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==Examples of wild relatives==
==Examples of wild relatives==
{{Expand section|date=August 2011}}
{{Expand section|date=August 2011}}
Examples come from the Harlan and de Wet Crop Wild Inventory available for select genepools.<ref>http://www.cwrdiversity.org/checklist/ Crop Wild Relatives Inventory</ref>

===Grains===
===Grains===


*[[Oats]] (''Avena sativa'') - ''[[Avena byzantina]]''
*[[Oats]] (''Avena sativa'') - ''[[Avena byzantina]]''
* [[Quinoa]] (''Chenopodium quinoa'')
* [[Quinoa]] (''Chenopodium quinoa'') - ''[[Chenopodium berlandieri]]''
⚫
* [[Finger millet|Finger Millet]] (''Eleusine coracana'') - ''Eleusine africana''
* Fonio (''Digitaria exilis'')
* [[Barley]] (''Hordeum vulgare'') - ''[[Hordeum arizonicum]]''
⚫
* [[Finger millet|Finger Millet]] (''Eleusine coracana'')
* [[Barley]] (''Hordeum vulgare'') - [[Barley|Wild barley]]
* [[Rice]] (''Oryza sativa'') - ''[[Oryza longistaminata]]''
* [[Rice]] (''Oryza sativa'')
* [[African rice|African Rice]] (''Oryza glaberrima'') - ''[[Oryza rufipogon]]''
⚫
* [[Pearl millet|Pearl Millet]] (''Pennisetum glaucum'') - ''[[Pennisetum purpureum]]''
* [[African rice|African Rice]] (''Oryza glaberrima'')
* [[Rye]] (''Secale cereale ''subsp. ''cereale'') - ''Secale cereale ''subsp. ''dighoricum''
⚫
* [[Pearl millet|Pearl Millet]] (''Pennisetum glaucum'')
* [[Rye]] (''Secale cereale'')
* [[Sorghum]] (''Sorghum bicolor'') - ''[[Sorghum halepense]]''
* [[Panicum miliaceum|Broom millet]] (''Panicum miliaceum'') - ''[[Panicum fauriei]]''
* Sorghum (''Sorghum bicolor'')
* [[Wheat]] (''Triticum aestivum'') - [[Einkorn wheat]] (''Triticum monococcum'')
* Broom millet (''Setaria italica'')
* [[Wheat]] (''Triticum aestivum'') - [[Einkorn wheat]]
* [[Maize]] (''Zea mays ''subsp.'' mays)'' - [[Zea (genus)]] (''Zea diploperennis'')
* [[Maize]] (''Zea mays ''subsp.'' mays)'' - [[Zea (genus)]]


===Vegetables===
===Vegetables===
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Note: Many different vegetables share one common ancestor, particularly in the [[Brassica]] family and plants. Many vegetables are also hybrids of different species, again this is particularly true of [[Brassica]]s.
Note: Many different vegetables share one common ancestor, particularly in the [[Brassica]] family and plants. Many vegetables are also hybrids of different species, again this is particularly true of [[Brassica]]s.


