecture de Casablanca (in French)
  14. ^ Kuala Lumpur fact file, Asian-Pacific City Summit. Retrieved on December 31, 2007.

Bahiyyih Maroon, “Leisure Space: Thematic Style and Cultural Exclusion in Casablanca,” pp. 137–151 in The Themed Space: Locating Culture, Nation, and Self, ed. Scott A. Lukas (Lanham, MD, Lexington Books, 2007), ISBN 0-7391-2142-1

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Casablanca.

33°32′N 7°35′W / 33.533°N 7.583°W / 33.533; -7.583

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casablanca&oldid=297434099"