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* Carse, Adam: 1965, ''Musical Wind Instruments: A History of the Wind Instruments Used in European Orchestras and Wind-Bands from the Later Middle Ages up to the Present Time'' New York: Da Capo Press. p. 120. ISBN 0-306-80005-5</ref> Variants of the oboe like the [[graïle]], the [[Bombard (music)|bombard]] and the [[Piston (music)|piston]] were later created in [[Languedoc]] and [[Brittany]].
* Carse, Adam: 1965, ''Musical Wind Instruments: A History of the Wind Instruments Used in European Orchestras and Wind-Bands from the Later Middle Ages up to the Present Time'' New York: Da Capo Press. p. 120. ISBN 0-306-80005-5</ref> Variants of the oboe like the [[graïle]], the [[Bombard (music)|bombard]] and the [[Piston (music)|piston]] were later created in [[Languedoc]] and [[Brittany]].
* Many [[French bagpipes|bagpipes]] were developped in France<ref name=mblgcornemuses>{{fr}}{{cite web|last=Le Gonidec|first=Marie-Barbara|title=Carte géographique/ map of the origins of different bagpipes|url=http://www.cornemuses.culture.fr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=28&Itemid=94|work=Cornemuses d'Europe et de Méditerranée|publisher=Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication/French Ministry of Culture and Communication|accessdate=27 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=osbagpipes>{{cite web|last=Seeler|first=Oliver|title=The Universe Of Bagpipes|url=http://www.hotpipes.com/main.html|accessdate=27 January 2012}}</ref>, including the [[Biniou]], the [[Bodega (bagpipe)|bodega]], the [[Boha]], the [[Bousine]], the [[Cabrette]], the [[Chabrette]], the [[Cornemuse du Centre]], the [[Loure (bagpipe)|loure]], the [[Musette bechonnet]], the [[Musette bressane]] and the [[Musette de cour]].
* Many [[French bagpipes|bagpipes]] were developped in France<ref name=mblgcornemuses>{{fr}}{{cite web|last=Le Gonidec|first=Marie-Barbara|title=Carte géographique/ map of the origins of different bagpipes|url=http://www.cornemuses.culture.fr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=28&Itemid=94|work=Cornemuses d'Europe et de Méditerranée|publisher=Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication/French Ministry of Culture and Communication|accessdate=27 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=osbagpipes>{{cite web|last=Seeler|first=Oliver|title=The Universe Of Bagpipes|url=http://www.hotpipes.com/main.html|accessdate=27 January 2012}}</ref>, including the [[Biniou]], the [[Bodega (bagpipe)|bodega]], the [[Boha]], the [[Bousine]], the [[Cabrette]], the [[Chabrette]], the [[Cornemuse du Centre]], the [[Loure (bagpipe)|loure]], the [[Musette bechonnet]], the [[Musette bressane]] and the [[Musette de cour]].
* First mechanical [[metronome]] by [[Étienne Loulié]] in 1696 (but the modern form of the metronome was patented only in 1815<ref name="franzmfg.com">{{Cite web| url = http://www.franzmfg.com/history.htm | title = A Brief History of the Metronome | publisher = Franz Manufacturing Company, Inc. | accessdate = 2010-04-02 }}</ref>).
* [[Rococo]] in the early 18th century.<ref name="Kleiner2010">{{cite book|last=Kleiner|first=Fred|title=Gardner's art through the ages: the western perspective|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IJrN8rDirxkC&pg=PA587|accessdate=21 February 2011|year=2010|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=9780495573555|pages=583–584}}</ref>
* [[Rococo]] in the early 18th century.<ref name="Kleiner2010">{{cite book|last=Kleiner|first=Fred|title=Gardner's art through the ages: the western perspective|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IJrN8rDirxkC&pg=PA587|accessdate=21 February 2011|year=2010|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=9780495573555|pages=583–584}}</ref>
* [[Clavecin électrique]], earliest surviving electric-powered musical instrument, in 1759 by [[Jean-Baptiste Thillaie Delaborde]]<ref name="clavecinelectric">Schiffer, Michael; Hollenback, Kasy; and Bell, Carrie. 2003. ''Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology In the Age of Enlightenment''. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520238022</ref>
* [[Clavecin électrique]], earliest surviving electric-powered musical instrument, in 1759 by [[Jean-Baptiste Thillaie Delaborde]]<ref name="clavecinelectric">Schiffer, Michael; Hollenback, Kasy; and Bell, Carrie. 2003. ''Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology In the Age of Enlightenment''. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520238022</ref>
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[[File:Le Voyage dans la lune 2.jpg|thumb|right|A scene from ''[[A Trip to the Moon]]'' (1902) by [[Georges Méliès]].]]
[[File:Le Voyage dans la lune 2.jpg|thumb|right|A scene from ''[[A Trip to the Moon]]'' (1902) by [[Georges Méliès]].]]
* [[Collotype]] process by [[Alphonse Poitevin]] in 1856.<ref name=collotypoitevin>[http://brevetsphotographiques.fr/englishluisnadeau.htm The Poitevin patents and the importance of using primary sources]</ref>
* [[Collotype]] process by [[Alphonse Poitevin]] in 1856.<ref name=collotypoitevin>[http://brevetsphotographiques.fr/englishluisnadeau.htm The Poitevin patents and the importance of using primary sources]</ref>
⚫
* The [[Praxinoscope]] of [[Charles-Émile Reynaud]] (1877) is an animation device intermediary between the [[zoetrope]] and the [[film|cinema]].
⚫
* The [[Chronophotography]] by [[Étienne-Jules Marey]] (developed by himself, [[Eadweard Muybridge]], [[Albert Londe]], [[Georges Demeny]] and [[Ottomar Anschutz]]) in 1882 in Paris.<ref name=Chronop>{{cite web|title=Movements of Air, Etienne-Jules Marey, Photographer of Fluids|url=http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/events/exhibitions/in-the-musee-dorsay/exhibitions-in-the-musee-dorsay/article/mouvements-de-lair-etienne-jules-marey-1830-1904-photographe-des-fluides-4216.html?S=1&cHash=6ec9933eae|publisher=Musée d'Orsay|accessdate=5 May 2011}}</ref>
⚫
* The [[Praxinoscope]] of [[Charles-Émile Reynaud]] is an animation device intermediary between the [[zoetrope]] and the [[film|cinema]].
* The [[Cabaret]] by [[Rodolphe Salis]] in 1881 in Paris.<ref name=Cabaret>{{cite journal|last=Vogel|first=Shane|title=WHERE ARE WE NOW?: Queer World Making and Cabaret Performance|journal=GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies|year=2000|volume=6|issue=1|doi=10.1215/10642684-6-1-29|accessdate=5 May 2011}}</ref>
* The [[Cabaret]] by [[Rodolphe Salis]] in 1881 in Paris.<ref name=Cabaret>{{cite journal|last=Vogel|first=Shane|title=WHERE ARE WE NOW?: Queer World Making and Cabaret Performance|journal=GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies|year=2000|volume=6|issue=1|doi=10.1215/10642684-6-1-29|accessdate=5 May 2011}}</ref>
⚫
* The [[Chronophotography]] by [[Étienne-Jules Marey]] (developed by himself, [[Eadweard Muybridge]], [[Albert Londe]], [[Georges Demeny]] and [[Ottomar Anschutz]]) in 1882 in Paris.<ref name=Chronop>{{cite web|title=Movements of Air, Etienne-Jules Marey, Photographer of Fluids|url=http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/events/exhibitions/in-the-musee-dorsay/exhibitions-in-the-musee-dorsay/article/mouvements-de-lair-etienne-jules-marey-1830-1904-photographe-des-fluides-4216.html?S=1&cHash=6ec9933eae|publisher=Musée d'Orsay|accessdate=5 May 2011}}</ref>
* The [[Film|Cinema]] developed from chronophotography :
* The [[Film|Cinema]] developed from chronophotography :
** First motion picture [[camera]] and first projector by [[Louis Le Prince]], Frenchman who worked in the United Kingdom and the United States.<ref>{{cite book |title=Turning Points In Film History |last=Rausch |first=Andrew |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2004 |publisher=Citadel Press |location= |isbn=9780806525921 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=xBYfGYo-8TgC&pg=PA6&vq=%22Le+Prince%22 }}</ref><ref name="bbceducation">[http://web.archive.org/web/19991128020048/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/local_heroes/biogs/biogleprince.shtml BBC Education - Local Heroes Le Prince Biography], BBC, archived on 1999-11-28</ref><ref name="body of evidence">{{cite journal | last = Howells | first = Richard | title = Louis Le Prince: the body of evidence | journal = Screen | volume = 47 | issue = 2 | pages = 179–200 | publisher = Oxford Journals | location = Oxford, UK | date = Summer 2006 | url = http://screen.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/47/2/179 | issn = | doi = 10.1093/screen/hjl015 | id = | accessdate = 2009-04-16}}</ref>
** First motion picture [[camera]] and first projector by [[Louis Le Prince]], Frenchman who worked in the United Kingdom and the United States.<ref>{{cite book |title=Turning Points In Film History |last=Rausch |first=Andrew |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2004 |publisher=Citadel Press |location= |isbn=9780806525921 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=xBYfGYo-8TgC&pg=PA6&vq=%22Le+Prince%22 }}</ref><ref name="bbceducation">[http://web.archive.org/web/19991128020048/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/local_heroes/biogs/biogleprince.shtml BBC Education - Local Heroes Le Prince Biography], BBC, archived on 1999-11-28</ref><ref name="body of evidence">{{cite journal | last = Howells | first = Richard | title = Louis Le Prince: the body of evidence | journal = Screen | volume = 47 | issue = 2 | pages = 179–200 | publisher = Oxford Journals | location = Oxford, UK | date = Summer 2006 | url = http://screen.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/47/2/179 | issn = | doi = 10.1093/screen/hjl015 | id = | accessdate = 2009-04-16}}</ref>
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* [[Francium]] by [[Marguerite Perey]] in 1939.<ref name="Weeks" />
* [[Francium]] by [[Marguerite Perey]] in 1939.<ref name="Weeks" />