*[[Onion]] (''Allium cepa ''var. ''cepa'')
*[[Onion]] (''Allium cepa ''var. ''cepa'') - ''[[Allium galanthum]]''
* [[Garlic]] (''Allium sativum ''var. ''sativum'')
* [[Garlic]] (''Allium sativum ''var. ''sativum'') - ''Allium atroviolaceum''
* [[Leek]] (''Allium ampeloprasum'')
* [[Leek]] (''Allium ampeloprasum'') - [[Welsh onion]] (''Allium fistulosum'')
* [[Asparagus]] (''Asparagus officinalis'')
* [[Asparagus]] (''Asparagus officinalis'') - ''Asparagus dauricus''
* [[Beetroot|Beet]] (''Beta vulgaris ''subsp. ''vulgaris'')
* [[Beetroot|Beet]] (''Beta vulgaris ''subsp. ''vulgaris'') - ''Beta vulgaris ''subsp. ''maritima''
* [[Brassica juncea|Mustard]] (''Brassica juncea ''subsp. ''juncea'')
* [[Brassica juncea|Mustard]] (''Brassica juncea ''subsp. ''juncea'') - ''[[Brassica carinata]]''
* [[Rape]]'' ''(''Brassica napus ''var. ''napus'')
* [[Rape]]'' ''(''Brassica napus ''var. ''napus'') - Common dogmustard (''[[Erucastrum gallicum]]'')
* [[Black mustard|Black Mustard]] (''Brassica nigra'')
* [[Black mustard|Black Mustard]] (''Brassica nigra'') - Wild mustard (''[[Sinapis arvensis]]'')
*[[Cabbage]] (''Brassica oleracea var. capitata''- ''[[Brassica oleracea]]'' (“Wild cabbage")
*[[Cabbage]] (''Brassica oleracea var. capitata) ''- ''[[Brassica elongata]]''
*[[Turnip]] (''Brassica rapa ''subsp. ''rapa'') - ''[[Brassica rapa]]''
*[[Turnip]] (''Brassica rapa ''subsp. ''rapa'') - ''[[Brassica oleracea]]''
* [[Capsicum|Pepper]] (''Capsicum annuum'')
* [[Capsicum|Pepper]] (''Capsicum annuum'') - ''[[Capsicum baccatum]]''
* [[Squash (sport)|Squash]] (''Cucurbita pepo ''subsp. ''pepo'') - '' [[Cucurbita okkechobeensis|Cucurbita okeechobeensis]]''
* Cucumber (''Cucumis sativus var''. ''sativus'')
* Squash (''Cucurbita pepo ''subsp. ''pepo'')
* [[Pumpkin]] (''Cucurbita maxima ''subsp. ''maxima'') - ''[[Cucurbita ecuadorensis]]''
* Pumpkin (''Cucurbita maxima ''subsp. ''maxima'')
* [[Carrot]] (''Daucus carota'') - ''Daucus gracilis''
* [[Lettuce]] (''Lactuca sativa'') - ''[[Lactuca sativa]]''
* [[Lettuce]] (''Lactuca sativa'') - Prickly lettuce (''[[Lactuca serriola]]'')
* [[Eggplant]] (''Solanum melongena'')
* [[Eggplant]] (''Solanum melongena'') - Thorn apple (''[[Solanum incanum]]'')
* Tomato (''Solanum lycopersicum'')
* [[Tomato]] (''Solanum lycopersicum'') - ''[[Solanum chilense]]''
* Spinach (''Spinacea oleracea'')
* [[Spinach]] (''Spinacea oleracea'') - ''Spinacia turkestanica''
*
===Fruits===
===Fruits===