== Physics ==
== Physics, Mathematics & Measure ==
⚫
* [[Cartesian Coordinate System]] by [[René Descartes]] in 1637 (and independently by [[Pierre de Fermat]] at the same period).
⚫
* The [[Mechanical calculator|calculator]] by [[Blaise Pascal]] ([[Pascaline]]) in 1642.<ref name=INVENT>[[#MARG|Jean Marguin (1994)]], p. 48</ref> (see also [[Adding machine]])
⚫
* [[Probability theory]] by [[Pierre de Fermat]] and Blaise Pascal in the seventeenth century (with [[Gerolamo Cardano]] and [[Christiaan Huygens]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Grinstead|first=Charles Miller |coauthors=James Laurie Snell|title=Introduction to Probability|pages=vii|chapter=Introduction}}</ref>
* [[Vernier scale]] by [[Pierre Vernier]] in 1631.<ref name="daumas">Daumas, Maurice, ''Scientific Instruments of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries and Their Makers'', Portman Books, London 1989 ISBN 978-0713407273</ref><ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Navigation 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article on Navigation]. Accessed April 2008</ref>
⚫
* [[Roberval Balance]] by [[Gilles de Roberval]] in 1669.<ref name=Roberval>[http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/museum/roberval.htm The Roberval Balance]</ref>
* [[Réaumur scale]] by [[René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur]] in 1730.<ref name="Times07">{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/weather/article2673568.ece | title=How Reaumur fell off the temperature scale | accessdate=2008-03-10 | date=17 October 2007 | publisher=''[[The Times]]'' | first=Paul | last=Simons }}</ref>
* [[Réaumur scale]] by [[René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur]] in 1730.<ref name="Times07">{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/weather/article2673568.ece | title=How Reaumur fell off the temperature scale | accessdate=2008-03-10 | date=17 October 2007 | publisher=''[[The Times]]'' | first=Paul | last=Simons }}</ref>
* [[Pitot tube]] by [[Henri Pitot]] in 1732<ref>{{cite journal|first= Henri |last=Pitot |year= 1732| title = Description d'une machine pour mesurer la vitesse des eaux courantes et le sillage des vaisseaux | journal = Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences avec les mémoires de mathématique et de physique tirés des registres de cette Académie | pages = 363–376 | url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35294.image.f543.langFR | format = PDF| accessdate = 2009-06-19}}</ref> and modified to its modern form in the mid-19th century by [[Henry Darcy]].<ref>{{cite journal|first= Henry |last=Darcy |year= 1858| title = Note relative à quelques modifications à introduire dans le tube de Pitot | journal = Annales des Ponts et Chaussées | pages = 351–359 | url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k408489d.image.f354 | format = PDF| accessdate = 2009-07-31}}</ref>
* The [[conservation of mass]] by [[Antoine Lavoisier]]<ref name="Schwinger">{{cite book |last=Schwinger |first=Julian |authorlink=Julian Schwinger |title=Einstein's Legacy |year=1986 |publisher=Scientific American Library |location=New York |isbn=0-7167-5011-2 |pages=93}}</ref> (18th century).
* The [[conservation of mass]] by [[Antoine Lavoisier]]<ref name="Schwinger">{{cite book |last=Schwinger |first=Julian |authorlink=Julian Schwinger |title=Einstein's Legacy |year=1986 |publisher=Scientific American Library |location=New York |isbn=0-7167-5011-2 |pages=93}}</ref> (18th century).
⚫
* [[Metric system]] during the [[French Revolution]].<ref name=Adler>{{cite book|title = The Measure of all Things - The Seven-Year-Odyssey that Transformed the World |last= Adler|first= Ken|year= 2002|publisher= Abacus|location= London|isbn= 0-349-11507-9}} - Prologue, p 1</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviatechno.free.fr/unites/nouveausys.php|title =La loi du 18 Germinal an 3 " la mesure [républicaine] de superficie pour les terrains, égale à un carré de dix mètres de côté " |language = French|trans_title = The law of 18 Germanial year 3 "The republican measures of land area equal to a square with sides of ten metres"|publisher = Le CIV (Centre d'Instruction de Vilgénis) - Forum des Anciens|accessdate = 2010-03-02}}</ref> and several measures used in physics in the SI.
* Several measures used in physics in the SI (see below and : [[Metric system]])
⚫
* [[Laplace's equation]], [[Laplace operator]], [[Laplace transform]], [[Laplace distribution]], [[Laplace's demon]], [[Laplace expansion]], [[Young–Laplace equation]], [[Laplace number]], [[Laplace limit]], [[Laplace invariant]], [[Laplace principle (large deviations theory)|Laplace principle]], proof that every equation of an even degree must have at least one [[real number|real]] [[quadratic]] factor, solution of the [[linear partial differential equation]] of the second order and general proof of the [[Lagrange reversion theorem]] by [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]] in the late eighteenth and the early nineteenth century.<ref name="ball">[[W. W. Rouse Ball|Rouse Ball, W. W.]] [1908] (2003) "[http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Laplace/RouseBall/RB_Laplace.html Pierre Simon Laplace (1749–1827)]", in ''A Short Account of the History of Mathematics'', 4th ed., Dover, ISBN 0486206300</ref>
* The [[Degrees Gay-Lussac|Gay-lussac Scale]] used by [[hydrometer]]s and [[alcoholometer]]s by [[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] (after an idea of [[Jacques Charles]]).
* The [[Degrees Gay-Lussac|Gay-lussac Scale]] used by [[hydrometer]]s and [[alcoholometer]]s by [[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] (after an idea of [[Jacques Charles]]).
⚫
* [[Arithmometer]] by Thomas de Colmar in 1820.<ref name="Chase">Chase G.C.: ''History of Mechanical Computing Machinery'', Vol. 2, Number 3, July 1980, page 204, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</ref>
* [[Dynamometer]] by [[Gaspard de Prony]] ([[de Prony brake]]) in 1821.<ref name=prony>Bradley, Margaret. A career biography of Gaspard Clair Francois Marie Riche De Prony, bridge-builder, educator, and scientist. Mellen Press. 1998.</ref>
* [[Dynamometer]] by [[Gaspard de Prony]] ([[de Prony brake]]) in 1821.<ref name=prony>Bradley, Margaret. A career biography of Gaspard Clair Francois Marie Riche De Prony, bridge-builder, educator, and scientist. Mellen Press. 1998.</ref>
* [[Electrometer]] by [[Jean Charles Athanase Peltier|Jean Peltier]].
* [[Electrometer]] by [[Jean Charles Athanase Peltier|Jean Peltier]].
* [[Foucault pendulum]] by [[Léon Foucault]] (who also developed and named the [[Gyroscope]]) in February 1851 in the Meridian of the Paris Observatory.
* [[Foucault pendulum]] by [[Léon Foucault]] (who also developed and named the [[Gyroscope]]) in February 1851 in the Meridian of the Paris Observatory.
⚫
* [[Radioactivity]] by [[Henri Becquerel]] in 1896.<ref name=Becquere>[http://www.nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html Henri Becquerel - Biography] on the nobel prize website</ref>
* [[Ocean thermal energy conversion]] in 1881 by [[Jacques-Arsène d'Arsonval]] (first OTEC plant in 1930 in Cuba by his student [[Georges Claude]]).<ref>
* [[Ocean thermal energy conversion]] in 1881 by [[Jacques-Arsène d'Arsonval]] (first OTEC plant in 1930 in Cuba by his student [[Georges Claude]]).<ref>
* {{Cite journal | last = Chiles | first = James | author-link = | title = The Other Renewable Energy | journal = Invention and Technology | volume = 23 | issue = 4 | pages = 24–35 | date = Winter 2009 | year = | url = | doi = | id = }}
* {{Cite journal | last = Chiles | first = James | author-link = | title = The Other Renewable Energy | journal = Invention and Technology | volume = 23 | issue = 4 | pages = 24–35 | date = Winter 2009 | year = | url = | doi = | id = }}
* {{Cite book | title = Deep Ocean Water as Our Next Natural Resource | last = Takahashi | first = Masayuki Mac | coauthors = Translated by: Kitazawa, Kazuhiro and Snowden, Paul | year = 2000 | publisher = Terra Scientific Publishing Company | location = Tokyo, Japan | isbn = 4-88704-125-X | url = http://www.terrapub.co.jp/e-library/dow/index.html | origyear = 1991}}
* {{Cite book | title = Deep Ocean Water as Our Next Natural Resource | last = Takahashi | first = Masayuki Mac | coauthors = Translated by: Kitazawa, Kazuhiro and Snowden, Paul | year = 2000 | publisher = Terra Scientific Publishing Company | location = Tokyo, Japan | isbn = 4-88704-125-X | url = http://www.terrapub.co.jp/e-library/dow/index.html | origyear = 1991}}
</ref>
</ref>
⚫
* [[Radioactivity]] by [[Henri Becquerel]] in 1896.<ref name=Becquere>[http://www.nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html Henri Becquerel - Biography] on the nobel prize website</ref>
* Theorical foundations and mathematical framework of [[Special relativity]] by [[Henri Poincaré]], before [[Albert Einstein]] used his work in 1905 and later.<ref name="darrigolpoincare">{{cite journal|last=Darrigol|first=Olivier|title=The Genesis of the theory of relativity|year=2005|journal=Séminaire Poincaré|volume=1|pages=1–22|url=http://www.bourbaphy.fr/darrigol2.pdf}}</ref>
* Theorical foundations and mathematical framework of [[Special relativity]] by [[Henri Poincaré]], before [[Albert Einstein]] used his work in 1905 and later.<ref name="darrigolpoincare">{{cite journal|last=Darrigol|first=Olivier|title=The Genesis of the theory of relativity|year=2005|journal=Séminaire Poincaré|volume=1|pages=1–22|url=http://www.bourbaphy.fr/darrigol2.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Darrieus wind turbine]] by [[Georges Jean Marie Darrieus]] in 1931.<ref>
* [[Darrieus wind turbine]] by [[Georges Jean Marie Darrieus]] in 1931.<ref>
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*[http://www.freepatentsonline.com/1835018.pdf US patent 1,835,018]</ref>
*[http://www.freepatentsonline.com/1835018.pdf US patent 1,835,018]</ref>
* The [[multiwire proportional chamber]] by [[Georges Charpak]]<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1992 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1992/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> in 1968.
* The [[multiwire proportional chamber]] by [[Georges Charpak]]<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1992 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1992/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> in 1968.

==Mathematics==
⚫
* [[Cartesian Coordinate System]] by [[René Descartes]] in 1637 (and independently by [[Pierre de Fermat]] at the same period).
⚫
* The [[Mechanical calculator|calculator]] by [[Blaise Pascal]] ([[Pascaline]]) in 1642.<ref name=INVENT>[[#MARG|Jean Marguin (1994)]], p. 48</ref> (see also [[Adding machine]])
⚫
* [[Probability theory]] by [[Pierre de Fermat]] and Blaise Pascal in the seventeenth century (with [[Gerolamo Cardano]] and [[Christiaan Huygens]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Grinstead|first=Charles Miller |coauthors=James Laurie Snell|title=Introduction to Probability|pages=vii|chapter=Introduction}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Metric system]] during the [[French Revolution]].<ref name=Adler>{{cite book|title = The Measure of all Things - The Seven-Year-Odyssey that Transformed the World |last= Adler|first= Ken|year= 2002|publisher= Abacus|location= London|isbn= 0-349-11507-9}} - Prologue, p 1</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviatechno.free.fr/unites/nouveausys.php|title =La loi du 18 Germinal an 3 " la mesure [républicaine] de superficie pour les terrains, égale à un carré de dix mètres de côté " |language = French|trans_title = The law of 18 Germanial year 3 "The republican measures of land area equal to a square with sides of ten metres"|publisher = Le CIV (Centre d'Instruction de Vilgénis) - Forum des Anciens|accessdate = 2010-03-02}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Laplace's equation]], [[Laplace operator]], [[Laplace transform]], [[Laplace distribution]], [[Laplace's demon]], [[Laplace expansion]], [[Young–Laplace equation]], [[Laplace number]], [[Laplace limit]], [[Laplace invariant]], [[Laplace principle (large deviations theory)|Laplace principle]], proof that every equation of an even degree must have at least one [[real number|real]] [[quadratic]] factor, solution of the [[linear partial differential equation]] of the second order and general proof of the [[Lagrange reversion theorem]] by [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]] in the late eighteenth and the early nineteenth century.<ref name="ball">[[W. W. Rouse Ball|Rouse Ball, W. W.]] [1908] (2003) "[http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Laplace/RouseBall/RB_Laplace.html Pierre Simon Laplace (1749–1827)]", in ''A Short Account of the History of Mathematics'', 4th ed., Dover, ISBN 0486206300</ref>
⚫
* [[Arithmometer]] by Thomas de Colmar in 1820.<ref name="Chase">Chase G.C.: ''History of Mechanical Computing Machinery'', Vol. 2, Number 3, July 1980, page 204, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</ref>