*[[Apple]] (''Malus domestica'') - mostly ''[[Malus sieversii]]'', but with some cultivars perhaps belonging to ''[[Malus sylvestris]]'' or being a hybrid of the two.
*[[Apple]] (''Malus domestica'') - mostly ''[[Malus sieversii]]'', but with some cultivars perhaps belonging to ''[[Malus sylvestris]]'' or being a hybrid of the two.
*[[Banana]] - A hybrid between ''[[Musa acuminata]]'' and ''[[Musa balbisiana]]''
*[[Banana]] - ''[[Musa acuminata]]'' and ''[[Musa balbisiana]]''
*[[Cherry]] (''Prunus avium'') - ''[[Prunus avium]]''
*[[Cherry]] (''Prunus avium'') - ''[[Prunus mahaleb]]''
*[[Orange (fruit)|Orange]] - a hybrid between [[Pomelo]] and [[Mandarin Orange|Mandarins]]
*[[Pear]] (''Pyrus communis'') - ''[[Pyrus communis]]''
*[[Pear]] (''Pyrus communis'') - ''[[Pyrus communis]]''
*[[Prunus domestica|Plum]] (''Prunus domesticus ''subsp.'' domestica'')- A hybrid between ''[[Prunus spinosa]]'' and ''[[Prunus cerasifera]]''
*[[Prunus domestica|Plum]] (''Prunus domesticus ''subsp.'' domestica'')- ''[[Prunus spinosa]]'' and ''[[Prunus cerasifera]]''
*[[Strawberry]] - [[Fragaria × ananassa|''Fragaria'' × ''ananassa'']]
*[[Strawberry]] ''[[Fragaria × ananassa|Fragaria]]''[[Fragaria × ananassa| × ''ananassa'']]
*[[Alpine strawberry]] - ''[[Fragaria vesca]]''
* [[Pineapple]] (''Ananas comosus'') - ''[[Ananas bracteatus]]''
* [[Breadfruit]] (''Artocarpus altilis'') - [[Jackfruit]] (''Artocarpus heterphyllus'')
* [[Pineapple]] (''Ananas comosus'')
* [[Breadfruit]] (''Artocarpus altilis'')
* [[Papaya]] (''Carica papaya'') - ''Jarilla chocola''
* [[Watermelon]] (''Citrullus lanatus ''var. ''lanatus'') - [[Bitter apple]] (''Citrullus colocythis'')
* [[Papaya]] (''Carica papaya'')
* [[Watermelon]] (''Citrullus lanatus ''var. ''lanatus'')
* [[Lemon]] (''Citrus limon'') - ''[[Citrus indica]]''
* [[Lemon]] (''Citrus limon'')
* [[Orange (fruit)|Orange]] (''Citrus sinensis'') - [[Key lime]] (''Citrus aurantiifolia'')
* [[Orange (fruit)|Orange]] (''Citrus sinensis'')
* [[Grapefruit]] (''Citrus paradisi'') - ''[[Citrus medica]]''
⚫
* [[Mango]] (''Manifera indica'') - ''[[Mangifera altissima]]''
* [[Grapefruit]] (''Citrus paradisi'')
⚫
* [[Avocado]] (''Persea americana'') - ''[[Persea schiedeana]]''
* Melon (''Cucumis melo ''subsp. ''melo'')
⚫
* [[Apricot]] (''Prunus armeniaca'') - ''Prunus brigantina''
⚫
* Mango (''Manifera indica'')
* [[Almond]] (''Prunus dulcis'') - [[Chinese plum]] (''Prunus salicina'')
⚫
* Avocado (''Persea americana'')
⚫
* [[Peach]] (''Prunus persica ''var. ''persica'') - ''[[Cerasus tomentosa]]''
* Date Palm (''Phoenix dactylifera'')
⚫
* [[Cacao]] (''Theobroma cacao'') - ''Theobroma angustifolium''
⚫
* Apricot (''Prunus armeniaca'')
* [[Grape]] (''Vitis vinifera'') - California wild grape (''[[Vitis californica]]'')
* Almond (''Prunus dulcis'')
⚫
* Peach (''Prunus persica ''var. ''persica'')
⚫
* Cacao (''Theobroma cacao'')
* Grape (''Vitis vinifera'')