==Medicine==
==Medicine==
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* Discovery of [[human immunodeficiency virus]] by [[Françoise Barré-Sinoussi]] and [[Luc Montagnier]]<ref name="nobel-2008">{{cite web | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2008/index.html | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008 | accessdate = 2008-10-06 | publisher = Nobel Foundation}}</ref> (1983).
* Discovery of [[human immunodeficiency virus]] by [[Françoise Barré-Sinoussi]] and [[Luc Montagnier]]<ref name="nobel-2008">{{cite web | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2008/index.html | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008 | accessdate = 2008-10-06 | publisher = Nobel Foundation}}</ref> (1983).
* [[Mifepristone]], the [[abortion pill]], by [[Étienne-Émile Baulieu]] in 1988.<ref name="Michael2000">{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/290/5489/39| author=Michael Balter |title=Profile. For "Father" of Abortion Drug, Vindication at Last.| journal=Science 290 (5489):39 |date=October 6, 2000| issn = 0036-8075| pmid = 11183145 |doi=10.1126/science.290.5489.39 |volume=290 |issue=5489 |pages=39}}</ref><ref name="Monde">[http://www.lemonde.fr/web/imprimer_element/0,40-0@2-3244,50-945241,0.html ''Etienne-Emile Baulieu: monsieur «longue vie»''] dans ''[[Le Monde]]'' du 17 août 2007.</ref>
* [[Mifepristone]], the [[abortion pill]], by [[Étienne-Émile Baulieu]] in 1988.<ref name="Michael2000">{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/290/5489/39| author=Michael Balter |title=Profile. For "Father" of Abortion Drug, Vindication at Last.| journal=Science 290 (5489):39 |date=October 6, 2000| issn = 0036-8075| pmid = 11183145 |doi=10.1126/science.290.5489.39 |volume=290 |issue=5489 |pages=39}}</ref><ref name="Monde">[http://www.lemonde.fr/web/imprimer_element/0,40-0@2-3244,50-945241,0.html ''Etienne-Emile Baulieu: monsieur «longue vie»''] dans ''[[Le Monde]]'' du 17 août 2007.</ref>
⚫
* [[Hand transplantation]] on September 23, 1998 in [[Lyon, France|Lyon]] by a team assembled from different countries around the world including [[Jean-Michel Dubernard]] who, shortly thereafter, performed the first successful double hand transplant.<ref name ="dubernard1>{{cite journal |author=Lanzetta M, Petruzzo P, Dubernard JM, ''et al.'' |title=Second report (1998-2006) of the International Registry of Hand and Composite Tissue Transplantation |journal=Transpl Immunol. |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |year=2007 |month=Jul |pmid=17584595 |doi=10.1016/j.trim.2007.03.002 }}</ref>
* [[Remote surgery|Telesurgery]] by [[Jacques Marescaux]] and his team on 7 September 2001 across the Atlantic Ocean (New-York-Strasbourg, [[Lindbergh Operation]]).<ref name=istmarescaux>{{cite web|last=Ghodoussi|first=Dr.|title=Media Collection|url=http://www.intersurgtech.com/media.html|publisher=Interface Surgical Technologies, LLC|accessdate=14 November 2011}}</ref>
* [[Remote surgery|Telesurgery]] by [[Jacques Marescaux]] and his team on 7 September 2001 across the Atlantic Ocean (New-York-Strasbourg, [[Lindbergh Operation]]).<ref name=istmarescaux>{{cite web|last=Ghodoussi|first=Dr.|title=Media Collection|url=http://www.intersurgtech.com/media.html|publisher=Interface Surgical Technologies, LLC|accessdate=14 November 2011}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Hand transplantation]] on September 23, 1998 in [[Lyon, France|Lyon]] by a team assembled from different countries around the world including [[Jean-Michel Dubernard]] who, shortly thereafter, performed the first successful double hand transplant.<ref name ="dubernard1>{{cite journal |author=Lanzetta M, Petruzzo P, Dubernard JM, ''et al.'' |title=Second report (1998-2006) of the International Registry of Hand and Composite Tissue Transplantation |journal=Transpl Immunol. |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |year=2007 |month=Jul |pmid=17584595 |doi=10.1016/j.trim.2007.03.002 }}</ref>
* [[Face transplant]] on November 27, 2005<ref name="titleBBC NEWS | Health | 'My face transplant saved me'">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6058696.stm |title= 'My face transplant saved me' |accessdate=2007-11-25 |format= |work= BBC News| date=2006-10-17 | first=Naomi | last=Austin}}</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4484728.stm BBC News - Woman has first face transplant]</ref> by Dr [[Bernard Devauchelle]].<!--
* [[Face transplant]] on November 27, 2005<ref name="titleBBC NEWS | Health | 'My face transplant saved me'">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6058696.stm |title= 'My face transplant saved me' |accessdate=2007-11-25 |format= |work= BBC News| date=2006-10-17 | first=Naomi | last=Austin}}</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4484728.stm BBC News - Woman has first face transplant]</ref> by Dr [[Bernard Devauchelle]].<!--
* [[Schistosomiasis vaccine]], by the [[Pasteur Institute]] in [[Lille]]and the [[Inserm]] (produced by <ref name=schistosom11>
* [[Schistosomiasis vaccine]], by the [[Pasteur Institute]] in [[Lille]]and the [[Inserm]] (produced by <ref name=schistosom11>
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* [[Seaplane]] by [[Gabriel Voisin]] in June 1905 (non-autonomous) and by [[Henri Fabre]] in 1910 (autonomus : ''[[Fabre Hydravion]]'').<ref name=seaplane>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing</ref>
* [[Seaplane]] by [[Gabriel Voisin]] in June 1905 (non-autonomous) and by [[Henri Fabre]] in 1910 (autonomus : ''[[Fabre Hydravion]]'').<ref name=seaplane>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing</ref>
* [[Ramjet]] by [[René Lorin]] in 1913.<ref>{{cite book | last = Zucker | first = Robert D. | authorlink = | coauthors = Oscar Biblarz | title = Fundamentals of gas dynamics | publisher = John Wiley and Sons | year = 2002 | location = | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0471059676}}</ref>
* [[Ramjet]] by [[René Lorin]] in 1913.<ref>{{cite book | last = Zucker | first = Robert D. | authorlink = | coauthors = Oscar Biblarz | title = Fundamentals of gas dynamics | publisher = John Wiley and Sons | year = 2002 | location = | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0471059676}}</ref>
* [[Catalytic converter]] by [[Eugene Houdry]] in 1956.<ref name="Csere1988p63">{{Cite journal|last = Csere|first = Csaba|authorlink = Csaba Csere|year = 1988|month = January|title = 10 Best Engineering Breakthroughs|work = [[Car and Driver]]|volume = 33|issue = 7| page= 63}}</ref><ref> [http://books.google.com/books?id=biYDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA83&dq=popular+science+1930&hl=en&sa=X&ei=I5ICT8KZKsvlgge97s22Ag&ved=0CEsQ6AEwBjhu#v=onepage&q&f=true "His Smoke Eating Cats Now Attack Traffic Smog."] ''Popular Science'', June 1955, pp. 83-85/244.</ref>
* [[Concorde]] by [[Aérospatiale]] and the [[British Aircraft Corporation]] (1969), first and only commercial supersonic passenger airliner (the Tupolev Tu-144, only other supersonic passenger airliner was never operational for commercial use).
* [[Concorde]] by [[Aérospatiale]] and the [[British Aircraft Corporation]] (1969), first and only commercial supersonic passenger airliner (the Tupolev Tu-144, only other supersonic passenger airliner was never operational for commercial use).