===Oilseeds===
===Oilseeds===
* [[Peanut]] (''Arachis hypogaea'' subsp. ''hypogaea'')
* [[Peanut]] (''Arachis hypogaea'' subsp. ''hypogaea'') - ''[[Arachis duranensis]]''
* [[Sunflower]] (''Helianthus annuus'')
* [[Sunflower]] (''Helianthus annuus'') - ''[[Helianthus exilis]]''
* [[Soya bean|Soya]] (''Glycine max'')
* [[Soya bean|Soya]] (''Glycine max'') - ''[[Glycine clandestina]]''
* [[Safflower]] (''Carthamus tinctorius'')
* [[Safflower]] (''Carthamus tinctorius'') - ''[[Carthamus creticus]]''
* Cotton (''Gossypium hirsutum'')
===Pulses===
===Pulses===
* Lentil (''Lens culinaris'')
* [[Lentil]] (''Lens culinaris'') - ''Lens ervoides''
* Garden Pea (''Pisum sativum'')
* [[Garden pea|Garden Pea]] (''Pisum sativum'') - ''Pisum fulvum''
* Butter Bean (''Phaseolus lunatus'')
* [[Butter bean|Butter Bean]] (''Phaseolus lunatus'') - ''Phaseolus augusti''
* Garden Bean (''Phaseolus vulgaris'')
* [[Garden bean|Garden Bean]] (''Phaseolus vulgaris'') - ''[[Phaseolus coccineus]]''
* Faba Bean (''Vicia faba'')
* [[Faba bean|Faba Bean]] (''Vicia faba'') - ''Vicia johannis''
* [[Grasspea ]](''Lathyrus sativus'')
* [[Grasspea ]](''Lathyrus sativus'') - ''[[Lathyrus tuberosus]]''
* Cowpea (''Vigna unguiculata'')
* [[Cowpea]] (''Vigna unguiculata'') - ''Vigna monantha''
* Bambara groundnut (''Vigna subterranea'')
* [[Bambara groundnut]] (''Vigna subterranea'') - ''Vigna hosei''
* [[Pigeonpea]] (''Cajanus cajan'')
* [[Pigeonpea]] (''Cajanus cajan'') - ''Cajanus albicans''
* [[Chickpea]] (''Cicer arietinum'')
* [[Chickpea]] (''Cicer arietinum'') -
* Vetch (''Vicia sativa'')
* [[Vetch]] (''Vicia sativa'') - ''Vicia barbazitae''
* Alfalfa (''Medicago sativa'')
* [[Alfalfa]] (''Medicago sativa'')
* Adzuki bean (''Vigna angularis ''var. ''angularis'')
* [[Adzuki bean]] (''Vigna angularis ''var. ''angularis'') - ''[[Vigna umbellata]]''
* Black gram bean (''Vigna mungo ''var. ''mungo'')
* Black gram bean (''Vigna mungo ''var. ''mungo'') - ''Vigna grandiflora''
* Mung bean (''Vigna radiata ''var. ''radiata'')
* [[Mung bean]] (''Vigna radiata ''var. ''radiata'') - ''Vigna stipulacea''


===Tubers===
===Tubers===
⚫
* [[Sweet potato]] (''Ipomoea batatas'') - ''[[Ipomoea triloba]]''
* [[Taro]] (''Colocasia esculenta'')
* [[Carrot]] (''Daucus carota'') - ''[[Daucus carota]]'' (“Wild carrot”)
* [[Cassava]] (''Manihot esculenta ''subsp. ''esculenta'') - ''[[Manihot walkerae]]''
* Water yam (''Dioscorea alata'')
* Lagos yam (''Dioscorea cayennensis'')
* White guinea yam (''Dioscroea rotundata'')
⚫
* Sweet potato (''Ipomoea batatas'')
* Cassava (''Manihot esculenta ''subsp. ''esculenta'')

⚫
* Potato (''Solanum tuberosum'')


⚫
* [[Potato]] (''Solanum tuberosum'') - ''[[Solanum chacoense]]''
===Other===
* Sugarcane (''Saccharum offinicarum'')
==See also==
==See also==
*[[List of domesticated plants]]
*[[List of domesticated plants]]
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*[[Agriculture]]
*[[Agriculture]]
*[[Agronomy]]
*[[Agronomy]]
* [[Gene pool]]


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 21:15, 16 August 2013

Wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides), a CWR of cultivated wheats (Triticum spp), can be found in northern Israel.
Two conservationists collecting indigenous knowledge on cultural practices that favour CWR populations, from a farmer near Fes, Morocco.

A crop wild relative (CWR) is a wild plant closely related to a domesticated plant, whose geographic origins can be traced to regions known as Vavilov Centers (named for the pioneering botanist Nikolai Vavilov). It may be a wild ancestor of the domesticated plant, or another closely related taxon.

Overview

The wild relatives of crop plants constitute an increasingly important resource for improving agricultural production and for maintaining sustainable agro-ecosystems.[1][2][3] With the advent of climate change and greater ecosystem instability CWRs are likely to prove a critical resource in ensuring food security for the new millennium.[4] It was Nikolai Vavilov, the Russian botanist who first realized the importance of crop wild relatives in the early 20th century.[5] Genetic material from CWRs has been utilized by humans for thousands of years to improve the quality and yield of crops. Farmers have used traditional breeding methods for millennia, wild maize (Zea mexicana) is routinely grown alongside maize to promote natural crossing and improve yields. More recently, plant breeders have utilised CWR genes to improve a wide range of crops like rice (Oryza sativa), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and grain legumes.[6] CWRs have contributed many useful genes to crop plants, and modern varieties of most major crops now contain genes from their wild relatives.[7] Therefore CWRs are wild plants related to socio-economically important species including food, fodder and forage crops, medicinal plants, condiments, ornamental, and forestry species, as well as plants used for industrial purposes, such as oils and fibres, and to which they can contribute beneficial traits. A CWR can be defined as "... a wild plant taxon that has an indirect use derived from its relatively close genetic relationship to a crop...”[8]