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* The [[Pot-de-fer]], a primitive cannon during the [[Hundred Years' War]].<ref name="tunis">{{cite book |author=Tunis, Edwin |title=Weapons: A Pictorial History |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |year=1999 |pages= |isbn=0-8018-6229-9 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref>
* The [[Pot-de-fer]], a primitive cannon during the [[Hundred Years' War]].<ref name="tunis">{{cite book |author=Tunis, Edwin |title=Weapons: A Pictorial History |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |year=1999 |pages= |isbn=0-8018-6229-9 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref>
* [[Culverin]], ancestor of the musket.<ref name="Couleuvrine">{{fr}}[www.etudes-touloises.com/articles/105/art7.pdf L'art de la guerre au XVIe siècle], Pascal THIEBAUT.</ref>
* [[Culverin]], ancestor of the musket.<ref name="Couleuvrine">{{fr}}[www.etudes-touloises.com/articles/105/art7.pdf L'art de la guerre au XVIe siècle], Pascal THIEBAUT.</ref>
* [[Flintlock]] by [[Marin le Bourgeoys]] in 1612.<ref>"Pistols: An Illustrated History of Their Impact" By Jeff Kinard, Published by ABC-CLIO, 2004</ref>
* [[Corvette]], a small, maneuverable, lightly armed warship that appeared in the 1670s.
* [[Corvette]], a small, maneuverable, lightly armed warship that appeared in the 1670s.
* [[Bayonet]] (from [[French language|French]] ''baïonnette'')<ref name = Bayonet>H.Blackmore, ''Hunting Weapons'', pg 50</ref>
* [[Bayonet]] (from [[French language|French]] ''baïonnette'')<ref name = Bayonet>H.Blackmore, ''Hunting Weapons'', pg 50</ref>
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* First [[Air force]] in 1910.<ref>"France: Air Force (Armée de l'Air), in Christopher H. Sterling, ''Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st century'' (ABC-CLIO, 2008) p168</ref>
* First [[Air force]] in 1910.<ref>"France: Air Force (Armée de l'Air), in Christopher H. Sterling, ''Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st century'' (ABC-CLIO, 2008) p168</ref>


==Communication==
==Communication & Computers==
[[Image:Minitel1.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Minitel]]
[[Image:Minitel1.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Minitel]]
* [[Optical Telegraph]] by [[Claude Chappe]] in 1792.<ref name ="beyer">Beyer, Rick, ''The Greatest Stories Never Told'', A&E Television Networks / The History Channel, ISBN 0-06-001401-6 p. 60</ref><ref name ="tour">French source: [http://www.saintefoyleslyon.fr/index.php?rubrique=142 Tour du télégraphe Chappe]</ref>
* [[Optical Telegraph]] by [[Claude Chappe]] in 1792.<ref name ="beyer">Beyer, Rick, ''The Greatest Stories Never Told'', A&E Television Networks / The History Channel, ISBN 0-06-001401-6 p. 60</ref><ref name ="tour">French source: [http://www.saintefoyleslyon.fr/index.php?rubrique=142 Tour du télégraphe Chappe]</ref>
* [[Paper machine]] by [[Louis-Nicolas Robert]] in 1799.<ref name="Larousse">[http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/groupe-homonymes/Robert/141174 Larousse Encyclopaedia - les frères Robert, Mécaniciens français.]</ref>
* [[Fresnel lens]] by [[Augustin-Jean Fresnel]]<ref name=Fresnel>[http://www.uscg.mil/History/weblighthouses/aton_lighthousebib.html Lighthouses, Illuminants, Lenses Engineering and Augustin Fresnel, An Historical Bibliography, United States Coast Guard.]</ref>
* [[Fresnel lens]] by [[Augustin-Jean Fresnel]]<ref name=Fresnel>[http://www.uscg.mil/History/weblighthouses/aton_lighthousebib.html Lighthouses, Illuminants, Lenses Engineering and Augustin Fresnel, An Historical Bibliography, United States Coast Guard.]</ref>
* [[Jean-François Champollion]] first deciphered the [[Rosetta Stone]] (1822) : modern understanding of [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]]
* [[Jean-François Champollion]] first deciphered the [[Rosetta Stone]] (1822) : modern understanding of [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]]
* [[Braille]] in 1825 by [[Louis Braille]], a blind Frenchman:<ref name = " Noëlle Roy ">{{Citation| url = http://www.avh.asso.fr/download.php?chemin=rubriques/association/dwnld/&filename=Bio_Br_Paris_GB_060109.pdf| title = Louis Braille 1809-1852, a French genius| author = Roy, Noëlle| journal = Valentin Haüy Association website| accessdate = 2011-02-05}}</ref> first digital form of writing.<ref>Peter Daniels, 1996, "Analog and Digital Writing", in ''The World's Writing Systems,'' p 886</ref>
* [[Braille]] in 1825 by [[Louis Braille]], a blind Frenchman:<ref name = " Noëlle Roy ">{{Citation
* [[Pencil sharpener]] by Bernard Lassimone in 1828.<ref name="pencilsharp">{{cite|magazine=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover magazine]]|date=May 2007|url=http://discovermagazine.com/2007/may/20-things-you-didnt-know-about-pencils|title=20 Things You Didn't Know About... Pencils|accessdate=2009-04-30}}</ref> Therry des Estwaux created an improved mechanical sharpener in 1847.<ref name="pencilsharp" />
| url = http://www.avh.asso.fr/download.php?chemin=rubriques/association/dwnld/&filename=Bio_Br_Paris_GB_060109.pdf
| title = Louis Braille 1809-1852, a French genius
| author = Roy, Noëlle
| journal = Valentin Haüy Association website
| accessdate = 2011-02-05
}}</ref> first digital form of writing.<ref>Peter Daniels, 1996, "Analog and Digital Writing", in ''The World's Writing Systems,'' p 886</ref>
* [[Coherer]] by [[Édouard Branly]] around 1890.<ref>Variations of Conductivity under Electrical Influences, By Edouard Branly. Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 103 By Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain) Page [http://books.google.com/books?id=03sMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA481 481] (Contained in, Comptes rendus de I'Acade'mie des Sciences, Paris, vol. cii., 1890, p. 78.)</ref><ref>On the Changes in Resistance of Bodies under Different Electrical Conditions. By E. Branly. Minutes of proceedings, Volume 104 By Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain). 1891. Page [http://books.google.com/books?id=_jDyAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA416 416] (Contained in, Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, 1891, vol. exit., p. 90.)</ref><ref>Experiments on the conductivity of insulating bodies, By M. Edouard Branly, M.D. Philosophical magazine. Taylor & Francis., 1892. Page [http://books.google.com/books?id=IlIwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA530 530] (Contained in, Comples Rendus de l' Academic des Sciences, 24 Nov. 1890 and 12 Jan. 1891, also, Bulletin de la Societi internationals d'electriciens, no. 78, May 1891)</ref>
* [[Coherer]] by [[Édouard Branly]] around 1890.<ref>Variations of Conductivity under Electrical Influences, By Edouard Branly. Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 103 By Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain) Page [http://books.google.com/books?id=03sMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA481 481] (Contained in, Comptes rendus de I'Acade'mie des Sciences, Paris, vol. cii., 1890, p. 78.)</ref><ref>On the Changes in Resistance of Bodies under Different Electrical Conditions. By E. Branly. Minutes of proceedings, Volume 104 By Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain). 1891. Page [http://books.google.com/books?id=_jDyAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA416 416] (Contained in, Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, 1891, vol. exit., p. 90.)</ref><ref>Experiments on the conductivity of insulating bodies, By M. Edouard Branly, M.D. Philosophical magazine. Taylor & Francis., 1892. Page [http://books.google.com/books?id=IlIwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA530 530] (Contained in, Comples Rendus de l' Academic des Sciences, 24 Nov. 1890 and 12 Jan. 1891, also, Bulletin de la Societi internationals d'electriciens, no. 78, May 1891)</ref>
* Belinograph ([[Wirephoto]]) by [[Édouard Belin]] in 1913.<ref name=belino>{{cite journal|last=McFarlane, Maynard D.|title=A Historical Look at Facsimile|journal=Education, IEEE|year=1980|month=August|volume=23|issue=3|pages=151–156|doi=10.1109/TE.1980.4321400|url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=4321400|accessdate=9 June 2011}}</ref>
* Belinograph ([[Wirephoto]]) by [[Édouard Belin]] in 1913.<ref name=belino>{{cite journal|last=McFarlane, Maynard D.|title=A Historical Look at Facsimile|journal=Education, IEEE|year=1980|month=August|volume=23|issue=3|pages=151–156|doi=10.1109/TE.1980.4321400|url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=4321400|accessdate=9 June 2011}}</ref>
* [[Bic Cristal]] in 1949.<ref name="Phaidon">''Phaidon Design Classics- Volume 2'', 2006 Phaidon Press Ltd. ISBN 0-7148-4399-7</ref><ref name="Humble">[http://www.moma.org/exhibitions/2004/pdfs/humble_checklist.pdf''Humble Masterpieces''] - [[The Museum of Modern Art]] New York, April 8–September 27, 2004.</ref>
* [[Bic Cristal]] in 1949.<ref name="Phaidon">''Phaidon Design Classics- Volume 2'', 2006 Phaidon Press Ltd. ISBN 0-7148-4399-7</ref><ref name="Humble">[http://www.moma.org/exhibitions/2004/pdfs/humble_checklist.pdf''Humble Masterpieces''] - [[The Museum of Modern Art]] New York, April 8–September 27, 2004.</ref>
* [[Computer-aided manufacturing]] by [[Pierre Bézier]] in 1971 as an engineer at [[Renault]].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Computer Aided Design|year=1990|month=November|volume=22|issue=9|url=http://www.flutterby.com/archives/1999_Dec/7_DeadPierreBezier.html|accessdate=10 February 2012}}</ref><ref name=beziero>{{cite web|url=http://solidmodeling.org/bezier_award.html|title=The Pierre Bézier Award|publisher=Solid Modeling Association (SMA)|accessdate=10 February 2010}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Micral]], earliest commercial, non-kit personal computer based on a microprocessor, by [[André Truong Trong Thi]] and François Gernelle in June 1972.<ref name="chm">
⚫
* {{cite web|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1973|title=Timeline of Computer History|publisher=Computer History Museum|accessdate=10 January 2010}}
⚫
* Roy A. Allan ''A History of the Personal Computer'' (Alan Publishing, 2001) ISBN 0968910807 Chapter 4 (PDF: http://www.archive.org/download/A_History_of_the_Personal_Computer/eBook04.pdf)</ref>
* [[Datagram]]s and [[CYCLADES]] in 1972-1973 by [[Louis Pouzin]] (which inspired [[Robert Kahn]] and [[Vinton Cerf]] when they invented the [[TCP/IP]] several years later).<ref name=Pouzin>{{cite web|title=A small biography of Louis Pouzin|url=http://www.acm.org/sigs/sigcomm/sigcomm99/pouzin.html|accessdate=9 June 2011}}</ref>
* [[Datagram]]s and [[CYCLADES]] in 1972-1973 by [[Louis Pouzin]] (which inspired [[Robert Kahn]] and [[Vinton Cerf]] when they invented the [[TCP/IP]] several years later).<ref name=Pouzin>{{cite web|title=A small biography of Louis Pouzin|url=http://www.acm.org/sigs/sigcomm/sigcomm99/pouzin.html|accessdate=9 June 2011}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Smart Card]] by Roland Moreno<ref>http://si-pwebsrch02.si.edu/search?site=americanhistory&client=americanhistory&proxystylesheet=americanhistory&output=xml_no_dtd&filter=0&q=roland+moreno&submit.x=13&submit.y=8&s=SS</ref><ref>http://www.cwhonors.org/Search/his_8.asp</ref> in 1974 after the automated chip card.
* [[Minitel]] in 1980.
* [[Minitel]] in 1980.