Conservation of crop wild relatives

Example of one of the first genetic reserves established to conserve CWRs near Kalakh al Hosn, Syria

CWRs are essential components of natural and agricultural ecosystems and hence are indispensable for maintaining ecosystem health.[4] Their conservation and sustainable use is very important for improving agricultural production, increasing food security, and maintaining a healthy environment.[9][10] The natural populations of many CWRs are increasingly at risk. They are threatened by habitat loss through the destruction and degradation of natural environment or their conversion to other uses. Deforestation is leading to the loss of many populations of important wild relatives of fruit, nut, and industrial crops. Populations of wild relatives of cereal crops that occur in arid or semi-arid lands are being severely reduced by over grazing and resulting desertification. The growing industrialization of agriculture is drastically reducing the occurrence of CWRs within the traditional agro-ecosystems. The wise conservation and use of CWRs are essential elements for increasing food security, eliminating poverty, and maintaining the environment.[11]

Examples of wild relatives

Examples come from the Harlan and de Wet Crop Wild Inventory available for select genepools.[12]

Grains

Vegetables

Note: Many different vegetables share one common ancestor, particularly in the Brassica family and plants. Many vegetables are also hybrids of different species, again this is particularly true of Brassicas.

Fruits

Oilseeds

Pulses

Tubers

See also

References

  1. ^ Bioversity International, (2006). Crop wild relatives. Bioversity International, Rome.
  2. ^ FAO, (1998). The State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. FAO, Rome
  3. ^ FAO, (2008). Establishment of a global network for the in situ conservation of crop wild relatives: status and needs. FAO, Rome
  4. ^ a b Maxted, N., Ford-Lloyd, B.V. and Kell, S.P., (2008). Crop wild relatives: establishing the context. In: Maxted, N., Ford-Lloyd, B.V., Kell, S.P. Iriondo, J., Dulloo, E. and Turok, J. (eds.) Crop Wild Relative Conservation and Use. Pp. 3-30. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.
  5. ^ Vavilov, N.I., (1926). Studies in the origin of cultivated plants. Institute of Applied Botany and Plant Breeding, Leningrad.
  6. ^ Hajjar, R. and Hodgkin, T., (2007). The use of wild relatives in crop improvement: a survey of developments over the last 20 years. Euphytica, 156: 1-13.
  7. ^ http://www.cwrdiversity.org/whycwr/
  8. ^ Maxted, N., Ford-Lloyd, B.V., Jury, S.L., Kell, S.P. and Scholten, M.A. (2006). Towards a definition of a crop wild relative. Biodiversity and Conservation 15(8):2673-2685.
  9. ^ Hawkes, J.G., Maxted, N. and Ford-Lloyd, B.V., (2000). The ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources. pp. 1-250. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
  10. ^ Heywood, V.H. and Dulloo, M.E., (2006). In Situ Conservation of Wild Plant Species – a Critical Global Review of Good Practices. IPGRI Technical Bulletin No. 11. IPGRI, Rome; Hoyt, E., (1988). Conserving the Wild Relatives of Crops. IBPGR, IUCN, WWF, Rome; Meilleur, B.A. and Hodgkin, T., (2004). In situ conservation of crop wild relatives. Biodiversity and Conservation, 13: 663—684.
  11. ^ Tanksley, S.D. and McCouch, S.R., (1997). Seed banks and molecular maps: Unlocking genetic potential from the wild. Science, 277: 1063–1066.
  12. ^ http://www.cwrdiversity.org/checklist/ Crop Wild Relatives Inventory
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