Line 294: Line 298:
* [[International Olympic Committee]] by [[Pierre de Coubertin]] on 23 June 1894.<ref name="F 6">Pierre de Coubertin. ''The Olympic Idea''. Discourses and Essays. Editions Internationales Olympiques, Lausanne, 1970.</ref>
* [[International Olympic Committee]] by [[Pierre de Coubertin]] on 23 June 1894.<ref name="F 6">Pierre de Coubertin. ''The Olympic Idea''. Discourses and Essays. Editions Internationales Olympiques, Lausanne, 1970.</ref>
* [[Pétanque]] in 1907.<ref>Marco Foyot, Alain Dupuy, Louis Almas, Pétanque - Technique, Tactique, Etrainement. Robert Laffont, 1984.</ref>
* [[Pétanque]] in 1907.<ref>Marco Foyot, Alain Dupuy, Louis Almas, Pétanque - Technique, Tactique, Etrainement. Robert Laffont, 1984.</ref>
⚫
* The [[Aqua-lung]], first [[Scuba Set]] (in open-circuit) by [[Emile Gagnan]] and [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau]] in 1943.<ref>"Year by Year 1943" -- [[History Channel International]]</ref>
* [[Parkour]] in the 1980s by the future [[Yamakasi]], especially [[David Belle]].<ref name=parkourmit>{{cite journal|last=Ortuzar|first=Jimena|title=Parkour : A Kinetic Urban Utopia|journal=TDR/The Drama Review|date=1 September 2009|volume=53|issue=3|pages=54–66|doi=10.1162/dram.2009.53.3.54|url=http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/dram.2009.53.3.54|accessdate=15 November 2011}}</ref><ref name=parkourcfc>{{cite journal|last=Pratt|first=Murray|title=Displacement at the movies:</b><i>PARKOUR and plurality in France and beyond|journal=Contemporary French Civilization|year=2011|volume=33|issue=2|pages=63–75|doi=10.3828/cfc.2009.16|url=http://liverpool.metapress.com/content/716156728w716m54/|accessdate=15 November 2011}}</ref>
* [[Parkour]] in the 1980s by the future [[Yamakasi]], especially [[David Belle]].<ref name=parkourmit>{{cite journal|last=Ortuzar|first=Jimena|title=Parkour : A Kinetic Urban Utopia|journal=TDR/The Drama Review|date=1 September 2009|volume=53|issue=3|pages=54–66|doi=10.1162/dram.2009.53.3.54|url=http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/dram.2009.53.3.54|accessdate=15 November 2011}}</ref><ref name=parkourcfc>{{cite journal|last=Pratt|first=Murray|title=Displacement at the movies:</b><i>PARKOUR and plurality in France and beyond|journal=Contemporary French Civilization|year=2011|volume=33|issue=2|pages=63–75|doi=10.3828/cfc.2009.16|url=http://liverpool.metapress.com/content/716156728w716m54/|accessdate=15 November 2011}}</ref>


Line 308: Line 313:
* [[Hairdryer]] in 1879 by Alexandre Godefroy.<ref name=firsthairdryer>{{cite book|last=Willett|first=Julie|title=The American Beauty Industry Encyclopedia|year=2010|publisher=Greenwood}}</ref>
* [[Hairdryer]] in 1879 by Alexandre Godefroy.<ref name=firsthairdryer>{{cite book|last=Willett|first=Julie|title=The American Beauty Industry Encyclopedia|year=2010|publisher=Greenwood}}</ref>
*Modern [[Dry cleaning]] in 1855 by [[Jean Baptiste Jolly]].<ref name=origindrycleaner>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Seema|title=Origin Of 101 Everyday Things|year=2005|publisher=Pustak Mahal|pages=59–61|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IaGL9hcxKNkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
*Modern [[Dry cleaning]] in 1855 by [[Jean Baptiste Jolly]].<ref name=origindrycleaner>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Seema|title=Origin Of 101 Everyday Things|year=2005|publisher=Pustak Mahal|pages=59–61|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IaGL9hcxKNkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Micral]], earliest commercial, non-kit personal computer based on a microprocessor, by [[André Truong Trong Thi]] and François Gernelle in June 1972.<ref name="chm">
⚫
* {{cite web|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1973|title=Timeline of Computer History|publisher=Computer History Museum|accessdate=10 January 2010}}
⚫
* Roy A. Allan ''A History of the Personal Computer'' (Alan Publishing, 2001) ISBN 0968910807 Chapter 4 (PDF: http://www.archive.org/download/A_History_of_the_Personal_Computer/eBook04.pdf)</ref>
* [[Reinforced concrete]] by [[Joseph Monier]] in 1849 and [[patent]]ed in 1867.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blconcrete.htm |title=The History of Concrete and Cement |publisher=About.com |first=Mary |last=Bellis |date= |accessdate=2011-01-25}}</ref>
* [[Reinforced concrete]] by [[Joseph Monier]] in 1849 and [[patent]]ed in 1867.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blconcrete.htm |title=The History of Concrete and Cement |publisher=About.com |first=Mary |last=Bellis |date= |accessdate=2011-01-25}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Roberval Balance]] by [[Gilles de Roberval]] in 1669.<ref name=Roberval>[http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/museum/roberval.htm The Roberval Balance]</ref>
⚫
* The [[Aqua-lung]], first [[Scuba Set]] (in open-circuit) by [[Emile Gagnan]] and [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau]] in 1943,<ref>"Year by Year 1943" -- [[History Channel International]]</ref>
⚫
* [[Smart Card]] by Roland Moreno<ref>http://si-pwebsrch02.si.edu/search?site=americanhistory&client=americanhistory&proxystylesheet=americanhistory&output=xml_no_dtd&filter=0&q=roland+moreno&submit.x=13&submit.y=8&s=SS</ref><ref>http://www.cwhonors.org/Search/his_8.asp</ref> in 1974 after the automated chip card.
* [[Loppers]] by [[Bertrand de Molleville]].
* [[Loppers]] by [[Bertrand de Molleville]].
* [[Guillotine]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Guillotine]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}

Revision as of 13:54, 10 February 2012

French inventions and discoveries are items, processes, techniques or discoveries which owe their existence either partially or entirely to a person born in France or citizen of France.

Arts & Entertainment

File:Le Voyage dans la lune 2.jpg
A scene from A Trip to the Moon (1902) by Georges Méliès.

Chemistry

Neon sign

Physics, Mathematics & Measure

Medicine

Modern stethoscope.

Transportation

A model of the Montgolfier brothers' balloon at the London Science Museum

Clothing

Food and cooking

Baguette

Weapons and military

Early-19th century socket bayonet

Communication & Computers

Minitel

Sports

The Olympic Rings, the symbol of the modern Olympic Games, inspired by Pierre de Coubertin
Main article: Sport in France

Miscellaneous

See also

References

  1. ^ History of Architecture Fiske Kimball, George Harold Edgell p.275
  2. ^
    • Burgess, Geoffrey, and Bruce Haynes: 2004, The Oboe, The Yale Musical Instrument Series, New Haven, Connecticut and London: Yale University Press. pp. 27, 28, 102. ISBN 0300093179
    • Carse, Adam: 1965, Musical Wind Instruments: A History of the Wind Instruments Used in European Orchestras and Wind-Bands from the Later Middle Ages up to the Present Time New York: Da Capo Press. p. 120. ISBN 0-306-80005-5
  3. ^ Template:FrLe Gonidec, Marie-Barbara. "Carte géographique/ map of the origins of different bagpipes". Cornemuses d'Europe et de Méditerranée. Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication/French Ministry of Culture and Communication. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  4. ^ Seeler, Oliver. "The Universe Of Bagpipes". Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  5. ^ "A Brief History of the Metronome". Franz Manufacturing Company, Inc. Retrieved 2010-04-02.
  6. ^ Kleiner, Fred (2010). Gardner's art through the ages: the western perspective. Cengage Learning. pp. 583–584. ISBN 9780495573555. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  7. ^ Schiffer, Michael; Hollenback, Kasy; and Bell, Carrie. 2003. Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology In the Age of Enlightenment. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520238022
  8. ^ Roulette Wheel Study, Ron Shelley, (1988)
  9. ^ MIT, "Inventor of the Week Archive: Pascal : Mechanical Calculator", May 2003. "Pascal worked on many versions of the devices, leading to his attempt to create a perpetual motion machine. He has been credited with introducing the roulette machine, which was a by-product of these experiments."
  10. ^ Parlett, David (1990), The Oxford guide to card games: a historical survey, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-214165-1
  11. ^ Blackjack History
  12. ^ "The First Photograph - Heliography". Retrieved 2009-09-29. from Helmut Gernsheim's article, "The 150th Anniversary of Photography," in History of Photography, Vol. I, No. 1, January 1977: ... In 1822, Niépce coated a glass plate ... The sunlight passing through ... This first permanent example ... was destroyed ... some years later.
  13. ^ Boris Kossoy (2004). Hercule Florence: El descubrimiento de la fotografía en Brasil. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. ISBN 968030020X.
  14. ^ The Poitevin patents and the importance of using primary sources
  15. ^ Vogel, Shane (2000). "WHERE ARE WE NOW?: Queer World Making and Cabaret Performance". GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies. 6 (1). doi:10.1215/10642684-6-1-29. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
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